Submucosal Dissection For Colorectal Tumors Research Articles

A risk-prediction model for en bloc resection failure or perforation during endoscopic submucosal dissection of colorectal neoplasms.

Technical difficulties in colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissections (ESD) result in en bloc resection failure or perforation. This study aimed to develop and validate a risk score for predicting en bloc resection failure or perforation in ESD of colorectal neoplasms. This single-center observational study included 1133 colorectal neoplasms treated with ESD in a Japanese tertiary cancer center. With a derivation set (n = 716), we performed multiple logistic regression to identify significant risk factors for en bloc resection failure or perforation. Based on odds ratios, we developed a risk score, ranging from 0 to 10: 0-1 'low risk' (LR); 2-4 'moderate risk' (MR); and 5-10 'high risk' (HR). An independent validation set comprised prospectively enrolled subjects (n = 417) that underwent ESDs from January 2014 to August 2016. The performance of the risk score for predicting en bloc resection failure or perforation for each risk tier was evaluated. The baseline incidences of en bloc resection failure or perforation were 14.5% and 5.5% in the derivation and validation sets, respectively. We identified the following significant risk factors: endoscopist experience, tumor location, morphology, scope operability, underlying fold, and fold convergence. In the validation set, the incidences of en bloc resection failure or perforation were 0% in the LR tier (n = 62; 14.8%), 2.3% in the MR tier (n = 293; 70.4%), and 25.8% in the HR tier (n = 62; 14.8%) (P < 0.001, Cochran-Armitage trend test). A risk scoring system, which was developed and prospectively validated, can successfully estimate the incidence of en bloc resection failure or perforation.

Endoscopic submucosal dissection of colorectal neoplasms: an audit of its safety and efficacy in a single tertiary centre in Singapore.

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) provides a higher en bloc and R0 resection rate than endoscopic mucosal resection. Colorectal ESD is not widely used because of its technical difficulty and risk of complications, especially for right-sided colonic lesions. We audited the clinical outcomes of our initial experience with colorectal ESD. We reviewed data collected from a prospective registry of patients who underwent colorectal ESD from December 2014 to March 2018. Therapeutic outcomes and procedure-related complications were analysed. A total of 41 patients (mean age 67.4 years, 21 male) underwent colorectal ESD. The distribution of the lesions was as follows: rectum (n = 9), sigmoid colon (n = 8), descending colon (n = 6), splenic flexure (n = 1), transverse colon (n = 5), ascending colon (n = 8) and caecum (n = 4). The mean size was 23 (range 12-50) mm. En bloc resection was achieved in 35 (85.4%) out of 41 patients, and R0 resection or clear resection margins was achieved in 33 (94.3%) of the en bloc resection patients. The lesion was upstaged in 14 (34.1%) patients after ESD. Colonic perforation occurred in 3 (7.3%) patients during ESD and was successfully treated with endoscopic clips. There was no procedure-related bleeding. No patient required surgery for management of complications. The median duration of hospitalisation was 1 (range 0-7) day. Four patients with lesions that were upstaged after ESD, from high-grade dysplasia to intramucosal carcinoma with deep submucosal invasion, were referred for colectomy. Our early outcome data was comparable to that from large published series. ESD is an effective and feasible treatment for colorectal lesions.

Usefulness of "Nelaton Attachment" for endoscopic submucosal dissection of colorectal neoplasms.

Background and study aims Although colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has enabled high en bloc resection rates regardless of tumor size, colorectal ESD is still a challenging procedure. We developed a novel device called the Nelaton Attachment, which allows endoscopists to manipulate the ESD knives using two fingers of their left hand while holding the endoscope with their right hand. We retrospectively investigated the efficacy and safety of the Nelaton Attachment for colorectal ESD. We compared efficacy and safety between Nelaton Attachment and non-Nelaton Attachment groups, and also conducted an ex vivo experiment to evaluate the effect of the Nelaton Attachment. Patients and methods We retrospectively reviewed 36 consecutive patients with 37 colorectal tumors who had undergone ESD at Kishiwada Tokushukai Hospital and Naritatomisato Tokushukai Hospital between April 2016 and September 2018. The Nelaton Attachment was used for 22 of the 37 colorectal ESDs. In the ex vivo experiment, endoscopists inserted and withdrew an ESD knife 2 cm using two fingers of their left hand with and without the Nelaton Attachment. Results Median procedure time was significantly shorter in the Nelaton Attachment group (38 min [range 6 – 195 min]) compared to the non-Nelaton Attachment group (75 min [range 17 – 198 min]; P = 0.030). Median time to complete the ex vivo experiment five times was significantly faster with the Nelaton Attachment than without the Nelaton Attachment ( P = 0.001). Conclusions Use of the Nelaton Attachment for colorectal ESD is feasible and safe, and may facilitate colorectal ESD procedures.

Modified attachment method using an S-O clip for gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection.

Modified attachment method using an S-O clip for gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection.

Advanced Endoscopic Treatment for Early Colorectal Cancers - Traction Assisted Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Colorectal Tumors -

Advanced Endoscopic Treatment for Early Colorectal Cancers - Traction Assisted Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Colorectal Tumors -

Differences in Clinical Course of Intraprocedural and Delayed Perforation Caused by Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Colorectal Neoplasms: A Retrospective Study

Background: Although the use of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) as a minimally invasive treatment for large superficial colorectal neoplasms is increasing, colorectal ESD remains technically challenging. As perforation in the colorectum is generally considered to be associated with a higher risk of complications, the aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of perforation caused by colorectal ESD. Methods: This retrospective study included 635 lesions treated with colorectal ESD, between February 2011 and December 2015, in a tertiary cancer center. We evaluated and compared the clinical course and short-term outcomes of the intraprocedural perforation group with those of the delayed perforation and no perforation groups. Results: Perforation occurred in 45 (7.1%) of the 635 cases. Thirty-six cases were intraprocedural perforation (5.7%), all of which were successfully closed with endoclips during the procedure. Nine cases of delayed perforation occurred (1.4%). No emergency surgery was performed in the intraprocedural perforation group; however, 5 of 9 cases underwent emergency surgery in the delayed perforation group (56%, p < 0.0001). There were statistically significant differences between the intraprocedural and delayed perforation groups with regard to the hospitalization period, fasting period, abdominal pain scale, peak white blood cell (WBC) count, and peak C-reactive protein (CRP), and between the intraprocedural and no perforation groups with regard to the location of the lesion, hospitalization period, fasting period, abdominal pain scale, peak WBC, peak CRP, and en bloc resection rate. Conclusions: While intraprocedural perforation due to colorectal ESD can be managed conservatively, delayed perforation can lead to serious adverse events.

A retrospective study of endoscopic submucosal dissection for colorectal tumors

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for the treatment of colorectal tumors, and to analyze risk factors affecting operation time. Methods A retrospective study was conducted using data of 74 cases with colorectal tumor, who underwent ESD in Department of Gastroenterology of Wuhan University Renmin Hospital from January 2014 to September 2015. The clinical efficacy of ESD, occurrence of complications and follow-up results were summarized, and the risk factors of operation time were analyzed. Results The rate of ESD en bloc resection and histological complete resection was 97.30% (72/74) and 89.19% (66/74), respectively. Among the 8 cases of histological non-curative resection, 2 cases received appended surgical procedures because of deep invasion of tumor (SM2), 6 cases were given close follow-up according to the pathological result of adenomas. Among the 74 cases, no acute hemorrhage or pneumoperitoneum occurred. Four cases (5.41%, 4/74) had postoperative delayed bleeding, and were successfully treated by endoscopic hemostasis. Four cases (5.41%, 4/74) had intraoperative perforation, and were successfully treated by endoscope. No recurrence or abnormal lesions occurred during the follow-up of 15-35 months. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that tumor size was a main risk factor for ESD operation time (P=0.000). Conclusion ESD, as a minimally invasive treatment, is safe and effective for the treatment of colorectal tumors, and the tumor size is a main risk factor of ESD operation time. Key words: Colorectal tumors; Endoscopic therapy; Endoscopic submucosal dissection; Complication; Operation time

Risk Factors for Postoperative Bleeding in Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection of Colorectal Tumors

Background: Colonoscopic removal of adenomatous polyps or early cancer prevents death from colorectal cancer. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), which enables endoscopists to perform en bloc resection of flat or depressed colorectal tumors >20 mm, has recently been introduced and become a standard procedure in Japan. Although postoperative bleeding (POB) is a major complication associated with ESD, risk factors for POB have not been fully identified. Methods: A total of 451 patients (509 lesions) who underwent colorectal ESD were retrospectively analyzed to identify clinical parameters associated with POB. Results: POB occurred in 14 patients, and 7 of them had received antithrombotic therapy before ESD. Uni- and multivariate analyses revealed that antithrombotic therapy and rectal tumor location were strongly associated with POB following colorectal ESD. The incidence of POB was higher in patients on heparin bridge therapy (HBT) for the replacement of antithrombotic therapy than in patients with no HBT. Four of 7 patients (57.1%) on antithrombotic therapy experienced POB from the rectal lesions. Conclusion: Antithrombotic therapy and rectal lesions result in a higher POB incidence after colorectal ESD.

Clinical outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection for colorectal tumors: a large multicenter retrospective study from the Hiroshima GI Endoscopy Research Group

Although advanced high-volume centers have reported good outcomes of colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), a limited number of highly skilled experts in specialized institutions performed these procedures. We undertook a retrospective multicenter survey, which included nonspecialized hospitals, to investigate the clinical outcomes of colorectal ESD. We recruited 1233 consecutive patients with 1259 colorectal tumors resected by ESD at 12 institutions. We evaluated the en bloc resection rate, histologic complete resection rate, curative (R0) resection rate, adverse events, and the long-term prognoses, including local recurrence, metachronous tumor development, and survival rate. The en bloc, histologic complete, and R0 resection rates were 92.6%, 87.4%, and 83.7%, respectively. The delayed bleeding, intraoperative perforation, and delayed perforation rates were 3.7%, 3.4%, and .4%, respectively. The long-term outcomes analysis included 1091 patients (88.4%). Local recurrences occurred in 1.7%, and metachronous tumors (>5mm) developed in 11.0% of the patients. The 3- and 5-year overall survival rates were 95.1% and 92.3%, respectively. The number of colonic tumors, severe submucosal fibrosis, and en bloc resection rates were significantly higher in the high-volume centers (Group H) than those in the low-volume centers (Group L). The average tumor size in Group H was significantly larger than that in Group L. Colorectal ESDs are feasible, have acceptable adverse event risks, and favorable long-term prognoses. (Clinical trial registration number: UMIN000016197.).

Tips for safety in endoscopic submucosal dissection for colorectal tumors.

In Japan, endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) becomes one of standard therapies for large colorectal tumors. Recently, the efficacy of ESD has been reported all over the world. However, it is still difficult even for Japanese experts in some situations. Right-sided location, large tumor size, high degree of fibrosis, difficult manipulation is related with the difficulty. However, improvements on ESD devices, suitable strategies, and increase of operators' experiences enable us to solve these problems. In this chapter, we introduce recent topics about various difficult factors of colorectal ESD and the tips such as strategy, devices, injection, and traction method [Pocket-creation method (PCM) etc.].

Influencing factors for complete resection and operation time in endoscopic submucosal dissection for colorectal tumors

Objective To explore influencing factors for complete resection and operation time of endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) for colorectal tumors. Methods This retrospective study included 95 consecutive colorectal tumors in 88 patients whose pathological diagnosis was adenoma and carcinoma, treated with ESD at the Department of Endoscopy of the First Hospital of Jilin University from January 2013 to December 2014. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted on the factors related to complete resection and operation time. Results Average tumor size was 28.7±14.1 mm(range, 8-80 mm), and the average procedure time was 80.72±63.90 min. The rate of complete resection was 92.6%(88/95), and the rate of incomplete resection was 7.4%(7/95). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that fibrosis (P=0.012, OR=52.473, 95%CI: 2.571-1 140.438) contributed to incomplete resection. Fibrosis (P=0.001, OR=0.045, 95%CI: 0.007-0.289), tumor size (P=0.035, OR=0.170, 95%CI: 0.033-0.884), granular-type laterally spreading tumor(P=0.013, OR=34.432, 95%CI: 2.138-554.476), non-granular-type laterally spreading tumor(P=0.044, OR=31.715, 95%CI: 1.093-919.904) were independent factors for extending operation time of colorectal ESD. Conclusion The severer fibrosis can induce higher rate of incomplete resection. The more severe fibrosis is, the larger tumor size is, and the longer operation time is. Key words: Tumor; Colon; Rectum; Endoscopic submucosal dissection; Complete resection; Operative time

The efficacy of endoscopic submucosal dissection for colorectal tumors extending to the dentate line.

Although endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is becoming the mainstay of the treatment strategies, rather than surgical treatment, for colorectal tumors extending to the dentate line, ESD is technically more difficult. This study was aimed at assessing the usefulness of ESD for the treatment of colorectal tumors extending to the dentate line. This study included 531 patients with colorectal tumors who underwent colorectal ESD between 2008 and 2015. They were divided into three groups: rectal tumors extending to the dentate line (anorectal group), those not extending to the dentate line (proximal rectal group), and colonic tumors (colonic group), and a retrospective comparative analysis was carried out. Of the total patients, 18 (3.4%) had lesions extending to the dentate line area. The procedure times were 103.4±84.0, 80.4±64.3, and 71.8±52.3min, respectively (P=0.0318). All the patients in the anorectal group were operated by operators who had performed at least 20 colorectal ESDs (P<0.0001). No significant difference among the three groups was found in the en bloc resection rate, complete resection rate, or curative resection rate. Although no significant difference in the incidence of perforation was observed among the three groups, intraoperative bleeding was observed in 61% of the patients in the anorectal group (P<0.0001). ESD is an effective treatment strategy for colorectal tumors extending to the dentate line. However, it seems that anorectal ESD, which is technically more difficult than colorectal ESD, should be performed by operators with ample experience in performing ESD.

Long-term clinical outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection for colorectal neoplasms in 423 cases: a retrospective study.

Background and study aim Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is known as a curative treatment for colorectal superficial neoplasms. There is however a need for more long-term clinical data to establish the full advantages of colorectal ESD regarding very low recurrence rates. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine long-term clinical outcomes of colorectal ESD. Methods A total of 423 lesions treated by ESD for colorectal adenoma/dysplasia or adenocarcinoma between 1998 and 2008 at a single high volume referral center were included. We conducted a retrospective survey on patients with follow-up and obtained complete 1-, 3-, and 5-year outcome data for 358 (85 %), 292 (69 %), and 209 (49 %) lesions, respectively. Curative resection was defined when the pathological specimen had carcinoma-free resection margins, irrespective of piecemeal or en bloc resection, without submucosal deep invasion (≥ 1000 µm), lymphovascular involvement, or a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma component. Results After a median 4.9 years of follow-up, the 3-year overall cumulative endoscopic recurrence rate and cancerous recurrence rate were 2.9 % (95 % confidence interval [95 %CI] 1.2 - 4.7) and 1.1 % (0 - 2.1), respectively. The 5-year overall cumulative endoscopic recurrence and cancerous recurrence rates were 3.8 % (1.7 - 5.9) and 1.6 % (0.1 - 3.0), respectively. In 361 lesions eligible for endoscopic follow-up, the 3-year endoscopic recurrence and cancerous recurrence rates were 2.4 % (0.8 - 4.1) and 0.4 % (0 - 1.4), respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that piecemeal resection and submucosal deep tumor invasion were associated with recurrence. Conclusions The current study demonstrated favorable long-term clinical outcomes of colorectal ESD when en bloc curative resection is achieved.

Current practices in endoscopic submucosal dissection for colorectal neoplasms: a survey of indications among Korean endoscopists

Background/AimsThe indications for colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) vary in clinical practice. To establish colorectal ESD as a standard treatment, standard indications are essential. For establishing standard indications for colorectal ESD, we surveyed the preferences and criteria of endoscopists for colorectal ESD in their practices.MethodsA multiple-choice questionnaire was sent to 27 members of the Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy/ESD group. The indications of endoscopists for selecting ESD as a treatment for colorectal tumors ≥2 cm in diameter were surveyed.ResultsOn the basis of the preprocedural assessment of histology, adenoma with high-grade dysplasia, mucosal cancer, and shallow submucosa invasive cancer were included in the indication for ESD. Based on gross morphology, laterally spreading tumor (LST) granular nodular mixed type, LST-nongranular (LST-NG) flat elevated type, and LST-NG pseudodepressed type were included. On the basis of the pit pattern by Kudo classification, types III, IV, and V-I were included. Based on the narrow band imaging pattern by Sano classification, types II and III-a were included. Other lesions, such as sporadic localized tumors in chronic inflammation and local residual early carcinoma after endoscopic resection, were also included in the indication for ESD.ConclusionsThe indications of Korean endoscopists for colorectal ESD are broader than those in recent guidelines, and tend to include more benign-looking tumors. To find the appropriate indications for colorectal ESD, systematic data collection and analysis are required to reach a consensus in a timely manner.

Management and risk factor of stenosis after endoscopic submucosal dissection for colorectal neoplasms

Although endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) enables en bloc removal of large colorectal neoplasms, the incidence of stenosis after ESD and its risk factors have not been well described. This study aimed to determine the risk factors of stenosis and verify the surveillance and treatment of stenosis. This retrospective study included 822 patients, with a total of 912 consecutive colorectal lesions, who underwent ESD from September 2003 to May 2015. The main outcome measures were incidence of stenosis and its relationship with the clinicopathologic factors in surveillance. Surveillance endoscopy was performed 6 months after ESD. Four of the 822 patients (0.49%) developed stenosis and required unanticipated endoscopy. The other 908 cases in 818 patients showed no symptoms or only slight abdominal discomfort (that was controlled with medication) and did not require any dilation or steroid therapies. Post-ESD stenosis was observed in 11.1% (2/18) of patients with circumferential resection between≥90% and<100% and in 50% (2/4) of patients with circumferential resection of 100%. Among the 50 cases with a circumferential mucosal defect≥75%, a circumferential mucosal defect≥90% was a significant risk factor (P= .005). Four patients with stenosis were treated successfully by endoscopic dilation. Circumferential mucosal defect of more than 90% is a significant risk factor for stenosis after colorectal ESD. Surveillance endoscopy 6 months after ESD is recommended to assess for development of stenosis. Defects smaller than 90% do not require close endoscopic follow-up or prophylactic measures for prevention of post-ESD stenosis. (UMIN clinical trial registration number: UMIN000015754.).

Usefulness and feasibility of endoscopic submucosal dissection for colorectal tumor: a nationwide multicenter retrospective study in Korea.

Detection rate of precursor lesion of colorectal cancer and early colon cancer have recently been rising because of increased screening endoscopy and increased incidence of colorectal cancer. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) technique has been reported to be useful in the treatment of such superficial lesions in colon. However, nationwide multicenter study for usefulness and feasibility of colorectal ESD is still limited. From January 2009 to February 2014, colorectal ESD data performed at nationwide university hospitals were enrolled in retrospective design. Demographic, clinical, technical data, and data of complications were reviewed. A total of 189 patients were included with 191 lesions resected by colorectal ESD. The indications were epithelial lesions (n=120), neuroendocrine tumor (n=25), cancer (n=46). The lesion locations were right colon (n=45), transverse colon (n=17), descending colon (n=8), sigmoid colon (n=33), rectum (n=88). The median size of the lesions was 21.1 mm. En bloc resection rate of the lesion was 83.3%, with complete R0 resection in 73.3%. The median duration of ESD was 53.7 minutes. Factor related to En bloc resection was tumor location (right colon/transverse colon 72.6% vs. other location 89.2%, P=0.004). Factors related complication were tumor location (right colon/transverse colon 12.9% vs. Other location 10.13%, P=0.044) and tumor size (without complication 20.5±10.2 mm vs. with complication 25.9±11.7 mm, P=0.027). The short term morbidity rate was 11.0% including 5 hemorrhages (2.6%) and 16 perforations (8.4%). In this study, ESD shows promise as a useful, potentially feasible procedure in colorectal superficial tumor because of high en bloc resection rate and low morbidity rate, especially in small lesions located from descending colon to rectum.

Clinical risk factors for delayed bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection for colorectal tumors in Japanese patients.

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a curative, standard therapy for colorectal neoplasms. Some studies have investigated the risk factors for perforation during colorectal ESD. However, few studies have assessed the risk factors for delayed bleeding after colorectal ESD. We studied patients undergoing ESD for colorectal epithelial neoplasms to identify the risk factors for post-ESD bleeding. We studied 124 consecutive patients undergoing ESD for colorectal epithelial neoplasms. To identify risk factors for delayed bleeding post-ESD, recurrent bleeding post-ESD was compared with patient-related and tumor-related factors. Delayed bleeding after ESD occurred in 10 (8.1%) lesions of 124 colorectal tumors, and the median time from the end of ESD to the onset of bleeding was 18.5 h. Delayed bleeding was significantly higher in tumors located in rectums than in colons (P=0.021), and the number of occurrences of arterial bleeding during ESD was significantly higher in the delayed bleeding group than in the nondelayed bleeding group (P=0.002). The procedure time was significantly longer in the delayed bleeding group than in the nondelayed bleeding group (P=0.012). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, tumor location (odds ratio, 10.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.18-87.03; P=0.035) and three or more occurrences of arterial bleeding during ESD (odds ratio, 6.86; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-41.5; P=0.036) were significant independent risk factors for delayed bleeding. The presence of lesions in the rectum and three or more arterial bleeding occurrences during ESD were risk factors for post-ESD bleeding. Patients with these risk factors should be followed up carefully after ESD for colorectal epithelial neoplasms.

Su1612 Risk Factors of Electrocoagulation Syndrome After Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Colorectal Neoplasm

Su1612 Risk Factors of Electrocoagulation Syndrome After Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Colorectal Neoplasm

Su1632 Don't You Worry About Neglecting a Large Defect After Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection of Colorectal Tumors? ; Development of Our Original Device for Purse-String-Ligature Not to Use a Special Endoscope for

Su1632 Don't You Worry About Neglecting a Large Defect After Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection of Colorectal Tumors? ; Development of Our Original Device for Purse-String-Ligature Not to Use a Special Endoscope for

Features of electrocoagulation syndrome after endoscopic submucosal dissection for colorectal neoplasm.

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a promising treatment for large gastrointestinal superficial neoplasms, although it is technically difficult, and perforation and delayed bleeding are well-known adverse events. However, there have been no large studies about electrocoagulation syndrome after colorectal ESD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and clinical significant risk factors of post-ESD coagulation syndrome (PECS). This was a retrospective cohort study conducted in a referral cancer center. A total of 336 patients with colorectal neoplasms (143 adenomas or serrated lesions and 193 carcinomas) underwent ESD from January 2011 to June 2013. Incidence, outcome, and factors associated with occurrence of PECS were investigated. Occurred in 32 patients (9.5%). The median time until PECS was 15.5 h, and the median period of PECS was 32.5 h. Fever (≥37.6 °C) after ESD was found in 41% of the PECS group and 9% of the non-PECS group (P < 0.001). All PECS cases were managed conservatively. On multivariate analysis, female patients (odds ratio [OR] = 3.2, P = 0.002), lesion location at ascending colon and cecum (OR = 3.5, P = 0.001), and resected specimen ≥40 mm (OR = 2.1, P = 0.05) were independent risk factors for PECS. Occurred in 32 patients (9.5%) with colorectal ESD; however, all cases had a good outcome with conservative management. Female sex, tumor location at the ascending colon and cecum, and resected specimen ≥40 mm were independently significant risk factors for PECS.