Subordinate Level Research Articles

Associative Meanings in Semantic Prototypicality of Durian Naming in Jember, East Java, Indonesia

This research aims at revealing the associative meanings of durian naming on the subordinate level. The data of this research are durian names taken from two biggest places producing large number of durian harvesting in Jember, East Java. Employing Leech’s classification of meanings, durian as the semantical prototype is broken down into variously associative meanings. Based on the properties that a durian has, the specialties or distinctive marks come to be the characteristics that are associated to the names given. The result shows that among 30 durian names, they are distributed into 4 associative meanings comprising connotative meaning (19 names), affective meaning (6 names), reflected meaning (3 names), and social meaning (2 names). Those groupings of meanings as the subordinate levels of semantical prototype of durian come to exists due to the associatively mental image or concept of experience proximity.

EVOLUTIONARY TRANSFORMATION OF THE QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEM OF DEFENSE GOODS, SERVICES AND WORKS IN UKRAINE

It is inadvisable to limit the quality assurance system for defense-related goods/services/works solely to a set of mechanisms; it must necessarily encompass vertical and horizontal connections both among the relevant functional blocks (subsystems) and between the entities involved in their operation. In the context of not only geopolitical challenges but also the ongoing daily struggle against an aggressor state, it is critically important to establish an effective and efficient system for controlling the quality of defense-related goods/services/works. This article is dedicated to the systematization of the characteristics of transformational changes and the outlining of methodological foundations for the effective functioning of the quality assurance system for defense- related goods, works, and services in Ukraine. A conceptual three-level model of the quality assurance system for defense-related goods, services, and works has been formulated by distinguishing the essential parameters of their operation at the global, national, and micro levels. The peculiarities of forming a quality assurance system for defense-related products at both the micro and macro levels have been justified. It has been emphasized that the effectiveness of the evolutionary transformation of the quality assurance system for defense-related products at all levels of its representation should be characterized by the penetration of market forces into the mechanism of its operation. Attention has been drawn to the substantive directions for implementing the requirements of NATO standards in the AQAP series (AQAP 2110) within the framework of a corporate quality management system in accordance with ISO 9001. Since there are no legal or legislative requirements mandating the implementation of quality management systems, the enhancement and improvement of the efficiency of internal business and production processes should be a direct concern of the enterprise itself, driven by market forces. At the same time, the state should create stimulating mechanisms, for instance, by employing soft regulation; in military procurement specifications, it should mandate the presence of a certificate of compliance with AQAP requirements for the enterprises involved. The expected effects of the transformation of the studied system include economic, organizational, and worldview effects. A comparative analysis of the evolutionary transformation of the quality assurance system for defense-related goods, services, and works has been conducted based on the following criteria: the object and subject of control; the function performed by the control subject; the breadth of the controlling institution’s functionality; the perimeter of the controlling institution’s authority; the level of depth of control; and the level of subordination of the controlling institution to the Ministry of Defense. Despite the complexity of the task declared at the state level regarding the functioning of the state guarantee system for the quality of defense-related products, which is influenced not only by objective factors but also by worldview factors, its implementation has the potential to significantly enhance the quality of Ukraine’s defense products and substantially improve Ukraine’s rankings in terms of transparency, institutional maturity, and the ecological soundness of economic relations in the defense sector.

Shifting Perceptions: The Effects of Subordinate Level Training on Category Restructuring

Shifting Perceptions: The Effects of Subordinate Level Training on Category Restructuring

Estimating work engagement from online chat tools

The Covid-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-Cov2- virus, has transformed our lives. To combat the spread of the infection, remote work has become a widespread practice. However, this shift has led to various work-related problems, including prolonged working hours, mental health issues, and communication difficulties. One particular challenge faced by team members is the inability to accurately gauge the work engagement (WE) levels of subordinates, such as their absorption, dedication, and vigor, due to the limited number of in-person interactions that occur in remote work settings. To address this issue, online communication systems utilizing text-based chat tools such as Slack and Microsoft Teams have gained popularity as substitutes for face-to-face communication. In this paper, we propose a novel approach that uses graph neural networks (GNNs) to estimate the work engagement levels (WELs) of users on text-based chat platforms. Specifically, our method involves embedding users in a feature space based solely on the structural information of the utilized communication network, without considering the contents of the conversations that take place. We conduct two studies using Slack data to evaluate our proposal. The first study reveals that the properties of communication networks play a more significant role when estimating WELs than do conversation contents. Building upon this result, the second study involves the development of a machine learning model that estimates WELs using only the architectural features of the employed communication network. In this network representation, each node corresponds to a human user, and edges represent communication logs; i.e., if person A talks to person B, the edge between node A and node B is stretched. Notably, our model achieves a correlation coefficient of 0.60 between the observed and predicted WEL values. Importantly, our proposed approach relies solely on communication network data and does not require linguistic information. This makes it particularly valuable for real-world business situations.

Трансформация налоговой системы России на современном этапе

The article is devoted to the study of the process of transformation of the Russian tax system at the present time. The author analyzes the changes in the procedure for establishing taxes and fees that have taken place in recent years. As part of the study, the author comes to the conclusion about the negative nature of such changes, mediating the transfer of powers to establish taxes and fees to the subordinate level. The author analyzed the procedure for collecting a fee from foreign investors when exiting Russian assets and made a conclusion about the tax nature of this payment. The consequences of introducing taxes of a one-time nature, leading to a distortion of the legal structure of the tax, are also analyzed. In connection with the findings obtained, the article formulates conclusions about the need to transform the principles of tax.

Protection of consumer rights in the practice of the EU court

Introduction. The paper highlights the issues of implementation of consumer protection mechanisms at two hierarchically subordinate levels – international and national. It is given the generalization of separately analyzed cases illustrating the proper practical implementation of consumer protection at the level of the EU Court of Justice. It is provided a generalized view of how theoretical consolidation of the rules meets the requirements of the present. The purpose of the paper is to present the practical results of the analysis of the European consumer protection system at the supranational and national levels of the EU. To do so, the following tasks need to be accomplished: to define the legislative regulation of European consumer policy and its basic principles, to outline the procedure for legislative regulation of consumer issues by the EU supranational institutions, to analyze the case law of the EU Court of Justice and to identify further trends in legal regulation in this area. Results. It is emphasized that it is the European Union that serves as a priority for the national systems of its member states. It is found that the States clearly follow the principles enshrined in certain Directives, but often face difficulties in interpretation, since not all the rules have been implemented in accordance with the fluidity of the modernized world, and therefore there is a need to apply to the Court of Justice of the European Union for a broader explanation. Despite certain difficulties, new mechanisms are increasingly being introduced to ensure the effectiveness of consumer protection at the international level. In particular, the doctrinal positions of individual scholars play an important role, which, in turn, are implemented in practice. Conclusion. It is noted that it is important to harmonize the national legislation of the Member States and the European legislation, since only then can the consumer protection sphere be properly regulated. In general, it is noted that the issue of building and maintaining consumer confidence in the market is a key one for European consumer policy. It cannot be ensured in the presence of unfair, aggressive and openly fraudulent trade practices, so the system must have a sufficient range of effective tools, both state and non-state, to prevent them.

PENGARUH GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN KOMANDO DAN KOMUNIKASI INTERPERSONAL TERHADAP TINGKAT KINERJA BAWAHAN DI SEKSI SIM DITLANTAS POLDA JATIM

This research was conducted on the basis of revealing the influence of the Command Leadership Style and Interpersonal Communication of leaders on the performance carried out by their subordinates. In addition, this study aims to obtain further clarity about the level of increase in the performance of subordinates of the SIM section of the East Java Regional Police which is the influence of the application of Leadership Style and Interpersonal Communication by their leaders. The research was conducted using a quantitative approach with a survey method through distributing and filling out questionnaires, the data collected will be processed and analyzed using testing with the help of the SPSS 26 for windows application. The results of the study showed that significantly and partially the Command Leadership Style and Interpersonal Communication on the Performance Level of subordinates. Through this research, it is hoped that it will be able to contribute to other papers and the agencies studied.

Types of use of peripheral forms of the creative case in the aspect of adverbialization (the substantive word form "in a whisper")

The stepwise nature of adverbial transposition of nouns without prepositions is investigated. The object of study is the forms of the creative case of nouns without prepositions, representing the first stage of transposition into adverbs, the subject of consideration is combinatorics and the proportion of substantive and adverbial features in the structure of word forms of the "whisper" type, functioning in the zone of the periphery of the noun class. The relevance of the research is due to the need to develop such a field of scientific research as the transpositional grammar of the Russian language, as well as to identify patterns of functioning of linguistic units in transitional zones between parts of speech and interparticle semantic and syntactic categories. The purpose of the article is a comprehensive analysis of substantive word forms that demonstrate different degrees of manifestation of signs interacting with the functional adverbialization of nouns and adverbs on two stages of the noun zone. Within the framework of the proposed approach to syncretic formations, methods of oppositional analysis (with an adverbial scale), elements of component, distributive analysis, and linguistic experiment are used. The novelty of the study consists in the description of a formalized methodology for establishing the stages of adverbialization of substantive word forms, demonstrating a different degree of departure from nouns and approximation to adverbs. It is established that the substantive word form "whisper", for example, is characterized by a multi-stage transposition into an adverbial class. In the zone of the periphery of nouns, she makes the first, actually syntactic step towards adverbs. It is associated with its use first in the syncretic function of complement and circumstance, and then only in the function of circumstance. The presence of dependent words in the form of adjectival and subsubstantial distributors, as well as the function of object complement, restrain the further advancement of the word form "in a whisper" towards the class of adverbs. The loss of object meaning in the word form under consideration is associated with a shift at the level of verbal subordination: weak control as a way of connecting the word form "in a whisper" with the main word is replaced by case adjunction. Object-circumstantial relations are transformed into circumstantial ones. But the main categorical features of nouns in the zone of the periphery of this class of words are preserved. The theoretical significance of the work lies in the fact that it contains an understanding of transitional phenomena in the field of parts of speech in a systemic linguistic aspect. The practical significance of the research is determined by the possibility of applying its results in teaching linguistic disciplines – Russian, general linguistics, theoretical grammar.

Notary tariff: Problems of ensuring constitutional balance in determining parameters

The article analyzes the problems of determining the procedure for financing notarial activities in the context of the constitutional requirement to achieve a balance between private and public interests. Turning to the historical and legal key to the development of approaches concerning the formation of the cost of notarial actions, the authors see the purpose of the formal revision of the regulatory rules as for establishing notarial tariffs only to support the approaches to determining the level of relevant fees that have already been established within the framework of the previous regulation. In this regard, the article notes the urgent need for a conceptual revision of approaches to building a system of self-financing of notarial activities. Without denying the admissibility of the participation of notarial bodies in determining its parameters, the authors, based on the nature of the notarial tariff, focus on the need for effective state supervision of its economic feasibility. At the same time, following the approach of bringing the formation of payment for notarial actions in any part to the subordinate level strengthens the requirements for ensuring economic proof of its size. Ultimately, we are talking about aiming to achieve a constitutional balance between the level of organization of notarial activity expected at the corresponding stage of development of society and the solvency of persons forced to apply for the performance of notarial acts. The article notes that the currently proposed system demonstrates at the regional level both significant deviations from the maximum tariff amount and significant differences in determining the procedure for calculating the regional tariff for a specific notarial act, although the objective reasons for this are not obvious. This demonstrates the need to analyze the relevant deviations from the standpoint of ensuring the principle of equality, which implies, among other things, differentiation of the tariff size based on constitutionally justified criteria.

Extension of Master’s Power Within the Framework of the Zero-Hours Labour Contract: Problem Statement

The article is devoted to the refraction of the phenomenon of the employer’s master’s power in the system of relations between the parties to the zero-hours contract. The objectives of the work: to show the traditional limitations of such power and their extension in the zero-hours contract. On the basis of the analysis of foreign legislation and European judicial practice the definition of the zero-hours contract is given. Conclusions are drawn that the contract with non-fixed working hours refers to atypical employment, and, as a rule, is considered as a labour, not civil law contract. A different enforcement position is also reflected in the article. The conclusions on the issue of the sectoral affiliation of such an agreement are important for highlighting the legal status of an employee working under a zero-hours contract and the employer’s control not only in the course of labour activity, but also outside it. Such a non-standard situation for labour law is due, as the author notes, to the flexible, unpredictable, non-fixed work schedule. This peculiarity is the one around which the very concept of a zero-hours contract was formed. It is revealed that the employer’s ability to change the working hours of employees may act as a latent measure of quasi-disciplinary action unknown to labour law. It is concluded that such discretionary power of the employer increases the level of subordination of the employee with unfixed working hours and strengthens the personal dependence of the latter. It is noted that digitalisation, as a condition that allows the extension of such control by changing the working schedule in real time, exacerbates the unstable nature of the atypical relationship in question. It is found that the extension of master’s power disrupts the work-life balance, which is usually pointed out as an advantage of opting for a zero-hours contract for the worker. It is concluded that the normative construction of such a contract should be based on the principle of compensation for both work and the waiting period for work, and provide for minimum compensation for restrictions on workers’ rights.

Communication Strategies Used in Performance Contracting in the County Government of Nakuru, Kenya

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to assess the communication strategies used in the process of performance contracting for employees within the county government of Nakuru.
 Materials and Methods: This study used mixed research design. This research design was appropriate for this study as data collected was both quantitative and qualitative. The target population was representatives of the different departments of the County Government of Nakuru employees working in the headquarters. The study population consisted of 656 members of staff working within the headquarters of Nakuru County Government. The study used stratified random sampling to sample 80 staff members working both the managerial and subordinate level of the departments within the county government of Nakuru headquarters. Primary information was used in the study. During data analysis, both qualitative and quantitative data were analysed. Qualitative information was filtered and the main words in conversations tabulated for analysis using SPSS. Inferential statistics used visual tools such as graphs and pie charts to make inferences of the entire population. Frequencies, mean and percentages were also used to summarize the data. This gave visual representation of the data collected.
 Findings: Regression of coefficients showed that communication strategies used in the process of performance contracting had a positive and significant effect with productivity of Nakuru county government employees (β=0.691, p=0.000).
 Conclusions: The study concluded that the county government of Nakuru frequently used emails, discussions, trainings as well as small meetings to communicate with the employees. However, the county government rarely used employee recognition and awards to communicate with their employees. Besides many other things the communication within the county helps the employees to perform their tasks well; to have information about the duties they have to perform, and about the goals of the organization. The study also concluded that communication strategies used in the process of performance contracting had a positive and significant effect with productivity of Nakuru county government employees.
 Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: The county government of Nakuru should develops its own media like a local radio station, publication or TV station as these could help improve strategic communications. In addition, the county government should introduce employee recognition and awards as a channel of effectively communicate with their employees.

Aşırı İş Yükü, Lider-Üye Etkileşimi ve Psikolojik Esneklik: Organize Sanayi Bölgesi Üzerine Bir Alan Araştırması

Most of the academic work that has been done in the field of leader-follower interactions may be summarized in one concept: the Leader-Member Exchange. In light of the fact that this concept plays a pivotal role in the research conducted on leadership and organizations, it is of utmost importance that leader-member exchange is well understood, quantified, and examined in a reliable way. In this research, the antecedents of leader-member exchange at the subordinate level are investigated. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of employees' perceptions of work overload on leader-member exchange and the moderating role of psychological flexibility in this relationship. The study sample consisted of 340 employees from several firms operating in Osmaniye organized industrial zone. The data were analyzed using SPSS and PROCESS computational tool. While work overload negatively affects leader-member exchange, increased psychological flexibility level moderates the negative relationship between work overload and leader-member interaction. By shedding light on the potential relationship among work overload, leader-member contact, and psychological flexibility, this study makes a valuable contribution to the existing body of knowledge.

Learning Deep Asymmetric Tolerant Part Representation

Categorization objects at a sub-ordinate level inevitably poses a significant challenge, <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i.e.</i> , inter-class difference is very subtle and only exists in a few key parts. Therefore, how to localize these key parts for discriminative visual categorization without requiring expensive pixel-level annotations becomes a core question. To that end, this paper introduces a novel asymmetry tolerant part segmentation network (ATP-Net). ATP-Net simultaneously learns to segment parts and identify objects in an end-to-end manner using only image-level category labels. Given the intrinsic asymmetry property of part alignment, a desirable learning of part segmentation should be capable of incorporating such property. Despite the efforts towards regularizing weakly supervised part segmentation, none of them consider this vital and intrinsic property, <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i.e.</i> , the spatial asymmetry of part alignment. Our work, for the first time, proposes to explicitly characterize the spatial asymmetry of part alignment for visual tasks. We propose a novel asymmetry loss function to guide the part segmentation by encoding the spatial asymmetry of part alignment, <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i.e.</i> , restricting the upper bound of how asymmetric those self-similar parts are to each other in the network learning. Via a comprehensive ablation study, we verify the effectiveness of the proposed ATP-Net in driving the network learning towards semantically meaningful part segmentation and discriminative visual categorization. Consistently superior/competitive performance are reported on 12 datasets covering crop cultivar classification, plant disease classification, bird/butterfly species classification, large-scale natural image classification, attribute recognition and landmark localization.

Temporal hierarchy of observed goal-directed actions

During social interactions, we continuously integrate current and previous information over varying timescales to infer other people's action intentions. Motor cognition theories argue for a hierarchical organization of goal-directed actions based on temporal scales. Accordingly, transient motor primitives are represented at lower levels of the hierarchy, a combination of primitives building motor sequences at subordinate levels, and more stable overarching action goals at superordinate levels. A neural topography of hierarchal timescales for information accumulation was previously shown in the visual and auditory domains. However, whether such a temporal hierarchy can also account for observed goal-directed action representations in motor pathways remains to be determined. Thus, the current study examined the neural architecture underlying the processing of observed goal-directed actions using inter-subject correlation (ISC) of fMRI activity. Observers (n = 24) viewed sequential hand movements presented in their intact order or piecewise scrambled at three timescales pertaining to goal-directed action evolution (Primitives: ± 1.5 s, Sub-Goals: ± 4 s, and High-Goals: ± 10 s). The results revealed differential intrinsic temporal capacities for integrating goal-directed action information across brain areas engaged in action observation. Longer timescales (> ± 10 s) were found in the posterior parietal and dorsal premotor compared to the ventral premotor (± 4 s) and anterior parietal (± 1.5 s) cortex. Moreover, our results revealed a hemispheric bias with more extended timescales in the right MT+, primary somatosensory, and early visual cortices compared to their homotopic regions in the left hemisphere. Our findings corroborate a hierarchical neural mapping of observed actions based on temporal scales of goals and provide further support for a ubiquitous time-dependent neural organization of information processing across multiple modalities.

The Representation of Observed Actions at the Subordinate, Basic, and Superordinate Level.

Actions can be planned and recognized at different hierarchical levels, ranging from very specific (e.g., to swim backstroke) to very broad (e.g., locomotion). Understanding the corresponding neural representation is an important prerequisite to reveal how our brain flexibly assigns meaning to the world around us. To address this question, we conducted an event-related fMRI study in male and female human participants in which we examined distinct representations of observed actions at the subordinate, basic and superordinate level. Using multiple regression representational similarity analysis (RSA) in predefined regions of interest, we found that the three different taxonomic levels were best captured by patterns of activations in bilateral lateral occipitotemporal cortex (LOTC), showing the highest similarity with the basic level model. A whole-brain multiple regression RSA revealed that information unique to the basic level was captured by patterns of activation in dorsal and ventral portions of the LOTC and in parietal regions. By contrast, the unique information for the subordinate level was limited to bilateral occipitotemporal cortex, while no single cluster was obtained that captured unique information for the superordinate level. The behaviorally established action space was best captured by patterns of activation in the LOTC and superior parietal cortex, and the corresponding neural patterns of activation showed the highest similarity with patterns of activation corresponding to the basic level model. Together, our results suggest that occipitotemporal cortex shows a preference for the basic level model, with flexible access across the subordinate and the basic level.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The human brain captures information at varying levels of abstraction. It is debated which brain regions host representations across different hierarchical levels, with some studies emphasizing parietal and premotor regions, while other studies highlight the role of the lateral occipitotemporal cortex (LOTC). To shed light on this debate, here we examined the representation of observed actions at the three taxonomic levels suggested by Rosch et al. (1976) Our results highlight the role of the LOTC, which hosts a shared representation across the subordinate and the basic level, with the highest similarity with the basic level model. These results shed new light on the hierarchical organization of observed actions and provide insights into the neural basis underlying the basic level advantage.

Logics of Discovery II: Lessons from Poetry-Parataxis as a Method That Can Complement the Narrative Compulsion in Vogue in Contemporary Mental Health Care.

This paper highlights the limitations of narrative logic in mental health care, and in particular of "narrative vigilance"-the tendency to watch over experience via narrativisation, and to tether the concrete particulars of experience to the hypothetical structure of a narrative signification. Narrative logic is grounded in hypotaxis-the syntactic structuring whereby a discourse is characterised by different levels of subordination using linking words that connect, especially in terms of temporal and explanatory consequentiality. I offer an alternative approach based on parataxis-the practice of placing phrases or parts of speech next to each other without subordinating conjunctions. Sentences are juxtaposed without a clear connection; the contrast may generate novel and unexpected combinations between these dissimilar fragments. After distinguishing between parataxis and psychopathological phenomena like disturbances of association, I take inspiration from the work and life of a poet, Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin (1770-1843), considered among the greatest. He suffered for half his life from a severe form of mental illness that would perhaps, today, be diagnosed as schizophrenia. In the poems written during his illness, hypotaxis and narrative vigilance seem to blur, and parataxis takes centre stage. The fading of narrative structure in no way coincides with the absence of meaningfulness. Rather, meaningfulness is left to parataxis itself, that is, to the recombining power of words, sentences, and images. Parataxis itself can provide meaningfulness or, at least, provide the soil in which it can germinate. The void of narration opens the door for the fullness of "emergent" connections. In the final part of the paper, with the help of Freud's ideas on the relationship between "analysis" and "synthesis" in psychoanalytic treatment, some implications are derived about the relevance of parataxis to the logics of discovery in psychotherapeutic care, especially that of persons with severe mental conditions.

Behavioural profiles in a wild population of a cooperatively breeding cichlid

AbstractIn cooperatively breeding species, subordinates can obtain group membership through social interactions with other group members or by providing services such as helping with territory defence. Large subordinate individuals, which can reproduce, are expected to adjust their behaviour as a function of the demand of help and group size because if the environmental conditions allow, they may either leave the group to start breeding or queue for the breeding position in their natal group. The number of helpers in a group is expected to affect the need of help by dominants and consequently also the level of subordination shown by helpers. In a series of field experiments, we manipulated the need of help and the opportunities for subordinates to show submissive behaviour in a wild population of the cooperatively breeding species Neolamprologus pulcher. We assessed if group size determines the social behavioural strategy of large subordinate individuals. When experimentally eliciting submissive behaviour, large subordinates from small groups showed a lower frequency of submissive behaviour compared to large groups; moreover, they tended to show a higher frequency of sand digging than in large groups. In contrast, neither territory defence in the presence of a heterospecific egg and larvae predator nor dispersal propensity, measured as prospecting frequency in neighbouring territories, was affected by group size. A principal component analysis revealed that prospecting is uncorrelated with submissive behaviour and helping behaviour. Our results suggest that group size may be involved in shaping behavioural phenotypes of juvenile subordinates.

Implicit measures in leadership categorization theory: the case for using cognitive mapping and verbal protocols to study cross-categorization phenomena

PurposeThis paper contributes to leadership categorization theory by advocating a new method to surface people's implicit leadership theories. The purpose of this new approach is to simultaneously capture individual difference in how they conceptualize leadership but within a common framework to allow for comparison of within- and between-person effects.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conduct a narrative review of the implicit leadership theory, leadership categorization theory, cognitive mapping and verbal protocol literature with the purpose of surfacing a research method that will overcome the problems of over-simplification and over-individualization in existing methods.FindingsThe authors argue that using a combination of cognitive mapping and verbal protocols can capture the idiosyncrasies of individual lay theories of leadership while retaining the ability to compare people's responses through a common framework. The authors provide an example of how this method can be used to elicit people's perceptions of one aspect of implicit leadership theories, intelligence.Research limitations/implicationsThis new method will provide a methodology to test the subset propositions advocated by leadership categorization theory. These include the idea that subordinate level implicit leadership theories contain a subset of attributes found in the basic-level implicit leadership theories, that there is attribute integrity in superordinate implicit leadership theories through the levels, and the idea that people define leadership differently depending on the context they are observing.Originality/valueWhereas previous approaches to surfacing people's implicit leadership theories either heavily constrain their responses with a predetermined generic suite of attributes or are totally open-ended and idiosyncratic, the authors advocate an approach that combines the best of both.

Re-imagining the Regional Polity: Lessons in Bhrātṛbhāva and Bandhubhāva from the Baghel Kingdom

Confronted by an increasing number of mahārājādhirājas and shahanshāhs during the period between the fourteenth-sixteenth centuries, how do we characterise state-making and royal projections of authority, unencumbered by teleological impositions of “regional” and “imperial”? This paper examines the strategies used by the Baghel kingdom to consolidate its territorial and political control within a palimpsest of warring polities in early-modern North India. In contrast to other nascent Rajput polities of this period who were establishing themselves in opposition to the Sultans at Delhi, Gujarat, Malwa and Jaunpur through the articulation of a strong martial ethos, the Baghels employed strategies of friendship (bandhubhāva) and brotherhood (bhrātṛbhāva). In examining these strategies, this paper argues, the Baghels offer an alternate way of conceptualising the political landscape of the fourteenth-sixteenth centuries, one that does not solely rest on the asymmetrical relations of power associated with the study of “regional” polities. Put more directly, this paper posits the study of the regional polity during this period not in terms of language/literature/art nor in terms of successive levels of subordination, but as a politics of consolidating power.

The acquisition of subordinate nouns as pragmatic inference

Word learning is characterized by a bias for mapping meanings at the “basic” level (‘dog’), as opposed to a subordinate level (‘poodle’; Markman, 1986, 1990; Clark, 1987; Waxman et al., 1991, 1997). The fact that learners nevertheless acquire subordinate nouns has been attributed to properties of the referential world across multiple labelling events (e.g., Xu & Tanenbaum, 2007b; Spencer et al., 2011). Here we propose that the acquisition of subordinate-level meanings requires pragmatic reasoning that allows learners to take informative relevant alternatives into consideration. In support of this hypothesis, in a series of experiments we find that adult learners exploit information about semantic alternatives to generalize word meanings beyond the basic level. In Experiment 1, the introduction of a labelled alternative at the subordinate level eliminated the basic-level bias. In Experiment 2, this effect was found to be specific to labelled but not unlabeled alternatives. In Experiment 3, the availability of alternatives affected conjectures about subordinate-level word meanings even when these alternatives were presented well after the initial moment of ostensive labeling. Lastly, Experiment 4 replicated the semantic contrast effect using exclusively novel language input, highlighting the general communicative nature of these inferences. We conclude that the acquisition of subordinate nouns relies on pragmatic inferences about the informativity of labels as intentional linguistic-pragmatic acts, as opposed to simple word-to-world co-occurrences.