Subordinate Parts Research Articles

CLASSIFICATION FEATURES OF ENGLISH COMPLEX SENTENCES BASED ON SYNCRETISM AND A FUNCTIONAL-SEMANTIC FIELD

Modern English is characterized by a desire to integrate various syntactic means. Syncretism is the main tool that helps neutralize asymmetric language relationships and the limited functional nature of the units. In the English language the growth of a large number of syncretic complex sentences is connected, first of all, with the desire of the speaker to convey complicated semantic meanings with the help of polyfunctional constructions where subordinate clauses function both as carriers of a single meaning and convey additional information. The development of an additional meaning occurs as a result of the semantic mobility of subordinate parts. That is, the intermediate character of the models indicates a high degree of complexity of the semantic structure and a considerable potential of semantic meaning. The purpose of the work is to investigate the internal organization of English complex sentences taking into account their structural and semantic features; to analyze the role of the influence of relevant words and connecting elements at the sentence level in order to clarify the content and linguistic aspects of complex sentences. The reliability of the analysis results is ensured by the use of various research methods and techniques. The leading methods in the work are general scientific methods (the method of observation, the method of analysis and synthesis), special methods (the comparative method, the method of component analysis, the descriptive method, the method of component and oppositional analyzes with the techniques of grouping complex sentences, the comparative method, the modeling method, functional-semantic analysis) The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that the paper attempts to analyze syncretic English complex sentences based on the semantic field and to describe the semantic potential of complex constructions taking into account the functional-semantic field in the English language. Conclusions. When analyzing and studying complex sentences in view of the influence of functional -semantic field and syncretism, the fact is established that the functionalsemantic fields are interconnected and realize their most significant shades of meaning precisely in the peripheral zones that testifies to the flexibility of the hypotaxis system and its dynamic nature.

Парцеллированные конструкции в языковой структуре произведения Г. В. Пряхина «Интеллигенция и жестокость»

For the first time, a semantic-functional and structural analysis of the linguistic structure of the work of G. V. Pryakhin, a Russian journalist, writer, and publisher, is undertaken. Pryakhin’s works are interesting not only for their problematics and depiction of contempo- rary reality but also for the originality of the linguistic organization, with the story “Intelli- gentsia and cruelty” taken as an example. A large number of various subject-expressive forms of syntax are found to be used in one work. The focus is on the structural-semantic and func- tional features of parcelation, one of the brightest subject-expressive syntactic tools with which to realize the author’s artistic goals. The analysis allowed the following conclusions to be made. First, both simple and complex sentences prove to be parceled. Simple sentences have their main and secondary members parceled. Parceled in complex sentences are the se- cond parts of compound and conjunctionless subordinates, subordinate parts of complex sub- ordinates, and parts of complicated structures, thus creating complex syntactic wholes. Se- cond, the parceled structures in the text under consideration contribute to conveying lively speech and creating a touch of informality, help a narrator deliver emotions, create gradation, provide additional information about the subject of description, as well as perform expressive- characterological and expressive-emphasizing functions. Also, they serve as a powerful tool for drawing the reader’s attention to more meaningful information and manipulating the reader’s consciousness.

Honestas and the Angevin Queen: Eleanor of Aquitaine’s Letters and Their Classical Rhetorical Antecedents

Abstract In 1193, King Richard I of England was taken captive by the Holy Roman emperor Henry VI. In several letters, the captive Richard’s mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine, exhorted Pope Celestine III to intercede on her son’s behalf. The specific topics on which she drew were ancient concepts within the topic of honestas, or virtue, and, more specifically, justice as one of the virtues. Justice occupied a preeminent place among the other virtues in medieval thought, and topics related to justice, as a species of honestas, were traditionally regarded as proper for deliberative argumentation. Eleanor’s letters set forth an argumentative schema regarding the nature of justice, asserting that it possesses an anatomy of subordinate parts that include friendship, pity, and the body politic of the kingdom. Her appeals illustrate the significance of ancient virtue theory in medieval political persuasion as an inheritance of Ciceronian thought, the place of virtue in geopolitical civic persuasion in her day, and how women implemented and conceived of social justice from classical rhetorical sources and employed them for civic ends.

The Classification of Complex Sentences in French

The article analyzes various classification approaches to studying a complex sentence(CSP) of the French language: functional, according to which the subordinate clauses are functionallylikened to one or another member of a simple sentence; morphological, when the adnexaa part is equated to a certain part of speech; formal, based on grammatical means of communication,as a result of which the analysis of subordinate parts is reduced to the characteristics of unions andallied words; semantic, taking into account the structural and semantic features of the NGN.

ЕВОЛЮЦІЯ ІСПАНСЬКОЇ ВІДНОСНОЇ КОНСТРУКЦІЇ: НАБУТТЯ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИХ РИС

Complex attributive sentences in the Spanish language of the medieval period are characterized by a vague expression of the degree of syntactic subordination. During the XII-XVI centuries there is a process of constant enrichment of meanings and forms of complex attributive sentences. The final formation of the structural organization of a complex attributive sentence ended in the XVII century, in the period of unification and formation of the national Spanish language. Starting from the Old Spanish period, the externally formal homogeneity of models of a complex attributive sentence is disturbed by deep internal complications of semantic connections between the main and subordinate parts. Thus, in the Middle Spanish period, a complex attributive sentence gradually reformatted its structural organization by strengthening the contact position of the nominal center of subordination with the conjunctions and strengthening bilateral links between predicative components, which further contributed to the normalization of the position of the subordinate part. On the other hand, there is an intensive mutual replacement of some conjunctions with others. In the Old Spanish period, the conjunctions bigan to lose their uncoordinated lexical correlation between the correlative word and the supporting noun in the main part. This trend contributed to the consolidation of the structural organization of a complex attributive sentence, which was realized in the early Spanish period.

Functional-semantic potential potential of syncretic complex sentences with contracted goals and conditions

There are a number of scientific papers dealing with the study of syncretic and transitive nature of complex structures, namely complex sentences. But the scientists haven’t identified all types of syncretic sentences with invariant meanings, structural characteristics of these constructions with a detailed study of specific nature of connecting elements and key words that affect functioning of asymmetric sentences in the language. Thus, the article is devoted to the study of variability of relationship formation and syncretic character between the structural elements of complex sentences with semantic types of purpose and condition. Particular attention is paid to the question of functional-semantic potential of this complex structure and semantic-syntactic system taking into account fine semantic meanings. The conditions of differentiation of core area and syncretic periphery are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to relationship between typical and transitive syntactic units. It is established that syncretic constructions with invariant meaning of purpose and condition lose a certain set of differential features in syncretic peripheral structures and get additional semantic meanings under certain conditions. We have proved that replacement of some semantic meanings by others emphasizes changing nature of syncretic complex sentences with subordinate parts of transitive nature. This reflection of the feature allows you to modify semantic meanings of syntactic functions of complex sentences with relationship of purpose and condition thus giving the opportunities for synthesis of elements. It is noted that in complex sentences of syncretic nature functional relations between semantic meanings of these structural units are determined by entering dependent components the peripheral zones.

Construction with adverbial participle clauses in the Kadar language

This article is dedicated to examination of polypredicative constructions formed by means of adverbial participle clause in one of the non-written languages of Dargin group – the Kadar language. The goal of this work is to describe the preterite adverbial participles used in formation of circumstantial subordinate clauses, study the problems of co-reference, and establish the key factors that affect the reduction of the co-referential element or its substitution with demonstrative pronoun. Main attention is turned to determination of grammatically correct constructions with adverbial participle clauses with co-referential element. The article employs the methods of synchronic description and field linguistics. The research material was accumulated during the 2019 expedition to Kadar rural localities of Karamakhi and Chankurbe of Buynaksky District of the Republic of Dagestan. The novelty consists in the fact that this work is first to examine the problems of co-reference in constructions with adverbial participle clauses, identification of factors that affect the reduction or substitution of co-referential element,  as well as determination of all grammatically correct sentences with adverbial participle clause that function in polypredicative constructions of the Kadar language. For solution of this problem, the author created the tables that considered the semantic role of predicate actants of superordinate and subordinate parts, position of subordinate part in relation to superordinate part, and the proximity of subordinate part to co-referential element in superordinate part in the compound sentence. As a result, the author establishes the positions with most and least grammatically correct constructions. The presented materials can be used in studying this type of compound sentences in other Dargin and Dagestanian languages.

Types of Assignments when Teaching the Infinitive in Syntax Lessons in Grades 8–9

The article describes types of assignments used in teaching the infinitive in lessons on syntax in grades 8–9. The proposed assignments help students recognize the unity of different levels of the language system. A functional approach to the study of Russian grammar is manifested in the organization of lessons devoted to principal and subordinate parts of a sentence, one-member sentences, homogeneous parts, introductory phrases, compound sentences, syndetic and asyndetic complex sentences. The proposed assignments tested during secondary school lessons included sentence analysis for language phenomenon identification, in some cases involving a grouping of sentences; transformation of syntactic constructions; writing compositions with a grammatical setting; linguostylistic analysis of a poem. The article presents an approach to forming the linguistic competence of students and the development of their speech skills.

Compositional Features of Modern Open Public Spaces

The article is devoted to the actual problem of designing typologically new objects of landscape architecture - open public spaces of the city. The characteristic objects created in recent years in the capitals of Denmark and Sweden are considered. Among them are city squares, embankments, campus territory. The compositional analysis was carried out, the features of their functional and architectural-landscape organization were considered. Based on the study of literary sources, design materials and a field survey, characteristic techniques common to open public spaces were identified: multifunctional, polycentric, open, asymmetric, dynamic balance, lack of axial or centric organization, unambiguous direction of motion, main and subordinate parts. This set of techniques creates an attractive atmosphere of freedom and ease, which helps to form a community of citizens. It was concluded that the compositions of public spaces reflect the modern evolutionary synergetic natural science picture of the world. Their continuity in relation to the city square, square, multifunctional park is established

МОВА ІСПАНІЇ: ВІД ДОЛІТЕРАТУРНОГО ПЕРІОДУ ДО НАЦІОАЛЬНОГО

A complex sentence has its own special formal, semantic, communicative, pragmatic and situational status. As a structural-semantic system unity, it is built on subordination of its predicative components and is based on formal-grammatical unity, semantic independence, communicative-pragmatic orientation and reference-pragmatic correlation. The changes of this syntactic unit are subject to general laws of the evolution of the Spanish language. One of the important factors in the theory of the evolution of the Spanish complex sentence is the transformation of its volume. Changes in the volume of a complex sentence occur in accordance with the general line of changes in the composition of the sentence. The main line of movement is characterized from a simple form through a vague structure to a gradual complication and to clear structure. Sentence as one of the most important informative elements in the process of communication reacted quickly to historical changes in society and to changes in language. In general, a sentence in Spanish undergoes a complex process of transformation from a rather elementary prolatine model with a limited number of word forms due to semantic complication and redundancy in the structure of a multicomponent complex sentence, or so-called polynomial, and to significant formal simplification. The study proved that the sentence structure in Spanish has three main periods in its development from prolatine model in the pre-literary period, through a paratactic polynomial in the donation period and to a hypotactic polynomial model in the national period. As a result, the reduction of sentence contributed to the emergence of various semantic connections between the main and subordinate parts. At each period of the development of a complex sentence was created its own special communicative-pragmatic model and was characterized by general patterns and special features in their structure and functioning The most common polynomials in Spanish were hypotactic, structured on the subordinate connection of sequence, parallelism, homogeneity, which expands its denotative and significant information.

When Fiction Feels Real: Representation and the Reading Mind by Elaine Auyoung

Reviewed by: When Fiction Feels Real: Representation and the Reading Mind by Elaine Auyoung Elizabeth Brogden AUYOUNG, ELAINE. When Fiction Feels Real: Representation and the Reading Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018. 176 pages. $74.00 hardcover. Elaine Auyoung's first book, When Fiction Feels Real: Representation and the Reading Mind, is one of the latest stars in a constellation of work on fictional ontology and character studies that has been glowing steadily brighter since the early aughts. Her contribution to novel theory and to the epistemology of nineteenth-century realism is both generous and timely, as literary scholars have become increasingly engaged with problems as complex as they are fundamental: what techniques do novels use to interpellate their readers or to construct interiority on the page? How do they negotiate between various scales of representation and temporality, privileging both the grandiose and the minute, the historical event and the private sentiment? To what ends does realism harness other genres, and what can the experience of reading it tell us about the architecture of our minds (or vice versa)? Auyoung's commitment to parsing the apparent effortlessness of novelistic realism is vital as we enter the third decade of a millennium in which the popular consumption of reality-adjacent content is more likely to take place online, onscreen, or in the virtual realm than on the printed page. Projects like hers are an essential reminder that we cannot take the novel for granted, even as we need not be defeated by the specter of its obsolescence. Auyoung begins by venturing beyond the boundaries of Victorianism to look closely at realism's invitation to behold what is otherwise defined by empirical absence. Through lavish description, realist novels place entire worlds "at [readers'] fingertips" (23), and it is precisely their quasi-touchability, Auyoung argues, that makes them so vivid. Writers such as Tolstoy enlist our "embodied knowledge" (32) to situate readers within immaterial ambits, and Auyoung scrutinizes instances of handling in Anna Karenina—struggling with a shirt button or seizing a "small physical object" (24)—to demonstrate the extent to which our insight into realist phenomenology is impoverished by ignoring its haptic quality. Such scenes of manual dexterity or frustration might be easily overlooked, but in Auyoung's account they have the highest stakes: when prompted to "retrieve rudimentary forms of motor memory" (33), readers are rewarded with an "experience of fluency" and "mastery" that constitutes realism's principal "aesthetic payoff" (33). In her second chapter, Auyoung continues to examine the "fluency" (32) that realism cultivates, shifting her focus to character, whose importance and validity as an object of serious study is currently being recovered after decades of critical dismissal. How do readers come to "know" imaginary beings? How does an assemblage of inert [End Page 215] glyphs on paper come "alive"? In fine close readings of passages from Jane Austen's oeuvre, Auyoung shows us that repetition and typological consistency (flatness, in other words) underpins the impression of roundness: predictability and regularity facilitate the emergence of a "situation model" (5) rooted in a few behavioral tics and core personality traits, with which the reader develops a sense of intimacy. Roundness thus resides in flatness, and the most fleshed out characters are often the most elusive. Protagonists, despite being generally thought to possess greater solidity and depth than their satellites, are actually more evanescent than minor or stock characters, who—precisely because their behavior is anticipable—are endowed with proleptic potential. In her third chapter, Auyoung discusses the role that hyponymy—defined by linguists as "the basic semantic relationship between a general category" (64) and its subordinate parts—plays in realist aesthetics. In Bleak House, she argues, Dickens utilizes excessive detail in a deliberate attempt to overwhelm the natural limitations of the reader's memory. Rather than bearing a metonymic significance greater than themselves, things are made to proliferate in a deliberate effort to surpass the reader's powers of recall and prevent her from adopting an interpretive stance toward them. Auyoung makes a persuasive case for the ways in which realism promotes surface reading over hermeneutics: far from cultivating (hyper-)attunement to the potential meanings of any individual object, it forces...

Seismic Collapse Analysis of RC Highway Bridges Based on a Simplified Multiscale FE Modeling Approach

Multiscale finite element (FE) modeling offers a balance between computational efficiency and accuracy in numerical simulations, which is appropriate for analysis of seismic collapse of RC highway bridges. Some parts of structures that need detailed analysis can be modeled by solid elements, while some subordinate parts can be simulated by beam elements or shell elements to increase the computational efficiency. In the present study, rigid surface coupling method was developed to couple beam elements with solid elements using the LS-DYNA software. The effectiveness of this method was verified by performing simulation experiments of both a single-column pier and a two-span simply supported beam bridge. Using simplified multiscale FE modeling, analyses of collapse and local failure of a multispan simply supported beam bridge and a continuous rigid frame bridge were conducted to illustrate the approach in this paper. The results demonstrate that the simplified multiscale model reasonably simulates the collapse process and local damage of complex bridges under seismic loading.

Interval MULTIMOORA method with target values of attributes based on interval distance and preference degree: biomaterials selection

A target-based MADM method covers beneficial and non-beneficial attributes besides target values for some attributes. Such techniques are considered as the comprehensive forms of MADM approaches. Target-based MADM methods can also be used in traditional decision-making problems in which beneficial and non-beneficial attributes only exist. In many practical selection problems, some attributes have given target values. The values of decision matrix and target-based attributes can be provided as intervals in some of such problems. Some target-based decision-making methods have recently been developed; however, a research gap exists in the area of MADM techniques with target-based attributes under uncertainty of information. We extend the MULTIMOORA method for solving practical material selection problems in which material properties and their target values are given as interval numbers. We employ various concepts of interval computations to reduce degeneration of uncertain data. In this regard, we use interval arithmetic and introduce innovative formula for interval distance of interval numbers to create interval target-based normalization technique. Furthermore, we use a pairwise preference matrix based on the concept of degree of preference of interval numbers to calculate the maximum, minimum, and ranking of these numbers. Two decision-making problems regarding biomaterials selection of hip and knee prostheses are discussed. Preference degree-based ranking lists for subordinate parts of the extended MULTIMOORA method are generated by calculating the relative degrees of preference for the arranged assessment values of the biomaterials. The resultant rankings for the problem are compared with the outcomes of other target-based models in the literature.

Interval target-based VIKOR method supported on interval distance and preference degree for machine selection

By considering target values for attributes in addition to beneficial and non-beneficial attributes, a traditional MADM technique is converted to a comprehensive form. In many machine selection problems, some attributes have given target values. The target value regarding a machine attribute can be reported as a range of data. Some target-based decision-making methods have recently been developed; however, a research gap exists in the area. For example, fuzzy axiomatic design approach presents a target-based decision-making supported on common area of membership functions of alternative ratings and target values of attributes. However, it has detects on finding a complete ranking because of probable infinite values of assessment index. Two target-based VIKOR models with interval data exist in the literature; however, the target values of attributes or ratings of alternatives on attributes are crisp numbers in the models and their formulations may have some limitations. The present paper tries to fill the gap by developing the VIKOR method with both interval target values of attributes and interval ratings of alternatives on attributes. Moreover, we attempt to utilize the power of interval computations to minimize degeneration of uncertain information. In this regard, we employ interval arithmetic and introduce a new normalization technique based on interval distance of interval numbers. We use a preference matrix to determine extremum and rank interval numbers. Two machine selection problems concerning punching equipment and continuous fluid bed tea dryer are solved employing the proposed method. Preference-degree-based ranking lists are formed by calculating the relative degrees of preference for the arranged assessment values of the candidate machines. The resultant rankings for the problems are compared with the results of fuzzy axiomatic design approach and the interval target-based MULTIMOORA method and its subordinate parts.

КАТЕГОРИЯ НЕГАЦИИ И ЯЗЫКОВЫЕ СРЕДСТВА ЕЕ ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ В СЛОЖНОМ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИИ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ РУССКОГО И ФРАНЦУЗСКОГО ЯЗЫКОВ)

This paper covers the issues of expression of negation category in the complex sentence in Russian and French grammars. The authors presented the traditional description of the negation category, in other words, it is considered only in the context of its lexical and grammatical expression with the help of the particle “not” or the word “no”. Usually, it is understood in such a narrow way while analyzing the complex sentence. The paper considers complex sentences of adverbial semantics that present more complete (in addition to the particle “not”) the interaction of negation category with the category of unreality when expressing it with the help of particle “would”. The existence of two particles “not” and “would” in a simple sentence is not only the expresser of the unreal modality but, at the same time, it expresses the negation semantics that neutralizes the action of negative particle “not”. The negation semantics can be sometimes expressed by the lexicalization linguistic means as well, such as “doubtful”, “I doubt”, “I am not sure” and so on. The authors show that such phenomena can be observed in French sentences as well. Therefore, we can speak about the structural-semantic and functional correlations and differentiations at the level of syntax in Russian and French languages that reflect the generality of syntactic relations in both languages. The analysis showed that the means of expression of the negation category semantics in a complex sentence differs from the means of its representation in a simple sentence. Based on the results of the study, it is possible to conclude that the significance of negation is such an extent that it usually acts a frequentative seme soldering the principal and the subordinate parts into integral whole – complex sentence, which is typical for both languages.

Extension of MULTIMOORA method with interval numbers: An application in materials selection

The MULTIMOORA method is developed using interval numbers based on fuzzy logic concept and a novel preference technique to deal with complex uncertain problems. By utilizing the fuzzy concept and considering relative weights for attributes, assessment values are obtained for subordinate parts of the interval weighted MULTIMOORA. We suggest an interval comparison matrix to calculate aggregate preference as an index to find the interval maximal objective reference point vector and rank the assessment values of the interval weighted ratio system and the full multiplicative form. The theory of dominance is employed to consolidate the subordinate ranks into the final ranking. Because of the reasonable assumption of alternative ratings as interval numbers in industrial problems and straightforward mathematics of the interval weighted MULTIMOORA, the proposed method can be effectively utilized by decision makers. A case study regarding materials selection of power gears is solved using the proposed method. Our final ranking for the practical case is verified with two interval-based and several crisp MADM methods.

Mixed Mother Tongues: Memoirs of Interlingual Childhoods

Childhood involves entering “a stage which we did not design” and playing “subordinate parts in the dramas of others” (in the words of philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre). What happens when the script of the “drama” a child is born into is spoken in more than one language—when the main players, one's parents, come from different, even mutually hostile speech communities? While mixed race memoir is an increasingly recognized field, memoirs of mixed mother tongue families are a less familiar genre of life writing. This article considers Irish author Hugo Hamilton's memoir The Speckled People and Algerian-born French writer Leïla Sebbar's Je ne parle pas la langue de mon père as compelling examples of the mixed mother tongue genre, which explore how parental languages may be imposed or withheld, and the effects of this on children's lives.

A Simulation Model for Optimal Inventory Level of R.O.K Navy’s Repair Parts

The weapon system of The Navy is the small quantity producing system on multiple kinds. It is consisted of various equipment and the subordinate parts of those which can repair the damaged part. The operating procedure concerning warship's repair parts managed under these systems is as follows. Firstly, if demand of repair parts occurs from warship which is the operating unit of weapon, then the Fleet(the repair & supply support battalion) is in charge of dealing with these requests. If certain request from warship is beyond the battalion's capability, it is delivered directly to the Logistic Command. In short, the repair and supply support system of repair parts can be described as the multi-level support system. The various theoretical researches on inventory management of Navy's repair parts and simulation study that reflects reality in detail have been carried out simultaneously. However, the majority of existing research has been conducted on aircraft and tank's repairable items, in that, the studies is woefully deficient in the area concerning Navy's inventory management. For that reason, this paper firstly constructs the model of consumable items that is frequently damaged reflecting characteristics of navy's repair parts inventory management using ARENA simulation. After that, this paper is trying to propose methodology to analyze optimal inventory level of each supply unit through OptQuest, the optimization program of ARENA simulation.

A Simulation Model for Optimal Inventory Level of R.O.K Navy’s Repair Parts

The weapon system of The Navy is the small quantity producing system on multiple kinds. It is consisted of various equipment and the subordinate parts of those which can repair the damaged part. The operating procedure concerning warship’s repair parts managed under these systems is as follows. Firstly, if demand of repair parts occurs from warship which is the operating unit of weapon, then the Fleet(the repair & supply support battalion) is in charge of dealing with these requests. If certain request from warship is beyond the battalion’s capability, it is delivered directly to the Logistic Command. In short, the repair and supply support system of repair parts can be described as the multi-level support system. The various theoretical researches on inventory management of Navy’s repair parts and simulation study that reflects reality in detail have been carried out simultaneously. However, the majority of existing research has been conducted on aircraft and tank’s repairable items, in that, the studies is woefully deficient in the area concerning Navy’s inventory management. For that reason, this paper firstly constructs the model of consumable items that is frequently damaged reflecting characteristics of navy’s repair parts inventory management using ARENA simulation. After that, this paper is trying to propose methodology to analyze optimal inventory level of each supply unit through OptQuest, the optimization program of ARENA simulation.

Macbeth the Philosopher: Rethinking Context

Context is derived from a Latin verb for weaving together. It refers to the pattern of a work, the way its subordinate parts relate to its larger structure. In contemporary literary discourse, however, the term usually refers to the much narrower idea of "historical context," insisting that great works of literature are fully and finally determined by the social circumstances in which they were created. What is puzzling about this is why anyone working with the achievements of literary creativity would find notions of cultural determinism an appealing way to go about enjoying complex works such as a play by Shakespeare. If anything might be expected to resist determination by anonymous cultural forces you would think it would be individual works of art. This essay argues for a more spacious view of context that does not legislate a reader's response to the semantic ordering of great works of literature. It is preferable, in my view, to think of context as the enabling conditions for an understanding between an artist's achievement and a reader's competence. Context allows room for the creativity and the emotional engagement of the reader. This is what characterizes vernacular criticism, spontaneity of response based on acknowledging what is subjectively meaningful in a literary work