Subordination Of Women Research Articles

Kekerasan terhadap Perempuan dalam Ketimpangan Relasi Kuasa: Studi Kasus di Rifka Annisa Women's Crisis Center

This study aims to determine the causes of acts of violence and acts of sexual harassment against women. This action can occur by anyone and anywhere that is closely related to health and human rights. Acts of violence are often used as a way to maintain and force the subordination of women against men. This research uses descriptive qualita­tive method at Rifka Annisa Women’s Crisis Center. Acts of violence and acts of sexual harassment against women occur because of the low mindset of the community about equality of men and women who are intertwined between fellow interactions, both are equally disadvantaged in the situation. The result of this study, there is a single factor causing violence against women, namely because of socio-cultural factors or because of the imbalance of power relations which causes the subordination of women.

Why the Nineteenth Amendment Matters Today: A Citizen's Guide for the Centennial

The story of the Nineteenth Amendment includes a half-century of social movement contestation over whether permitting women to vote would destroy or democratize the American family and the American constitutional structure. This Essay revisits that story—an unfinished narrative of both disappointment and hope—in the service of identifying reasons why it relates to the lives of contemporary Americans. The overarching objective of the Essay is to suggest that the full story of the Nineteenth Amendment has always involved much more than a narrow debate over a determinate decision rule regarding women’s access to the franchise. To accomplish that objective, the Essay makes four points in four parts. It first considers which women were enfranchised when and why it matters, emphasizing the importance of an intersectional sensibility in examining that question. The Essay then considers some of the groups (men) and structures (federalism) that both impeded and facilitated woman suffrage. Next, the Essay explains the link between restrictions on woman suffrage and the social subordination of women to men, showing how the anti-subordination rationale of the Nineteenth Amendment bears on both its own interpretation and the interpretation of the Equal Protection Clause by the courts. Finally, the Essay turns to the contemporary implications of the story of the Nineteenth Amendment for American constitutional politics, including debates over the Equal Rights Amendment, unequal pay for equal work, paid family and self-care leave, and restrictions on access to contraception and abortion.

Gendered refusals in the Palestinian Arabic culture: implications for multicultural diverse educational contexts

ABSTRACTIn many societies, single-sex education is embedded in a culture that maintains women subordination with possible ramifications to their language performance and role in society. This paper seeks to explain the cultural grounds for Palestinian female direct refusals in their L1 culture and the consequences for their linguistic behaviour in multicultural educational contexts. For data collection, the study employed a self-reporting survey followed by interviews with 10 Palestinian female study abroad students. Results showed that fear of gossip-mongering, reputation and family, and inter-group anxiety constricted the females’ refusals pushing them to terminate communication at an earlier stage in their home educational context. However, in a western study abroad context, the students were more responsive to the culturally diverse context. They conceived their home culture as constraining their refusal performance at home, becoming more self-sovereign and their reactions were more engaging, elaborated and less direct in the foreign educational context.

The Politics of Afro-Asian Intimacies in Jim Crow Tokyo

Abstract This article examines the intimate encounters between Japanese women and African American servicemen in post–World War II Japan and the ways in which these intimacies challenged American racial politics that were reproduced in Occupied Japan, while at the same time reaffirmed American heterosexual masculine power and the subordination of Japanese women. It interrogates the gendered politics of the historical conception of Afro-Asian solidarity, and contributes to studies of the Black Pacific by considering these interracial intimacies as sites of potent marriage rights discursive production in the postwar years.

‘If you a bitch, we treat you like a bitch’: South African teenage boys’ constructions of heterosexual masculinity

ABSTRACT Literature on masculinities in South Africa lacks in situ examinations of how teenage boys draw upon heterosexuality as a key resource to make sense of identities. Beyond recognition that heterosexual masculinity is key to understanding male culpability in the triple challenge of HIV, gender inequalities, and violence, there is a lack of attention to race- and class-based realities in the production of young masculinities. To address this gap, we draw on focus group discussions with coloured teenage boys (aged 15–19) in a Durban township, and examine their understandings of heterosexual relationships. The data suggests that heterosexuality was a compelling force informed by dominant expectations of how to be a ‘real’ man. Indeed, relationships with girls were frames for ratcheting up ‘compelling heterosexuality’ and risky hypersexual performances based on misogyny, the subordination of women and girls, and male sexual entitlement. We argue that, in a context of socioeconomic marginalisation, underpinned by the legacies of apartheid, race and class inequalities continue to emasculate men and boys. Heterosexual performances offer ways for perceived male weakness to be mediated through power expressed within oppressive gendered cultures.

Does individualism promote gender equality?

Abstract We argue that individualism promotes gender equality. Individualist values of autonomy and self-determination transcend gender identities and serve to legitimize women’s goals and choices. In contrast, collectivist values may subordinate women’s personal goals to their social obligations, generating greater acceptance of gender inequality. Using individual level data from World Values Surveys, we find that individualism is significantly associated with support for gender equal attitudes regarding employment, income, education, and political leadership. Individualism is also associated with greater levels of female employment and educational attainment, and lower levels of fertility. These results are robust to controlling for income, education, religion, historical plough use, gendered language, and country-time fixed effects. Our within country analysis allows us to isolate the impact of individualism from other confounding effects. Using historical rainfall variation as an instrument for individualism, we find that the exogenous portion of individualism reduces support for patriarchal attitudes and fertility, and it increases female employment and educational attainment. These effects are economically large. We address concerns over instrumental validity by controlling for a variety of factors, including historical plough use, religious affiliation, religiosity, social trust, average rainfall levels, distance from the equator, cool-water conditions, agricultural suitability, historical political and economic development, and the presence of large animals. This paper contributes to a mounting body of evidence suggesting a key role for highly persistent cultural norms and values in determining gender inequality, the gender division of labor, and economic and social outcomes for women.

The Journey Back: Ambivalent (Re)Presentations of Pre-Colonial Women in Post-Independent Shona Novels

SummaryMyths on gender relations of the African past, invented and propagated by settlers, were imbibed and even disseminated by early Shona writers. Shona indigenous culture, men and patriarchy were always shown to subordinate women's interests to men's and to place women in the service of men. After independence, novelists such as Mutasa (in Nhume yaMambo and Misodzi, Dikita neRopa) attempt a reconstruction of the position and image of African women in pre-colonial Zimbabwe. Using the Africana Womanist literary theory, this article is an examination of the (re)presentation of pre-colonial women by the contemporary Shona writer with intent to ascertain its authenticity. It observes that, while the writer's image of women approximates life of the past, other images still pant to Eurocentric images of African women. Thus, the writer exudes ambivalent (re)presentations of women in his novels. The article urges writers on the African past to keep researching and come up with layers of information on how past life was like as well as the good that can be adopted and adapted for the good of today's life.

Subordination of women and patriarchal gender relations at Islamic poor community

This study focuses on poor women in the social environment (village) in the center of the Surabaya metropolis with classical Islamic culture and rules. Social relations and “pesantren culture” are felt in this place. For example: women must wear headscarves every day, men use koko sarongs and shirts, reading the holy verses of the Qur’an are a daily habit. In fact, elementary school children have become memorizers of the Qur’an (hafidz). This place produces “kyai” and “nyai” (saints in Javanese Islam). This study focuses on unequal gender relations between men and women so that poor women experience subordination, as well as empowerment of poor women in the Islamic community in the middle of big cities. Women, especially poor women, have very low bargaining power because of the patriarchal culture and Islamic rules there. Even though poor women help to make a living for the family, all important decisions remain with the husband (male). The methodology used is qualitative. Conduct in-depth interviews with poor women who were married in that place. Researchers also make observations about their daily activities in the community. The result, using Michel Foucault’s power relations theory analysis, found that poor women get unfair relationships every day. They always lose with their husbands in any case. They are always oppressed and subordinated. Poor women get a discourse that women are the second social class in this life. They are a male partner, not the first person. So, important decision makers in the family are always men, not women. Although women help their husbands to work outside the home, decision makers are always husbands. Poor women are also powerless in government development programs. Even though the relationship is not equal, all women accept it because it comes from God’s destiny (Allah SWT). This phenomenon is real and occurs in the center of a big city (Surabaya) which is one of the largest cities in Indonesia.

Relações de gênero, poder e violência contra as mulheres: um estudo sobre o Sertão brasileiro

This article investigates the gender and power relations existing in violence against women in the Sertao do Brasil. The article was based on the theoretical contributions on gender and power relations, as well as national documents and surveys on violence against women. On the loch of the Sertao, we point out the singularity through two important phenomens: coronelismo and cangaco. From the methodological point of view, it is a case study about the reality of the Sertao, with a field research, based on a qualitative approach. Interviews were conducted with women in situations of violence during the year 2014. We conclude that, despite understanding the aggressions they suffer as a situation of violence, women minimize the severity. Even though women's participation in the public space has not yet been reconfigured in terms of gender and power in the private sphere, while the culture that imposes the subordination of women to men.

Manliness in the Age of the Anthropocene: Unsustainalbe Ecologies of Masculinity in Hard Times

Studies of Victorian work, political economy, industrialism, and realism in Hard Times have taken for granted Charles Dickens’s broad range of masculine figures represented in the text. Dickens’s novel explores the environmental costs of masculine ideologies conceived as endless struggle and competition. The novel’s depiction of an ecological crisis in Coketown functions as an ideological critique of Victorian toxic masculinity in a double sense: as a form of masculinity that harms both women and men socially, physically, and psychologically and as a pandemic deeply linked to a larger environmental crisis caused by unsustainable forms of economic expansion. All masculine characters in Coketown embody toxic forms of masculinity that cause suffering for others and for themselves. Toxic masculinity represents both a symptom of environmental disaster in the novel and a great facilitator of climate change denial. To think ecologically in the novel entails an implicit challenge to masculinist ideologies predicated on the subordination of women and the exploitation of the environment.

REFLECTION OF WOMEN’S OPPRESSION IN THE WRITINGS OF QURUT-UL-AIN HAIDER: A SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

This study analyzed the concept of women’s status and oppression as depicted in the writings of one of the famous fiction writers in Urdu literature named Qurat-ul-Ain Haider. It was a qualitative research study and was based on a sociological analysis of a selected set of stories of the writer. Four stories were chosen from Qurat-ul-Ain Haider’s writings for content analysis. This study reflected the socio-cultural values regarding status of women in the Indian Subcontinent. It facilitated in understanding women’s oppression specifically with reference to the culture in the then Subcontinent. The concept of women’s oppression in the specific context of the literature emerged in the form of low status of women, gender oppression, patriarchal cultural values, and social injustice towards women. The writings of Quratul-Ain-Haider are to date relevant in understanding of the status and subordination of women in South Asia and can serve as a contribution to Feminist Sociology within a specific cultural context.

The Jihad Feminist Dynamics of Terrorism and Subordination of Women in the ISIS

The increasing embeddedness of the jihad feminist within the Islamic State’s (ISIS) operations is eliciting works on the role of women in terrorism. However, there is yet to be a more constructive analysis that adequately accounts for the luring of Muslim women into the ISIS as a justification of the patriarchal beliefs and oppressive social systems. This paper is among the first attempts to draw on the Jihad Feminism Theory (JFT) to develop a conceptual discourse that explains the causal relationship between jihad feminist fighters and promotion of patriarchal practices and beliefs within the ISIS. Far from standing against any forms of Western feminization- as espoused by the ISS- , the paper argues that jihad feminism has further subverted Muslim women to sedentary roles within the ISIS as a way of sustaining the organisations’ operations and existence.

On Divinity and Marginalization: Western Christianity and African Spirituality as Impetuses of Gender In/Equality

This paper seeks to determine whether the presence of powerful women in African religious tradition allowed for the existence of similarly powerful women in their society while the apparent absence or disregard for powerful women in Western Christianity resulted in the exclusion of women from the political and social realms. Since many pre-19th century African and European governments were heavily influenced by religion, it was a significant tool of socialization in both contexts. Therefore, the gender dynamics modeled in these belief systems were likely reflected by their respective societies. This paper compares and contrasts women’s positions in African civilization and women’s positions in Europe, drawing on historical accounts and formal research to determine the extent to which religion influenced the governance of the associated countries and how this, in turn, impacted their social structures. Prominent women in African religious tradition such as Aset will be juxtaposed with female rulers such as Hatshepsut and the “male daughters” of the Igbo as examples of the flexibility and respect inherent in African womanhood. To the contrary, the lack of prominent women in Western Christianity will be compared with the historical marginalization of European women and the resulting necessity for feminism. Ultimately this paper argues that the flexibility of gender roles within African spiritual systems resulted in a similar versatility in African politics and societies while the subordination of women in Western Christianity led to the subordination of women in European culture.

Subordination of Women in Short Story of Kompas Newspaper

The equality of gender roles between men and women is a problem / polemic due to differences in gender roles. Social agreements place women to be regulated by men in life. This study discusses subordination of women in short story of Kompas newspaper on 2017. This is important to understand because understanding about subordination of women can be used as a standard of behavior to achieve harmonious and democratic community life. This type of research is descriptive qualitative with content analysis strategies. The research data was obtained from short story documents published in the Kompas newspaper in July 2017 to December 2017. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. Data collection techniques use library research techniques. Data validity uses theory triangulation. The results showed that the subordination of women in Kompas short stories in 2017 in the form of a decision to determine the number of children was a man's decision and the decision of a girl's mate was under a man's decision as the head of the family (patriarchal culture).

Kontestasi Pasangan Suami Istri dalam Pilkades

The Act Number 6 of 2014 cause of a great implication especially on the election of village chief. More over regarding on Ministerial Regulation Number 112 Year of 2014, article 23, which prohibit the single candidate opposing with the empty of ballot box. Thus, prohibition emerging of interesting phenomenon where is 17 couples of husband and wife being contestant on the village chief election in Demak Regency in the year of 2016. The aims of the reserch is to comprehend the husband’s reason to choose his wife as associate candidate. Do thus fact be part of practicing of women subordination? How the influence of thus phenomenon to the villlage democracy itself? The research uses qualitative-descriptive method with depth interview as instrument in collecting data. The result show that there are two main husband’s reason choose his wife as a competitor. Fisrt, by choosing his wife mean that there is no cost for compensation and no hard worry about conflict of interest in the coming day after election. Second, becoming his wife as a competitor mean that the winning opportunity is greater because patriarchy and Islamic tradition (were more joy in placing men as a leader) in Demak Regency. Then, the emerging of husband and wife as a candidate would decrease of democracy because there no rivalry as a soul of democracy. To improve of village chief election as a source of village democracy, it is best to correct the regulation which prohibit of the a single canditate by completing with require that the village chief election should be follow by at least two candidate who both of them have no relation as nuclear family.

Catharine MacKinnon’s Wayward Children

The first part of this essay interrogates the substance, significance, and style of feminist legal thinker Catharine MacKinnon’s oeuvre. It argues that both the feminist dimensions of our contemporary sexual landscape (identifying, then remedying, conduct as sexually discriminating or subordinating) and its panicked equivalences (regrouping consented-to but unwanted and uncomfortable sex as assaultive) can be understood nontrivially but incompletely as MacKinnon’s progeny. MacKinnon bequeaths both political projects to feminism, two political children. The second part of the essay tracks the rhetorical use of “children” in MacKinnon’s scholarship, the textual travails of MacKinnon’s little girls. Children perform two rhetorical functions for MacKinnon. First, the figure of the child allows MacKinnon to draw out innocence as an ideological formation that mystifies the sexual subordination of women. But second, MacKinnon remodels women as children. By rendering the former always already helpless against, vulnerable to, and abused by sex, MacKinnon authorizes a politics of censorship and repression: a politics categorically opposed to pornography, prostitution, and kink, certainly, and all but categorically opposed to sex. The ways the “child” and its cognates affectively and schematically operate in MacKinnon’s texts serve to mirror and magnify a split within feminist politics, at once radical and transformative, paternalistic and panicked.

Wine, Brains, and Snakes

The present contribution, concerning the ancient Roman cult of Bona Dea, explores the interplay between intuitive healing beliefs, morality, disgust, and coercive control of sexual behaviours. In order to preliminarily investigate cultural variations concerning sex and gender issues in past societies (a somewhat neglected topic in current cognitive studies), this article engages the socio-sexual organization of Roman culture which underpinned the cult devotion, explaining the evolutionary rationale of the underlying mythography as a mate-guarding strategy and the cult itself as a relief valve and a temporary compensation for subordinate women. The essential components of the cult (i.e., wine and snakes) are further analysed via evolutionary psychology and the cognitive science of religion. The final paragraph tackles the problematic scholarly reconstruction of the cult's promise of an afterlife for its worshippers, arguing that a phylogenetic analysis of Graeco-Roman mythographies might help contextualizing this issue.

VOICING THE OTHER : PATRICK SWEETING’S PERSPECTIVE IN JAIPONG DANCER

Jaipong Dancer is a novel written by Patrick Sweeting, which raises the subordination issue of women as the other. In this novel, Sweeting represents women as the other in paradox. On the one hand, women are represented as the other who is excluded from the society. On the other hand, women are represented as (the ones who are) strong, exotic and difficult to be overpowered. The problem is how Patrick Sweeting voices women as the other in his novel and the research questions are (1) how women as the other are voiced in this novel, and (2) how the writers perspective is related to the problem of women as the other in the novel. To understand the voicing of women as the other by the writer, the researcher uses postcolonial feminism by Gayatri Spivak, especially the concept of white men saving brown women from brown men. Textual analysis method is used to find out the relations and the form of the writers voice in the novel. Based on the whole analysis, it can be concluded that women as the other are voiced by the writer as the ones who are strong, exotic and difficult to be overpowered. Through his work, the writer who is assumed doing civilizing mission by voicing the issues related to the subordination of women in the Third World is, in fact, silencing the voice of the Third World women and imprisoned it under the stereotype and prejudice. The perspective which is used by the writer to represent the East is the same as other Orientalists perspectives. The voice of women in the Third World as depicted in the novel is created by the Western.Key words: voicing, women, the other

Voicing The Other : Patrick Sweeting�s Perspective in Jaipong Dancer

Jaipong Dancer is a novel written by Patrick Sweeting, which raises the subordination issue of women as the other. In this novel, Sweeting represents women as the other in paradox. On the one hand, women are represented as the other who is excluded from the society. On the other hand, women are represented as (the ones who are) strong, exotic and difficult to be overpowered. The problem is how Patrick Sweeting voices women as the other in his novel and the research questions are (1) how women as the other are voiced in this novel, and (2) how the writers perspective is related to the problem of women as the other in the novel. To understand the voicing of women as the other by the writer, the researcher uses postcolonial feminism by Gayatri Spivak, especially the concept of white men saving brown women from brown men. Textual analysis method is used to find out the relations and the form of the writers voice in the novel. Based on the whole analysis, it can be concluded that women as the other are voiced by the writer as the ones who are strong, exotic and difficult to be overpowered. Through his work, the writer who is assumed doing civilizing mission by voicing the issues related to the subordination of women in the Third World is, in fact, silencing the voice of the Third World women and imprisoned it under the stereotype and prejudice. The perspective which is used by the writer to represent the East is the same as other Orientalists perspectives. The voice of women in the Third World as depicted in the novel is created by the Western.Key words: voicing, women, the other

Patriarchal Legitimization Strategies in Igbo Gender-Related Taboos: A Case for Critical Discourse Analysis

This paper investigates gender-related Igbo taboos and their subtle recruitment in legitimising and sustaining patriarchy in Igbo culture. Thirty-eight taboos in the domains of inheritance, economic activities, family, leadership, marriage and widowhood were collected through participant observation and interviews. Applying ethnomethodological indexicality and reflexivity and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), strategies like dominant hegemonic masculinity and femininity, naturalisation, silencing, proximisation, positive-self and negative-other presentation are identified as constructing men’s superiority and women subordination. The paper calls for their deconstruction and delegitimisation for maximum harnessing of optimum human potentials in view of the global benchmark for gender equality by 2030.