Subordinate Part Research Articles

Upper Paleozoic mafic and intermediate volcanic rocks of the Mount Pleasant caldera associated with the Sn–W deposit in southwestern New Brunswick (Canada): Petrogenesis and metallogenic implications

Upper Paleozoic (~365Ma) mafic and intermediate volcanic rocks of the Piskahegan Group constitute a subordinate part of the Mount Pleasant caldera, which is associated with a significant polymetallic deposit (tungsten–molybdenum–bismuth zones ~33Mt ore with 0.21% W, 0.1% Mo and 0.08% Bi and tin–indium zones ~4.8Mt with 0.82% Sn and 129g/t In) in southwestern New Brunswick (Canada). The epicontinental caldera complex formed during the opening of the late Paleozoic Maritimes Basin in the northern Appalachians. The mafic and intermediate rocks make up two compositionally distinct associations. The first association includes evolved rift-related continental tholeiitic basalts, and the second association comprises calc-alkaline andesites, although both associations were emplaced penecontemporaneously. The basalts have low Mg#~0.34–0.40, smooth chondrite-normalized REE patterns with (La/Yb)n~5–6, primitive mantle-normalized trace element patterns without noticeable negative Nb–Ta anomalies, and their ɛNd(T) ranges from +2.5 to +2.2. The basalts were generated by partial melting of a transition zone between spinel and garnet mantle peridotite at a depth of ~70–90km. The calc-alkaline andesites of the second association have chondrite-normalized REE patterns that are more fractionated, with (La/Yb)n~7–8.5, but without significant negative Eu anomalies. Compared to the basaltic rocks, they have lower ɛNd(T) values, ranging from +0.5 to +1.9, and their mantle-normalized trace element plots show negative Nb–Ta anomalies. The ɛNd(T) values display negative correlations with indicators of crustal contamination, such as Th/La, Th/Nb and SiO2. The andesitic rocks are interpreted to have formed by assimilation–fractional crystallization processes, which resulted in the contamination of a precursor basaltic magma with crustal material. The parent basaltic magma for both suites underwent a different evolution. The tholeiitic basalts experienced shallow-seated fractional crystallization and evolved along a tholeiitic trend of “early iron” enrichment (non-oxic conditions). The contaminated magma of the second association followed a calc-alkaline fractionation trend of “no iron” enrichment (oxidizing conditions) characterized by a high PH2O and PO2 environment at the mid-crust levels. The Piskahegan Group, which is associated with an important polymetallic mineral deposit, differs from the numerous non-mineralized rift-related volcanic suites of the regional Upper Devonian to Lower Carboniferous successions in the Maritimes Basin by the presence of a significant amount of coeval calc-alkaline andesite, which may be an indicator of potential mineralization.

Delimitacyjno-semantyczne wykładniki graficzne renesansowej krytyki tekstu w Nowym Testamencie (1551, 1552) w przekładzie Stanisława Murzynowskiego

Nowy Testament (The New Testament) translated by Stanislaw Murzynowski was published in Konigsberg (Krolewiec) in East Prussia in 1551 (part one) and in 1552 (part two). It was the first Polish translation of the New Testament (and the Bible in general) delivered in line with the Protestant sola Scriptura doctrine from Greek, the source language. In his endeavour to faithfully (precisely) reflect the sense of the original in the Polish language, the translator subjected the text to a philological review. The effects of his considerations are made available to the readers and introduced to the translation of the Bible by means of a system of graphic devices which delimit the text and add an intellectual aspect to it. In most general terms, the devices indicate when the Polish translation departs from the Greek original as a result of the system and semantic differences between the two languages; they pinpoint the semantic and lexical polarization of the Polish translation of the biblical message as a result of the translator- cum-philologist’s critical approach to the original text. As a printed text, Nowy Testament translated by Stanislaw Murzynowski represents a closed work with precisely selected wording. Its core part containing the New Testament message in Polish consists of the primary text i.e. the translation of the New Testament into the Polish language and an intermittent subordinate part dedicated to the marginalia. The delimitation and semantic devices introduce visual order to the printed text, fostering the reader’s perception; they are also non-verbal expressions of the inter-textual relations and references to external texts which contributed to the then universe of knowledge. Therefore, the devices provide an intellectual aspect to the Polish language offered by Stanislaw Murzynowski.

Lubeck versus Berlin in Thomas Manns Buddenbrooks

From early on, Buddenbrooks has been received as a ‘German’ novel in an unequivocal and unqualified sense of the term. Why, then, is the German unification of 1871 almost completely absent from the narration? Why does the city of Berlin play such a subordinate part in it? Why does the name of the capital occur only in dubious, if not fatal, collocations? Why, on the other hand, are the historical data of Lubeckian institutions manipulated so massively? Why, for example, is the tenure of a new head of school aligned with the founding date of the Second Empire? And why does the narrator avoid referring to ‘his’ city by its proper name? These and some other questions are to be examined on the basis of a socio-historical contextualisation of the text. As a result of its re-reading the novel will prove to be far more Lubeckian than German. (YE; in German)

The preposition potential in formation of conjunctional means

In the article the ability of preposition to form conjunction or its equivalent has been considered. The mechanism of denominalization has been shown on the Russian material with the involvement of the author?s observations on prepositions in the Belarusian language - the morphological form transformation in to the subordinate part of complex sentence. The author?s conception is: 1) the syntaxeme is the actant position in the sentence; 2) the syntaxeme consists of the formant (preposition + flexion) and nominative component (substantive); 3) at the level of the complex sentence the same actant position may take the predicative unit (subordinate part of the complex sentence); 4) the formant of the predicative syntaxeme in transforms is the conjunctional combination ?preposition + demonstrative pronoun that + subordinate part conjunction?. The preposition at case syntaxeme transformation in to predicative does not change its function, but it is included in to the conjunctional formant as one of the elements of more complex formant - conjunctional combination. Each element of the conjunctional combination fulfills its function: the preposition still forms the syntaxeme, but with more complex nominative component as predicative unit, the pronoun that is ?flection? of this nominative component (subordinate part), and the conjunction acts as the explicator, providing grammatical connection of the nominative component of syntaxeme with the ?flexion? and the preposition. It is noted that the mechanism and the results of denominalization depend on the syntaxemes repertoire and character and on the preposition meaning: the same preposition, with different meaning has different conjunctional potential. In to the mechanism of denominalization are involved categorematic names (classifiers), which initially are used as structural vocabulary for forming secondary prepositions, and together with them, for forming conjunctional combinations. The methods of transformation of prepositional-nominal syntaxeme in to conjunctional-predicative reveal more conjunctional means than there are in the existing grammatical and lexicographical descriptions.

MANFAAT REFORMASI AGRARIA BAGI PEMENUHANHAK-HAK ASASI PETANI

After the end of the Cold War caused the collapse of the socialist countries, the ideas and policies ofliberalization, privatization and modernization became the dominant current of thought.The rise of theneo-liberals have created an atmosphere that was not conducive to the idea of Agrarian Reform (RA).Anexample is the rampant land disputes that human casualties.The dispute occurred in almost all areasand involves almost all sectors.Based on reports BPKPA (2000), at least 1742 cases recorded as landdisputes in Indonesia, the largest in the 25 provinces.Then the dispute was followed by 12 cases ofabduction, 24 cases of murder, 39 cases of shootings, 151 terror cases, 163 cases of torture, 212 cases ofintimidation, and 763 arrests.Agrarian condition at some time in fact a product of the operation of fourinteracting factors, namely: (a) historical legacy, (b) internal dynamics, (c) government interventionthrough its policies, and (d) external intervention such as, large private companies both domestic andforeign, the movement of the Transational Corporation (TNC), the fund provider agencies.AgrarianReform should be Sustainable, namely:First: Agrarian Reform policy must consider environmentalsustainability. In this context, techno-farming or a subordinate part of the eco-farming.The land mustnot be distributed marginal lands that can only be productive in the short and prone to erosion.Preciselyfor the rights of generations to come, it would require conservation of resources, namely foodproduction: soil, water, and biodiversity.Second, from the socio-political aspects, sustainability AgrarianReform requires two things: a.AgrarianReform should not be discriminatory.Rural women should beinvolved role.B.Need to be created and maintained a democratic atmosphere that ensures the existenceof association, and the strengthening of farmer organizations.Agrarian Reform is a big agenda butfundamental.Therefore, the necessary co-operation between the various parties, especially whoare in favor of the interests of the people, centered on small farmers and farm workers and those whowant to unite in the struggle for agrarian reform in order to materialize into reality.

EMAC Distinguished Marketing Scholar 2012: Respect the data!

Consumer research suffers from a lack of respect for data. Researchers routinely fail to report full experiments that do not produce expected results and often eliminate alleged “outliers” on the basis of inappropriate rules, leading to biased test reports. Scholars appear to be relying less on non-experimental data, even as the serious limitations of experimental data may create structural discrepancies with the other, non-experimental cases of a phenomenon or process, such that it becomes impossible to study some major consumer phenomena. The lessons from empirical data get accepted only when they can be described as confirming preexisting conceptual frameworks. This article presents an extensive analysis of multiple forms of a lack of respect for the data and proposes some remedies. Overall, data should never play a subordinate part.

Aeronautical CFD in the age of Petaflops-scale computing: From unstructured to Cartesian meshes

CFD has become an indispensable tool for analyzing and designing aircrafts. Wind tunnel testing, however, is still the central player for aircraft developments and CFD plays a subordinate part. In this article, lessons learned from the developments of the unstructured-mesh CFD for aeronautical applications are discussed at the beginning. Then, demands for next-generation CFD are described with an expectation of the daily use of Petaflops computers. A Cartesian mesh approach, as a promising candidate for the next-generation CFD, is discussed by comparing it with the current unstructured-mesh CFD. It is concluded that the simplicity of Cartesian-mesh CFD from the mesh generation to the post processing will be a big advantage in the days of Petaflops computers.

Inleiding - Een geschiedenis van mensen en (andere) dieren

History is by definition a history of mankind, or at least it seems so. Animals are assumed to play a subordinate part in human life: they are present, but merely as objects in the margin and without a story of their own. In recent years there has been a loud plea for change: animals move from a remote corner to become visible in historical writing. Or, as the American historian of science Harriet Ritvo stated a few years ago, the historical profession is witnessing an ‘animal turn’. But the integration of animals into the history of mankind is not a neutral act, since it undermines the paradigm on which traditional historiography is based. The focus of this thematic issue is on the historic relationship between people and animals, from prehistoric times until today, and the evolving attitudes of historians vis-à-vis the colourful animal world.

An efficient hybrid self-learning method for stochastic cellular manufacturing problem: A queuing-based analysis

This paper addresses a new version of Stochastic Mixed-Integer model to design cellular manufacturing systems (CMSs) under random parameters described by continues distributions. In an uncertain environment processing time, part demand, product mix, inter-arrival time and etc. may change over the period of time. Thus, during planning horizon since any of the parameters of the problem may vary widely, design decisions may be in effect. So, in this research to overcome such drawback, it’s assumed that processing time for parts on machines and arrival time for parts to cells are stochastic and described by continues distribution which yields more flexibility to analyze manufacturing framework. In such case, there are some approaches such as stochastic programming (SP), robust optimization (RO) and queuing theory which can formulate and analyze this problem. In this paper, it’s assumed that each machine works as a server and each part is a customer where servers should service to customers. Therefore, formed cells define a queue system which can be optimized by queuing theory. In this way, by optimizing a desired queue system measurement such as maximizing the probability that a server is busy, the optimal cells and part families will be formed. To solve such a stochastic and non-linear model, an efficient hybrid method based on new combination of genetic algorithm (GA) and simulated annealing (SA) algorithm will be proposed where SA is a sub-ordinate part of GA under a self-learning rule (SLR) criterion. This integrative combination algorithm is compared against global solutions obtained from branch-and-bound algorithm and a benchmark heuristic algorithm existing in the literature. Also, sensitivity analysis will be performed to illustrate behavior of the model.

New Labour's PPI Reforms: Patient and Public Involvement in Healthcare Governance?

Following a first wave of reform at the beginning of the decade, the system of patient and public involvement in healthcare governance is being further overhauled under the Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007 and the Health and Social Care Act 2008. The current reforms reflect a significant shift in dominant political discourse from an earlier concern with patient and public involvement towards a more exclusive focus on consumer choice and economic regulation, with collective voice and citizen participation at best playing a subordinate part in the government's NHS modernisation agenda. While there is some potential for increased responsiveness in the new arrangements, the overall effect is likely to be a weakening of the foundations of democratic decision making in the governance of healthcare in England.

Molekulare Analyse humaner Influenzaviren

The evolution of influenza viruses is increasingly pursued by molecular analyses that complement classical methods. The analyses focus on the two surface proteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) which determine the viral antigenic profile. Influenza A(H3N2) viruses are exceptionally variable, so that usually at least two virus variants cocirculate at the same time. Together with influenza B viruses they caused approximately 90% of influenza virus infections in Germany during the last 12 seasons, while influenza A(H1N1) viruses only played a subordinate part. Unexpectedly, reassorted viruses of subtype A(H1N2) appeared during the seasons 2001/02 and 2002/03, but were isolated only rarely and gained no epidemiological significance. Furthermore, during the season 2001/02 influenza B viruses of the Victoria-lineage reappeared in Germany and other countries of the northern hemisphere after 10 years of absence. These viruses reassorted with the cocirculating Yamagata-like influenza B viruses, as could be seen by the appearance of viruses with a Victoria-like HA and a Yamagata-like NA.

What is Communicative Success?

In most of our communicative transactions we are confident of success. We read the newspaper and are normally pretty sure that we have understood the text. We usually think we understand what is said in the TV broadcast and in casual conversation, and only rarely do subsequent events make us revise our judgment that we did. But that we are confident of success, even if we are right, and even if we are both right and justified, does not mean that we have a clear idea of what success consists in.Ideas about successful communication have had a prominent place in the philosophy of language in recent decades, mostly as a step on the way to meaning theoretical claims. This has been the case with philosophers like Wittgenstein, Quine, Davidson, Dummett, and Evans. Mostly, the discussion of communicative success has been of limited extent, serving as a subordinate part of some longer argument.

Mafic and Felsic Magma Interaction in Granites: the Hercynian Karkonosze Pluton (Sudetes, Bohemian Massif)

The Hercynian, post-collisional Karkonosze pluton contains several lithologies: equigranular and porphyritic granites, hybrid quartz diorites and granodiorites, microgranular magmatic enclaves, and composite and lamprophyre dykes. Field relationships, mineralogy and majorand trace-element geochemistry show that: (1) the equigranular granite is differentiated and evolved by small degrees of fractional crystallization and that it is free of contamination by mafic magma; (2) all other components are affected by mixing.The end-members of the mixing process were a porphyritic granite and a mafic lamprophyre.The degree of mixing varied widely depending on both place and time. All of the processes involved are assessed quantitatively with the following conclusions. Most of the pluton was affected by mixing, implying that huge volumes (475 km) of mafic magma were available. This mafic magma probably supplied the additional heat necessary to initiate crustal melting; part of this heat could have also been released as latent heat of crystallization. Only a very small part of the Karkonosze granite escaped interaction with mafic magma, specifically the equigranular granite and a subordinate part of the porphyritic granite. Minerals from these facies are compositionally homogeneous and/or normally zoned, which, together with geochemical modelling, indicates that they evolved by small degrees of fractional crystallization (520%). Accessory minerals played an important role during magmatic differentiation and, thus, the fractional crystallization history is better recorded by trace rather than by major elements.The interactions between mafic and felsic magmas reflect their viscosity contrast. With increasing viscosity contrast, the magmatic relationships change from homogeneous, hybrid quartz diorites^granodiorites, to rounded magmatic enclaves, to composite dykes and finally to dykes with chilled margins.These relationships indicate that injection of mafic magma into the granite took place over the whole crystallization history. Consequently, a long-lived mafic source coexisted together with the granite magma. Mafic magmas were derived either directly from the mantle or via one or more crustal storage reservoirs. Compatible element abundances (e.g. Ni) show that the mafic magmas that interacted with the granite were progressively poorer in Ni in the order hybrid quartz dioritescgranodioritescenclavesccomposite dykes.This indicates that the felsic and mafic magmas evolved independently, which, in the case of the Karkonosze granite, favours a deep-seated magma chamber rather than a continuous flux from mantle. Two magma sources (mantle and crust) coexisted, and melted almost contemporaneously; the two reservoirs evolved independently by fractional crystallization. However, mafic magma was continuously being intruded into the crystallizing granite, with more or less complete mixing. Several lines of evidence (e.g. magmatic flux structures, incorporation of granite feldspars into mafic magma, feldspar zoning with fluctuating trace element patterns reflecting rapid changes in magma composition) indicate that, during its emplacement and crystallization, the granite body was affected by strong internal movements.These would favour more complete and efficient mixing. The systematic spatial^temporal association of lamprophyres with crustal magmas is interpreted as indicating that their mantle source is a fertile peridotite, possibly enriched (metasomatized) by earlier subduction processes.

The Theory of the Cell State and the Question of Cell Autonomy in Nineteenth and Early Twentieth-Century Biology

A central thesis of the cell theory of biological organization is that plant and animal cells are, to some degree, autonomous vital units. Just how much autonomy cells possess was a matter of serious debate in the decades surrounding the turn of the twentieth century. The idea of cell autonomy was most strikingly expressed in the “theory of the cell state,” an idea based upon the metaphorical conception of higher plants and animals as social colonies of cells or elementary organisms, commonly associated with Rudolf Virchow and Ernst Haeckel. This paper explores the question of cell autonomy as it was debated within late nineteenthand early twentieth-century embryology, cytology, and physiology. While greater evidence for cell autonomy emerged from tissue culture experiments, there arose, almost simultaneously, a tendency within physiology and biochemical studies to conceive of the cell metaphorically as a chemical factory and as a subordinate part of a larger organismal whole. I argue that while these metaphors suggested conflicting views of cell autonomy, they were highly effective devices for explaining and investigating within their respective fields: the autonomous cell-organism in embryology and morphology, the subordinate cell-factory in physiology and biochemistry.

W. E. Gladstone and the reconstruction of bronze age geography

William Ewart Gladstone (1809–1898), four times Prime Minister, was also the most prolific Victorian commentator on the Homeric corpus. In 1858 Gladstone published a three-volume collection of Homeric studies, including a curious cartographic reconstruction of the mental world of Homer as revealed in his epic poetry. Over a forty-five year period, Gladstone continued to publish in this area, in the interest primarily of elevating British education and culture. His interest in Bronze Age geography, a subordinate part of his general effort, is nevertheless of interest in its own right and, in his attempt to reconstruct Homer's mental map of the world, an early example of mental mapping.

Russia's Chechen War by Tracey C. German (review)

352 SEER, 83, 2, 2005 In the final part of the book, the author criticizes American and West European governments for muting their response to Russian war crimes in Chechnya, especially in the wake of 9/ I I. He urges greater scepticism with regard to the assumption that Moscow is pursuing, albeit rather clumsily, worthy goals in Chechnya -warding off the chaotic disintegrationof Russia and fightingIslamistterrorism. Providence, RI STEPHEN D. SHENFIELD German, Tracey C. Russia'sChechen War.RoutledgeCurzon, London and New York, 2004. x + 246 pp. Maps. Glossary. Tables. Notes. Bibliography. Index. [65.00. CONVENTIONAL military analysis of events in Chechnya over the last decade has tended to separatethe operationsthereinto a Firstand a Second Chechen War. This is profoundly misleading. Dr Tracey C. German's book proves emphaticallythat both phases of militaryaction to date are but a subordinate part of a continuum that is primarilypolitical and economic in motivation, which in fact predates the Russian state as currently constituted, and has continued rightup to the present day. Indeed, the contemporaryrelevance of the book should be one of its major selling points. This may not be immediately obvious from the contents page, where dates in the early I990S predominate. However, those who wish to understand the motivating forces behind the current logjam of violence, corruptionand crackdownin the Russian North Caucasusmust startwith an analysis of its foundations and later evolution. Here, Dr German does the Englishlanguage readera sterlingservicein severalrespects. First, her chronological approach is thorough, clear and comprehensible. In this subject area, where events and policy decisions provide much of the momentum, it is fundamental to an understandingof the driving forces and issues at stake. In her detailed exposition of the public discourse, she choreographs the actors and their lines so that the factors take centre stage, and it will surprisesome readersto discoverjust which factorsprove the most influential.Today's terroristthreatis shown to be firmlyrooted notjust in an ethnic group's desire for self-determination,but in deals, dissent and power struggleswithin the Chechen ranksdatingback at least to the mid I98os. Secondly, her use of primary source material is exemplary. Most of her myriadshortquotationscome fromthe Russianmedia, and in particularfrom ephemeral contemporaryaccountswhich are destined to become inaccessible save to the persistenthistoricalresearcher.Yetthey provide a compelling case forseeing events in Chechnya as the mostviolent aspectof a 'fledglingRussian democracy [which] illustrates the highly personalized nature of decisionmakingin the post-communistera' (p. i). Thirdly, whilst setting the military (and other uniformed services')actions firmly within their political context and the military action occupies a relatively small part both of this book and of the period it covers the narrative is almost entirely free of political theory and of judgmentalism. Where contemporary analyses are fundamentallyincompatible, the reader is REVIEWS 353 left to judge for himself. Yet where an author's comment or explanation is appropriate,it is never lacking. There are a few very minor errors:PresidentMaskhadovhad undoubtedly been a lieutenant (p. I 22), but it was as a full colonel that he left the Soviet army in I992 after twenty years' service. One might have wished for more detail on the Chechen-Ingush relationship in the period between i99i and 1994, given the pivotal nature of the elections in the Chechen part of Checheno-Ingushetia in i99i which Dr German describes on pp. 46ff However, this lack of detail reflects the situation at the time, which was confused and largelyundiscussed,at least in public. Such are the problems of writingeven recent history. Future researcherswill be gratefulfor the impressivebibliographyand the full and usefulendnotes. By comparison,the index and the treatmentof events after I999 are less comprehensive. Yet this is more than compensated for by the treatmentof the Gorbachevperiodwhich, though seminal,isoftenignored in discussions of current problems in post-Soviet space. This book will go a long way towardsredressingthe balance forlaterhistorians. Yetthisbook should not be left to historiansor to regional experts.Itsmain value arguablylies in its readable but reliable chronicling, and its restrained but authoritative analysis of processes a decade ago which have a profound impact today, and notjust on Russiaand Chechnya. In herveryfirstsentence, Dr German draws attention to events that posed 'an increasing threat not only to the stability of the North Caucasus region, but also to...

Revitalization of a Rural Depopulated Community by Introducing Participatory Democracy System into Each Smallest Unit of Community

This study used a questionnaire survey to investigate an attempt to create a participatory democracy in a rural community characterized by its conservationism, exclusivity, and the strong influence of a few powerful residents. Among a total of the 89 smallest uaits in the community, all residents living within the 14 units in which the movement to achieve a new participatory democracy system took place responded to the questionnaire. Results showed that the 14 units were classified in terms of their attitude toward the movement, that is, active, neutral, or critical. Importantly, the newly introduced system was occupying equivalent status to the traditional authoritarian system in the units that were characterized by their active attitudes while the new system tended to be placed just as a subordinate part of the traditional system in the units that were characterized by their neutral or critical attitudes.

Evolutionary Approaches to Psychopathology and Cognitive Therapy

This opening article outlines some key themes of an evolutionary approach to psychopathology, and explores possible implications for cognitive therapy. Evolutionary psychology suggests that many of our mental mechanisms are designed to promote survival and reproduction, not happiness, or even mental health, as such. This article focuses on the concept of evolved strategies and their phenotypic expressions, to fit specific niches. It suggests that evolved strategies and their phenotypic expressions partly operate through two psychobiological systems, called the defense and safeness systems, which detect and respond to threats and punishments, and safeness and potential rewards, respectively. Various cognitive schemas, rules and automatic thoughts, especially those linked to psychopathology, are often products of the linkages in strategies as coded in defense and safeness systems. The latter part of the article gives a brief exploration of the view that self-to-self relationships (self-evaluations and “self-talk”) evolved from social cognitions and behavior. Negative self-evaluations, self-criticism, and self-attacking are viewed as internalized interactions between a hostile, dominant part of self, and an appeasing, subordinate part of self. One way of undermining this interaction is to introduce the notion of compassion for the self. A brief consideration is given to the development of “compassionate mind” in work with shame-prone people as expressed in high self-criticalness and/or self-hating. Throughout the text the main problems addressed are those of the more chronic, emotional difficulties often associated with some degree of what is called personality disorder.

Limiting National Interventionism in the United States: The Warfare-Welfare State as Restrictive Governance Paradigm

In response to business fears about growing national interventionism during the 1930s and 1940s, the United States channelled national state power into an indiosyncratic strong warfare/weak welfare governance paradigm. By making the welfare state a weak adjunct to a powerful warfare state and a subordinate and controversial part of postwar U.S. governance this paradigm has delimited, skewed, and distorted postwar U.S. political development. Postwar policy developments leading right up to the recent attacks on the welfare state and the growing neo-liberal consensus related to globalization can be understood in terms of this paradigm.

Vom dreizehnten Gott zum dreizehnten Apostel?

The Christianization of the imperial funeral in late Antiquity did not change its political function. The public honours bestowed upon the dead emperor were meant to display dynastic continuity and political legitimacy. Furthermore, the Christian concept of consecratio, like its pagan counterpart, legitimized the imperial succession and manipulated the emperor's dead body for the propagandistic presentation of the triumphant domus divina. Constantine, the first Christian emperor, was buried in the centre of the church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople, flanked by the tombs of the twelve apostles on either side. From the literary, iconographical and numismatic evidence one cannot deduce, as has sometimes been suggested, that there Constantine wanted to be venerated as the thirteenth apostle, but that he proclaimed himself to be lσoXplστos, i.e. the equal of Christ. Thus he radically christianized the pagan idea of identifying the emperor with his patron god. Although Constantine's ceremonial instructions - which replaced the traditional funeral ceremony with a Christian mass - were imitated by later Christian emperors, his uncompromising demand for identity was not. It appears that his son, Constantius II, had already removed his coven from the church of the Holy Apostles. In addition, Christian writers openly opposed Constantine's idea of a 'Christian' apotheosis and propagated instead the concept of the emperor's accession to the Heavenly Jerusalem, where he would enjoy communion with God. At the same time, the usurpers were mercilessly banned to hell. The dead emperor now was a subordinate part of the celestial hierarchy. The solemn rites for the deceased imperator Christianus were an amalgam of pagan and Christian rituals. The new Christian imperial cult argued from a theological perspective for the emperor's superhuman elevation and widened the gulf between the ruler and his subjects. The majority of Christians apparently did not see any contradiction bet