Subscapular Skinfold Research Articles

Body size and composition of Samoan toddlers aged 18–25 months in 2019

Background The “Foafoaga O le Ola (Beginning of Life)” study is a prospective birth cohort of n = 160 Samoan mother-infant dyads established in 2017–2018. A primary study aim is to explore how a missense variant at CREBRF rs373863828 impacts growth in early life, given its association with increased body size but lower risk of diabetes in adult Samoans. Here, we examine body size and composition by genotype among toddlers aged 18.7–24.5 months. Methods Height, weight, head circumference, mid-upper-arm circumference, and abdominal circumference, as well as subscapular, triceps, iliac crest and thigh skinfold thickness were measured among 107 toddlers with known rs373863828 genotype; 42 of these toddlers completed dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans from which body composition (total body less head fat mass, lean mass, bone mass, % fat mass and % fat-free mass) was estimated. Results After controlling for sex and age, toddlers with at least one copy of the CREBRF minor allele (AA/AG) were 1.31 cm taller (SE = 0.64, p = 0.045) than toddlers with the GG genotype. Conclusion Whether greater linear growth in early childhood could contribute to the metabolically protective effects associated with the CREBRF variant in adulthood should be explored in future studies.

Vitamin D supplementation reduces serum lipids of children with hypertriacylglycerolemia: A randomized, triple-masked, placebo-controlled crossover trial

ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of cholecalciferol supplementation on the body composition and metabolic profile of children with hypertriacylglycerolemia. MethodsThis is a randomized, triple-masked, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of 44 Brazilian children with hypertriacylglycerolemia, age 4 to 11 y. The sample included eutrophic and overweight/obese children according to body mass index for age, with sufficient and insufficient vitamin D basal levels. The intervention lasted 34 wk, with two periods of 12 wk each separated by a 10-wk washout. The two groups, supplemented and placebo, received five drops of cholecalciferol (equivalent to 1000 international unit/d) and five drops of sunflower oil, respectively, daily for 12 wk. Sociodemographic, economic, sunscreen use, percentage of body surface area daily exposed to sun, physical activity, anthropometry (body mass and height), body composition (waist circumference, body fat percentage, fat-free mass, triceps, and subscapular skinfolds), biochemical profile (25-hydroxyvitamin D, fasting glucose, and lipid fractions), blood pressure, and food intake data were collected. ResultsOf the 44 children who concluded the study, 56.80% were female, 54.50% were of brown race, 81.82% had sufficient serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (≥75 nmol/L), and 50.00% were overweight/obese according to body mass index for age. There was a reduction in serum total cholesterol (P < 0.001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.001), nonhigh-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.001), total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.001), and low/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratios (P < 0.001) in the supplemented group compared with the placebo group. ConclusionsCholecalciferol supplementation improved the lipid profile of children with hypertriacylglycerolemia without altering body composition.

Impact of a Nutritional Intervention Based on Amaranth Flour Consumption to Recovery Undernourished Children

Amaranth flour (AF) can be used as an alternative for nutritional recovery, however, there is not enough evidence on the efficacy of these types of programs. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of an Integral Nutritional Recovery Program (INRP) with AF as complementary feeding on anthropometry in children with grade 1 malnutrition. A quantitative before-after study with intervention and follow up was developed. Dyads of caregiver and grade one malnourished children were evaluated (Control group n=37 and experimental group n=46). A supplement based on amaranth flour were given to Control group (CG) and Experimental Group (EG), only EG received the intervention IPNR. Variables evaluated were weight/height (W/H), muscle mass (MM), fat mass (FM), arm circumference (AC), head circumference (HC), triceps skinfold (TRSF), subscapular skinfold (SSF), body mass index (BMI), subscapular/triceps index (SS/TR), and centripetal index (CI). Data were analyzed using ANOVA, orthogonal arrangements, and paired-T test, 95% CI, significance p≤0.05. Initial anthropometric evaluation showed that the conformation of the CG and EG was homogeneous (p ≥ 0.05). After three months of follow up height and HC showed no differences (p ≥ 0.05). In contrast, W/H, AC, SSF, TRSF, BMI, and FM increased in different magnitudes in function of time for both groups. Paired analysis indicated higher increases in EG than CG. Subscapular/triceps index decreased, and MM showed a tendency to increase (p ≤ 0.1). No significant differences were observed between males and females, height and HC (p ≥ 0.05). Integral Nutritional Recovery Program was effective in improving nutritional status of experimental group and continuing for three months. A follow up is recommended after six months to verify nutritional recovery.

Epidemiology of Obesity and Hypertension in School Adolescents Aged 15-17 from the Region of Central Poland-A Cross-Sectional Study.

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess the prevalence of abnormal weight and anthropometric parameters along with abnormal blood pressure values in adolescents in Poland. Anthropometric measurements were taken in the studied age group and the correlation between these values and blood pressure values and the diagnosis of hypertension was analyzed. The main aim of the study was to characterize the particular age group in the selected population: 690 students aged 15–17 years were examined. Blood pressure and anthropometric values including height, weight, circumferences of the hips, abdomen and arms, as well as skinfolds on the back of the arm, below the scapula and the stomach, were taken. The following indexes were calculated: WHR (waist to hip ratio), WHtR (waist to height ratio), BAI (body adiposity index-hip to height ratio) and BMI (body mass index). Mean SBP (systolic blood pressure) was 112.3 (standard deviation (SD) 12.2) mmHg, and DBP (diastolic blood pressure) was 66.9 (SD 6.9) mmHg. The prevalence of hypertension in the studied group was 5.8% (3.2% boys, 2.6% girls) and prehypertension was present in 4.4% (1.6% boys, 2.8% girls). The prevalence of excess body weight was 23.6%-obesity 11.3% (40 girls, 27 boys) and overweight 12.3% (50 girls, 34 boys). Correlations between BMI and waist, hip and arm circumference, subscapular and abdominal skinfold thickness, WHtR and BAI were r = 0.86, r = 0.84, r = 0.88, r = 0.81, r = 0.75, r = 0.88 and r = 0.81, respectively (p < 0.05). Significant differences (p < 0.05) of SBP and DBP values, depending on weight category, as defined by BMI, were observed. Abnormal blood pressure values occur in one tenth and abnormal body weight in almost a quarter of the studied population. Obese and overweight children have higher SBP and DBP values compared to children with normal body weight.

Low BMI, but not high BMI, influences the timing of puberty in boys.

Previous studies investigating the association between weight status and onset of puberty in boys have been equivocal. It is currently unclear to what extent weight class influences puberty onset and progression. To explore the relationship between degree of sexual maturation and anthropometric measures in Norwegian boys. The following endpoints were collected in a Norwegian cross-sectional study of 324 healthy boys aged 9-16: ultrasound-determined testicular volume (USTV), total serum testosterone, Tanner pubic hair stage, height, weight, waist circumference (WC), subscapular skinfolds (SSF), and body fat percentage (%BF). Testicular volume-for-age z-scores were used to classify "early," "average," or "late" maturing boys. Ordinal logistic regression analyses with a proportional odds model were applied to analyze the association between anthropometric variables and age-adjusted degree of pubertal development, with results expressed as age-adjusted odds ratios (AOR). Cumulative incidence curves for reaching pubertal milestones were stratified by BMI. Boys with a low BMI for age (BMIz <-1) were less likely to have reached a pubertal testicular volume (USTV≥2.7mL) or a pubertal serum level of testosterone (≥0.5nmol/L) compared to normal weight boys (AOR 0.3, p=0.038, AOR 0.3, p=0.026, respectively), and entered puberty on average with a delay of approximately eight months. Boys with high BMI for age (BMIz >1) exhibited a comparable timing as normal weight boys. The same was found for WC. Pubertal markers were not associated with SSF or %BF. By examining the association between puberty and weight status classified as low, average, or high, we found that a low BMI or WC for age were associated with a less advanced pubertal development and delayed timing of puberty in boys. No significant association was observed for a high BMI or WC. Moreover, no significant effects of SSF or %BF were observed. A low weight status should also be considered when assessing pubertal development in boys.

Metabolic flexibility during late pregnancy is associated with neonatal adiposity.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationships between maternal metabolic flexibility during pregnancy and neonatal health outcomes. Percent change in lipid oxidation (before and after a high-fat meal) was calculated as the measure of "metabolic flexibility". Neonatal adiposity was assessed within 48 h of delivery by skinfold anthropometry. Metabolic flexibility (r = -0.271, p = 0.034), maternal HOMA-IR (r = 0.280, p = 0.030), and maternal body mass index (r = 0.299, p = 0.018) were correlated with neonatal subscapular skinfold (i.e., measure of neonatal adiposity). Clinical Trail Registration Number: NCT03504319. Novelty: This is the first study to link maternal metabolic flexibility, body mass index, and insulin resistance during pregnancy to neonatal adiposity at parturition.

Changes in adiposity and fat tissue distribution among preschool children from Kraków, Poland, from 2008 to 2018.

In the light of changes in the living conditions of populations, excess adiposity is currently a serious public health problem worldwide. The aim of this study was to assess the changes in the body fat ratio among preschool children aged 3-7 years from Kraków, Poland, between 2008 and 2018. The study group consisted of children examined in two cross-sectional studies. Analysed characteristics included triceps, calf, subscapular, abdominal and suprailiac skinfold thicknesses, and adiposity calculated according to Slaughter's equations. The trunk adiposity index and limbs-to-trunk fat ratio were also calculated. Statistical significance was obtained using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests. Lower-limb adiposity was largest in the 2008 cohort and trunk adiposity was greater in the 2018 cohort. The mean values of the trunk adiposity index and limbs-to-trunk fat ratio were lower in the 2018 cohort than in the 2008 cohort. The 2018 cohort was also characterized by a lower overall adiposity. Regardless of the lower body adiposity percentage, in 2018 there was a tendency towards the central allocation of fat tissue. This is a negative phenomenon because, especially when co-existing with reduced lower-limb adiposity, it is associated with an increased risk of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, even in young children.

Lifestyle Behaviors Associated With Body Fat Percent in 9- to 11-Year-Old Children

To examine (1)associations between body fat percent (BF) and lifestyle behaviors in children aged 9-11 years and (2)the consistency of these associations over a 10-year period. In this repeat, cross-sectional study, 15,977 children aged 9-11 years completed an anthropometric assessment and the SportsLinx Lifestyle survey between 2004 and 2013. Body fat was estimated according to the sum of the triceps and subscapular skinfold measurements. Multilevel models were utilized to examine associations between BF and responses to the lifestyle survey while controlling for known covariates. Lifestyle behaviors explained 8.6% of the total variance in body fat. Specifically, negative associations were found between BF and active transport to school ( β = -0.99 [0.19], P < .001), full-fat milk (-0.07 [0.15], P < .001), and sweetened beverage consumption (-0.40 [0.15], P = .007). Relative to the reference group of ≤8:00 PM, later bedtime was positively associated with BF: 8:00 to 8:59 PM ( β = 1.60 [0.26], P < .001); 9:00 to 10:00 PM ( β = 1.04 [0.24], P < .001); ≥10:00PM ( β = 1.18 [0.30], P < .001). Two-way interactions revealed opposing associations between BF and the consumption of low-calorie beverages for boys ( β = 0.95 [0.25], P < .001) and girls ( β = -0.85 [0.37], P = .021). There was no significant change in these associations over a 10-year period. In this population-level study covering a decade of data collection, lifestyle behaviors were associated with BF. Policies and interventions targeting population-level behavior change, such as active transport to school, sleep time, and consumption of full-fat milk, may offer an opportunity for improvements in BF.

Correlation of Fractional Limb Volume Measurements with Neonatal Morphometric Indices

Objectives: Fractional thigh volume (TVol) and fractional arm volume (AVol) measurements by three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound can reveal valuable information on fetal soft tissue development. However, it is not clear whether TVol or AVol provides better estimates of fetal body proportion and adiposity, independent of routine two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound biometry. The primary objective of the current study was to determine the correlations between fractional limb volumes (FLVs) and neonatal anthropometric parameters. Design: In this cross-sectional study, fetal FLVs were obtained within 24 h before term delivery from 40 medically and obstetrically uncomplicated pregnancies scheduled for elective cesarean section. TVol and AVol were determined using offline software. Postnatal morphometric data including birth weight; crown-heel, arm, and leg lengths; head, abdominal, mid-thigh, and mid-arm circumferences; and anterior thigh, biceps, and subscapular skinfold thicknesses were obtained. Pearson and partial correlation analyses were used to determine the relationships across antenatal volume calculations and neonatal indices. Correlation coefficients (r) were calculated. Results: Mean maternal age, BMI, and parity were 29.1 ± 5.4 years, 29.7 ± 3.5 kg/m², and 1.0 ± 1.3, respectively. AVol showed moderate correlations with most of the neonatal parameters, including mid-thigh circumference (r = 0.683), mid-arm circumference (r = 0.627), birth weight (r = 0.583), head circumference (HC, r = 0.560), and abdominal circumference (r = 0.542). However, TVol was weakly related to only some of the indices. After controlling for gestational age, maternal age, BMI, parity, and 2D ultrasound biometry, TVol was no longer associated with any of the parameters, while AVol was independently correlated with mid-thigh (r = 0.724) and mid-arm circumference (r = 0.560), birth weight (r = 0.502), ponderal index (r = 0.402), HC (r = 0.382), biceps (r = 0.384), and subscapular skinfold thickness (r = 0.350). Limitations: The current design includes limited number of pregnancies with only scheduled cesarean deliveries. Neonatal percent body fat was not calculated, and air-displacement plethysmography was not used to assess neonatal body composition. The study population was Caucasian with a relatively high maternal BMI, which may limit extrapolation of the results to other settings. Conclusions: AVoL measurements by 3D ultrasound before delivery are significantly correlated with most of the neonatal morphometric indices, independent of maternal characteristics and 2D biometric parameters. AVol may have advantages over TVol for assessing limb soft tissue development in term fetuses. Future research can focus on feasibility and predictive ability of AVol measurements in prospective studies that include serial biometry over time.

Growth pattern of skinfold thicknesses in term symmetric & asymmetric small for gestational age infants.

Background & objectives:A etiologically symmetric and asymmetric small for gestational age (SGA) infants are two distinct entities. In view of absence of longitudinal information on growth pattern of skinfold thicknesses (SFTs) among Indian infants, this study was conducted to assess the auxological dynamics of SFTs (sub-cutaneous fat) of symmetric and asymmetric SGA infants.Methods:Triceps, sub-scapular, biceps, mid-axillary and anterior thigh SFTs among full-term, 100 symmetric SGA, 100 asymmetric SGA and 100 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants were measured at one, three, six, nine and 12 months. Ponderal Index (PI) was used to categorize infants into symmetric SGA (PI ≥2.2 g/cm3) and asymmetric SGA (PI <2.2 g/cm3). Intra-group (symmetric vs. asymmetric), inter-group (SGA vs. AGA) and gender differences were quantified.Results:SFTs among symmetric, asymmetric SGA infants increased to attain peak by six months. Maximum fat deposition in SGA infants was noticed for triceps, minimum for mid-axillary SFT. Mean triceps and sub-scapular skinfolds were measured higher in symmetric SGA than in asymmetric infants. SGA infants had significantly (P≤0.05) thinner SFTs than AGA. Growth velocity for SFTs, among symmetric and asymmetric SGA, was measured maximum between one and three months, threreafter it declined and relatively, steepness of fall was maximum for mid-axillary SFT followed by sub-scapular SFT.Interpretation & conclusions:Thinner SFTs obtained for symmetric and asymmetric SGA as compared to AGA infants reveal their compromised adiposity and nutritional status. Comparatively, higher SFTs in symmetric than in asymmetric SGA infants appear to suggest that the former have a tendency to accumulate more fat, than the latter during infancy.

The Impact of Sociocultural Changes on Obesity among Arab Women: Kuwait as a Case

This study aims to reveal the impact of sociocultural changes on obesity among Arab women (Kuwait as a case). A sample of 250 Kuwaiti women, ranging in age from 20 years to 76 years, was selected from all Kuwaiti governorates. The sample was selected from groups with different social, cultural, and economic status in the society. Social and health scales were used. Degree of religiosity, food habits, physical activity scales were used. Height, weight, triceps skinfold, subscapular skinfold, hip circumference, and waist circumference were also used. Whereas the World Health Organization indicates in the February 2018 statistics that 40% of women aged 18 years or older around the world are overweight or obese, the results of the current study show that the majority of the women in the sample are overweight or obese. The results also show that there are differences in obesity rates among age groups. The study found a statistically significant relationship between a women's normal weight and age, education level, socioeconomic status, dietary habits, physical activity, family structure, and family size. The results also indicate that women in Kuwait suffer from the highest rates of obesity and overweight in the world.

Human and Animal Source Foods Increases Lean Body Mass

Observational investigations of dietary examples and development and studies with milk supplementation have shown that kids devouring weight control plans containing creature source food varieties become better. This review assesses the development of Kenyan schoolchildren after food supplementation with a meat, milk or energy supplement contrasted with a benchmark group without an enhancement. Multivariate investigations controlled for covariates looked at put on in weight, tallness, weight-for-stature Z-score (WHZ), stature for-age Z-score (HAZ), mid-upper-arm perimeter, rear arm muscles and subscapular skinfolds, mid-upper-arm muscle and mid-upper-arm fat region. Kids in every one of the supplementation bunches put on more weight than kids in the Control bunch. Youngstersin the Meat, Milk and Energy bunch acquired,separately, in mid-upperarm boundary than kids in the Control bunch.

Nutritional status and metabolic risk in adults: association with diet quality as assessed with ESQUADA.

To analyze the association between diet quality assessed with the Diet Quality Scale (ESQUADA) and the nutritional status and metabolic risk in adults. The data included 1,147 adults aged 20 to 59, from the population-based study with complex sampling. Weight, height, tricipital (TSF) and subscapular (SSF) skinfolds, and waist (WC) and mid-arm (MAC) circumferences were measured. Body mass index (BMI) and mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC) were calculated. Nutritional status and metabolic risk were classified considering BMI and WC values, respectively. Diet quality was assessed with ESQUADA. Data were collected at household using the Epicollect5 application. Diet quality (in scores) was analyzed as continuous data and later categorized. The confidence interval was used for comparison between groups, Fisher's exact test for an association study. Adjusted multiple linear regression models were also estimated. P < 0.05 was adopted for statistical significance. Overweight prevailed in 60.33% of individuals, especially among women (60.73%). High or very high metabolic risk was more frequent among women with "very good or excellent" diet quality. Higher diet quality score was associated with a reduction in TSF (β = -0.07; 95%CI -0.13 - -0.01) and an increase in MAMC (β = 0.09; 95%CI 0.00 - 0,18) in men and the reduction in weight (β = -0.04; 95%CI -0.07 - -0.01), SSF (β = -0.07; 95%CI -0.13 - -0,00) and WC in women (β = -0.06; 95%CI -0.09 - -0.02). A better diet quality is positively associated with lean mass in men, and negatively with fat mass in men and women.

The use of anthropometrical variables for detection of homeostatic measurement assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in female participants of a physical exercise program.

The Homeostatic Measurement Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) is a recognized and validated method which uses the levels of fasting glucose in blood and insulin of patients to evaluate the insulin resistance. The purpose of the present study was to assess the cut-off values for anthropological variables to identify the (HOMA-IR) index in female participants of a physical exercise program. In addition, the association and prediction of insulin resistance by anthropological variables was studied. A total of 143 participants (45.64 ± 13.17 years) volunteered for this study. Clinical data were collected by means of a self-reported questionnaire. Body weight and BMI were assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis and skinfold thickness was taken using a caliper. Girths were assessed with a flexible metallic tape measures and finally, the HOMA-IR was calculated by the formula as follows: fasting plasma insulin ((μU/ml) x fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L). The outcomes of the study indicated that the AUC of anthropometrical variables for identifying HOMA-IR are reflected primarily in weight, waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-thigh ratio, subscapular skinfold thickness, abdominal skinfold thickness, hip circumference, chest circumference, upper arm muscular girths (tensed and relaxed) (all, p ≤ 0.001), triceps skinfold thickness (p 109 cm (specificity: 99.2 waist circumference > 116 cm (specificity: 99.2 %) and abdomen skinfold < 8.8 (specificity: 97.6 %), predict the HOMA-IR in 35.29 %, 29.41 %, 23.53 % and 23.53 %, respectively. The present empirical study demonstrates that hip, chest and waist circumference on the one hand, and abdomen skinfold on the other hand are markers that are relevant to the identification of HOMA-IR index in females (Tab. 3, Ref. 33). Text in PDF www.elis.sk Keywords: insulin resistance, anthropometry, cut-off value, women, HOMA-IR.

Relative influence of overall and central body adiposity on lung function and development of lung function predictive model for adolescents in Tripura

Background: Population-specific reference values are necessary for maintaining the reliability of pulmonary function evaluation. There are very few studies that have included body adiposity markers as the predictors of lung function, instead of age and height. Objectives: A gender-specific lung function predictive model of adolescents was developed using overall and central adiposity markers. The relative influences of both markers on pulmonary functions were also evaluated. Methods: Anthropometric and pulmonary function parameters of the subjects were recorded. The percentage body fat, fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), and body density were calculated. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 16.0. Results: Significant differences between sexes for anthropometric measures were observed. The mean values of waist circumference (71.94 ± 2.33 mm for female vs. 71.37 ± 2.25 mm for male; P < 0.0005), body composition (5.83 ± 1.27 mm for female vs. 4.71 ± 0.83 mm for male; P < 0.0005), and sum of skinfolds (35.71 ± 4.48 mm for female vs. 34.66 ± 3.01 mm for male; P < 0.0005) were higher in female in comparison to male. Males had significantly higher subscapular skinfold thickness (9.39 ± 1.05 mm, compared with 9.17 ± 1.05 mm for females; P = 0.003). Mean values of central adiposity markers such as waist-hip-ratio (0.88 ± 0.01 for female vs. 0.87 ± 0.01, for male; P < 0.0005) and waist-to-height ratio (0.47 ± 0.004 for female vs. 0.47 ± 0.01, for male; P = 0.002) as well as overall adiposity markers such as percentage body fat (23.81 ± 1.11 for female vs. 18.98 ± 1.20, for male; P = 0.001) and FM (11.27 ± 1.83 kg for female vs. 8.94 ± 1.16, kg for male; P < 0.0005) were significantly higher in female compared to male. Mean FFM (38.17 ± 4.38 mm for male vs. 35.81 ± 3.93 mm for female; P < 0.0005) was significantly higher in male. All the pulmonary function parameters were significantly higher in male compared to female. Results showed the existence of significant mean differences in pulmonary function measures across the three body fat percentage groups in both sexes, with linear decrease of mean values of lung function with the increase of body fat percentage. Post hoc pair-wise multiple comparisons were done to compare the lung function between groups. Conclusion: Overall adiposity marker would explain variation in the pulmonary function parameters better than central adiposity markers in adolescents of both sexes.

NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN CHILDREN WITH CANCER: COMPARISON OF DEUTERIUM OXIDE DILUTION WITH BIOELECTRIC IMPEDANCE ANALYSIS AND ANTHROPOMETRY

ABSTRACTObjective: To explore changes in the nutritional status of pediatric cancer patients before and after chemotherapy and evaluate the correlation between deuterium oxide dilution, bioelectric impedance analysis, and anthropometry for assessment of body composition.Methods: This study included 14 children (aged 5.6 to 13.6 years) and classified them as having hematologic or solid tumors. They had their body composition analyzed according to deuterium oxide, bioelectric impedance, and anthropometric measurements before the first chemotherapy cycle and after three and six months of therapy.Results: The patients in the hematologic tumor group had an increase in weight, height, body mass index, waist, hip, and arm circumference, subscapular skinfold thickness, and fat mass with the isotope dilution technique during chemotherapy. In the solid tumor group, the children showed a reduction in fat-free mass when assessed by bioimpedance analysis. We found a positive correlation between the triceps skinfold thickness and fat mass determined by bioimpedance analysis and deuterium oxide. The arm muscle circumference correlated with the fat-free mass estimated by bioimpedance analysis and deuterium oxide.Conclusions: Patients with hematologic tumors had an increase in body weight, height, and fat mass, which was not identified in the solid tumor group. The positive correlation between anthropometry (triceps skinfold thickness and arm muscle circumference), deuterium oxide dilution, and bioelectric impedance analysis shows the applicability of anthropometry in clinical practice.

Comparação de indicadores antropométricos em atletas de ginástica rítmica satisfeitas e insatisfeitas com a imagem corporal

This study aimed to compare body mass index [BMI], triceps skinfold (DCTR), subscapular skinfold (DCSE) and body fat (%BF) in rhythmic gymnastics (GR) athletes, satisfied and dissatisfied with body image (CI). Through a cross-sectional study with 38 athletes practicing GR from Oeste Paranaense. The CI was assessed with the Body Shape Questionnaire, body mass and height were measured, and the BMI was calculated. The DCTR and DCSE were used to calculate the %GC (Slaughter equation). The economic level was verified with the Brazil Economic Classification Criterion, and sexual maturation was self-reported with Tanner boards. Independent T-test and Chi-square and covariance analysis (ANCOVA) were employed to control the interference of economic level and maturational stage, with p <0.05. Gymnasts dissatisfied with HF presented higher BMI values (mean: 19.01 Kg/m²; standard deviation [SD]: 0.65 Kg/m²), DCTR (mean: 9.26 mm; SD: 0, 65 mm), DCSE (mean: 7.33 mm; SD: 0.55 mm) and %BF (average: 20.75; SD: 0.96) when compared to gymnasts satisfied with HF, even after control economic level and maturational stage. GR athletes dissatisfied with HF presented higher values for anthropometric indicators.

Vitamin D is not associated with body composition and metabolic profile among Brazilian children with 25-hydroxyvitamin D ≥ 75 nmol/L: A cross-sectional study

Background and aimsThe association of vitamin D with cardiovascular disease risk factors among children remains inconclusive, and there is a lack of studies that evaluate children with optimal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the relationship between serum 25(OH)D and body composition and metabolic profile among Brazilian children with sufficient serum 25(OH)D. Methods and resultsA cross-sectional study was conducted with 88 Brazilian children aged 4–11 years. Self-reported race, physical activity, anthropometry (body mass and height), body composition (waist circumference, body fat percentage, fat free mass, triceps and subscapular skinfolds), biochemical profile [lipid fractions, fasting glucose and 25(OH)D] and blood pressure data were collected. No difference was found in sex, self-reported race, physical activity, age, anthropometry, body composition, biochemical parameters and blood pressure between children with 25(OH)D 75–99 and ≥ 100 nmol/L. In addition, there was no association between serum vitamin D and body composition and metabolic profile. ConclusionsSerum 25(OH)D was not associated with body composition and metabolic profile among Brazilian children with sufficient serum 25(OH)D. Further studies among children with serum levels ≥ 75 nmol/L are needed to confirm this finding.

Correlation between regional brain atrophy, cognitive function, adipose tissue and CSF biomarkers in mild cognitive impairment

AbstractBackgroundCharacterization of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) for clinical and research purposes involves identification of biological and neuropsychological markers in order to predict possible progression to dementia. The main aim of this work was to analyze the correlation of anthropometric measurements and plasmatic levels of leptin, testosterone and estrogens with cognitive, CSF and MRI regional atrophy markers in a sample of MCI participants.MethodsEighty‐one patients from the Compostela Aging Study diagnosed as MCI according to the Petersen criteria (Petersen, 2004; Albert et al., 2011) underwent neuropsychological assessment (CAMCOG‐R memory, CVLT short and long delayed free recall, subjective memory complains), CSF (Aβ42, t‐Tau and p‐Tau) and plasmatic analyses as well as an MRI study (parahippocampal and entorhinal cortex thickness measurements) (Table 1). Spearman’s correlation was used to evaluate the relationship between anthropometric measurements and blood test results with memory scores, CSF and MRI regional atrophy markers.ResultsEpisodic memory scores correlated with CSF measurements (Aβ42, t‐Tau, p‐Tau) and parahippocampal and entorhinal cortical thickness (right and left) (Table 2). BMI, suprailiac, pectoral and subscapular skinfolds, circumference of waist, hip, arm and calf were negatively correlated with t‐Tau and p‐Tau levels. BMI, triccipital, thigh and pectoral skin folds as well as calf circumference were positively correlated with parahippocampal and entorhinal cortical thickness. Suprailiac, triccipital and thigh skin folds were positively correlated with episodic memory scores. Leptin plasma levels showed a negative correlation with CSF biomarkers (t‐Tau and p‐Tau) and a positive correlation with parahippocampal cortex thickness. Testosterone and estradiol levels showed a negative correlation with scores on memory tests and enthorhinal cortical thickness.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that body composition is associated with episodic memory function, CSF biomarkers and cortical atrophy in patients with MCI. Leptin levels and sexual hormones may play a role in this association. These results point to a role of fat tissue and its regulating mechanisms in AD pathology and progression from MCI to dementia.

REFERENCE VALUES OF THE BODY COMPOSITION OF YOUNG CHILEAN SOCCER PLAYERS

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze whether fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) should be evaluated by chronological age and/or biological age and propose curves to classify the body composition of young Chilean soccer players. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was developed. Six hundred and forty-two soccer players between 13.0 and 18.9 years of age were recruited. Body mass, height, trunk-cephalic height, and tricipital and subscapular skinfolds were evaluated. Biological maturation was determined using peak height velocity age (PHV) and the percentage of fat mass was estimated by regression equations. The reference percentiles were calculated using the LMS method. Results: The values of R2 were lower for chronological age (FM = 0.07% and FFM = 0.13%) than for biological age (FM = 0.31% and FFM = 0.50%). Eleven percentiles (p3, p5, p10, p15, p25, p50, p75, p85, p90, p95 and p97) were calculated for FFM and FM. Conclusion: Biological age (PHV) is a better predictor of FFM and FM than chronological age. The references proposed can be used to monitor the body composition of young Chilean soccer players. Level of Evidence II; Diagnostic Study .