Submissive Behavior Research Articles

Ultimate Fighting Crab: Agonistic Behaviour, Dominance, and Recognition in the Edible Crab, Cancer pagurus (L.)

Edible crabs (Cancer pagurus) are an economically important species for Scottish inshore fisheries, with an estimated annual landing value of GBP 16 million (2023). Research into the behaviour, particularly agonistic behaviour, of this species is currently lacking. This paper aims to investigate behaviour, social interactions, potential hierarchies, and the impact of claw size on the outcomes of agonistic interactions of male C. pagurus through behavioural trials and retrials. Crabs were semi-randomly assigned to pairs (based on allocated condition index rating) and introduced to one another in trial tanks. Each pair underwent two trials, 24 h apart (the “trial” and “retrial”). Analyses of video records of agonistic bouts revealed that 77% of retrials were won by the initial victors, with a significant decrease in fight time between trials and retrials. Fight time was not correlated with weapon size (claw length, height, and depth). There were no differences in weapon size of winners and losers of bouts. Winners exhibited a significantly higher frequency of aggressive and dominant behaviours (approach, aggressive contact, threat displays, and mounting), and losers exhibited higher frequencies of submissive behaviours (withdrawal, retracting limbs, and remaining motionless). These results suggest that individual behaviour may play more of a role in dominance than size or other morphometric characteristics.

Foraging by predatory ants: A review.

In this review, we show that predatory ants have a wide range of foraging behavior, something expected given their phylogenetic distance and the great variation in their colony size, life histories, and nesting habitats as well as prey diversity. Most ants are central-place foragers that detect prey using vision and olfaction. Ground-dwelling species can forage solitarily, the ancestral form, but generally recruit nestmates to retrieve large prey or a group of prey. Typically, ants are omnivorous, but some species are strict predators preying on detritivorous invertebrates or arthropod eggs, while those specialized on termites or other ants often have scouts that localize their target and then trigger a raid. They can use compounds that ease this task, including chemical insignificance, mimicry, and venoms triggering submissive behavior. Army ants include 8 Dorylinae and some species from other subfamilies, all having wingless queens and forming raids. Dorylinae from the Old World migrate irregularly to new nesting sites. The foraging of most New World species that prey on the brood of other ants is regulated by their biological cycle that alternates between a "nomadic phase" when the colony relocates between different places and a "stationary phase" when the colony stays in a bivouac constituting a central place. Among arboreal ants, dominant species forage in groups, detecting prey visually, but can use vibrations, particularly when associated with myrmecophytes. Some species of the genera Allomerus and Azteca use fungi to build a gallery-shaped trap with small holes under which they hide to ambush prey.

Infralimbic Cortex and Behavioral Responses to Mild Stress after Repeated Social Stress Exposure

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is an emotional impairment that can have debilitating consequences for afflicted individuals. Social stress, including isolation or alienation, may be an important factor that contributes to MDD. In two experiments, repeated social defeat was utilized in rodents to induce social stress, modeling the social stressors that are thought to contribute to MDD in humans. Behavioral analyses revealed that dominance and submissive behaviors in the social defeat sessions were quite stable across repeated sessions. Accordingly, there appeared to be little variability between the rats in their social stress experience. This validates the model and allows for the study to draw inferences concerning the impacts of the stress experience from means testing of behavioral and physiological outcomes. The second experiment evaluated the impacts of repeated social defeat on cortical responses to the mild stress of a novel environment. RNAscope was utilized evaluate expression of c-Fos, GAD65, and VGluT1 mRNA in the infralimbic cortex. mRNA for c-Fos was labeled to identify which neurons were active in the infralimbic cortex. This was combined with labels for vGluT1 and GAD65 mRNAs to evaluate if those neurons were excitatory (glutamatergic) or inhibitory (GABAergic). The socially stressed rats exhibited increased mRNA expression for GAD65 in the infralimbic cortex. This suggests increased stress-induced biosynthesis of GABA in inhibitory neurons of the infralimbic cortex.

Effect of Partition Temperature on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cold‐Rolled Medium‐Manganese Steel

The influence of different heat‐treatment conditions on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of cold‐rolled Fe–7.69Mn–2.76Al–0.12C (wt%) steel is investigated using various techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X‐ray diffraction. In the results, it is shown that the stability of austenite is significantly affected by different partitioning temperatures. It is found that factors such as dislocation density, temperature, and grain size collectively influence partitioning behavior. In the observations, it is revealed that when the partitioning temperature is raised from 120 to 180 °C, the dislocation density of the face centered cubic phase within the test steel decreases from 10.38 × 1016 to 7.67 × 1016 m−2. Additionally, within specimens exhibiting higher dislocation densities, carbon element diffusion is more uniform. During the experiment, the poor stability of the austenite is found to be susceptible to stress‐inducing the phase of the martensitic transformation, and the type of the martensite transformation affects the deformation process and the performance of submission behavior. In the observations under TEM, a phenomenon where variations in dislocation density within individual austenite grains may lead to differing stability across grain regions is revealed, thereby triggering localized martensitic phase transformations.

EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF LEARNING ACTIVITIES ON QUIZ SUBMISSION IN LEARNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (LMS)

With the rise of educational technology, the trend of online learning is gradually becoming popular. Quiz submissions are a crucial assessment activity on Learning Man- agement Systems (LMS). This study investigates the factors influencing student quiz sub- missions in online learning environments. An Apriori Algorithm-Based Association Rule Analysis to assess the impact of various learning activities on student quiz submissions has been used in this article with actual online learning datasets. Our data mining results reveal that announcements and conferences have a significant positive influence on quiz submis- sions. In contrast, activities like page lectures, discussions, and reflective assignments may not substantially impact student submission behavior. The results of this research can be used to recommend teachers to organize appropriate learning activities on LMS to promote students’ quiz submission. Keywords: Data Mining in Education; Online Learning Activities; Online Assign- ment Submission

Gender socialization and adolescent pregnancies in Togo.

The aim of this article is to understand the significance of the gender socialisation of adolescents and its impact on sexuality. This socio-anthropological study is based on qualitative surveys conducted as part of two action-research programmes implemented between 2018 and 2022 in Togo. The empirical data comes from individual semi-directed interviews, group interviews and life stories relating to the themes of sexuality, early pregnancy and gender-based violence. The results show that in these patriarchal societies, the socialisation of adolescents is structured around gender relations. The social construction of masculinity is based on a position of decision-making power for young boys, while that of femininity inculcates submissive behaviour in young girls. In these contexts, many young girls, even if they do attend school, find it difficult to express their opinions on matters of love and sex.

Astrocyte-derived dominance winning reverses chronic stress-induced depressive behaviors

Individuals with low social status are at heightened risk of major depressive disorder (MDD), and MDD also influences social status. While the interrelationship between MDD and social status is well-defined, the behavioral causality between these two phenotypes remains unexplored. Here, we investigated the behavioral relationships between depressive and dominance behaviors in male mice exposed to chronic restraint stress and the role of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) astrocytes in these behaviors. Chronic restraint stress induced both depressive and submissive behaviors. Chemogenetic mPFC astrocyte activation significantly enhanced dominance in chronic stress-induced submissive mice by increasing the persistence of defensive behavior, although it did not affect depressive behaviors. Notably, repetitive winning experiences following mPFC astrocyte stimulation exerted anti-depressive effects in chronic restraint stress-induced depressive mice. These data indicate that mPFC astrocyte-derived winning experience renders anti-depressive effects, and may offer a new strategy for treating depression caused by low status in social hierarchies by targeting mPFC astrocytes.

Prototype and the Quality of Crowdsourcing Submission: The Mediating Role of Submission Behavior

Prototype and the Quality of Crowdsourcing Submission: The Mediating Role of Submission Behavior

INTERACTION BETWEEN NARCISSISM PERSONALITY TYPE AND SELF-REGULATION IN STUDENTS PSYCHOLOGICAL ISSUES

The article is devoted to the study of the relationship between narcissism personality type and self-regulation. 150 students participated in our research. The main part of the selection is students studying at a higher education institution. The study showed that when evaluating the differences between groups with different severity of the indicator of self-regulation and self-attitude, significant differences were obtained only on two scales: lack of empathy and envy of the achievements of others. A lack of empathy and envy of others’ achievements appeared to be more common among respondents with low self-esteem, i.e., those with predominantly negative self-images. The effects of personality type and narcissistic personality traits on self-attitude factors are negative, except for grandiose self-worth and belief in one’s own uniqueness. It was found that there is a contradiction in the structure of self-attitude of a narcissistic personality: a positive self-attitude maintains an acceptable level due to greatness and belief in one’s own uniqueness and specialness, but precisely these characteristics emerge. being the basis for envy and manipulation in interpersonal relationships. Realizing that such strategies are unacceptable leads to shame and experiencing one’s own flaws. In response, the personality either focuses on the painful side of such experiences, which increases feelings of envy, leading to narcissistic outbursts of anger and submissive behavior, or strives for self-affirmation and social achievement, which helps maintain a sense of superiority.

Mutual eye gaze and vocal pitch in relation to social anxiety and depression: A virtual interaction task

BackgroundIndividuals with high social interaction anxiety (SIA) and depression often behave submissively in social settings. Few studies have simultaneously examined the associations between objectively assessed submissive behaviors and SIA or depression, despite their high comorbidity and unknown mechanisms regarding submissiveness. MethodsA sample of 45 young adults self-reported trait SIA and depression, state positive/negative affect (PA/NA) before and after a virtual social interaction. Participants engaged in a four-minute conversation with a confederate who was trained to behave neutrally. Mutual eye gaze, via eye-tracking, and vocal pitch were assessed throughout the interaction. ResultsDepression and SIA were positively correlated with NA, poorer self-rated performance, and vocal pitch. Highly socially anxious women engaged in less mutual eye gaze than highly socially anxious men. Also, vocal pitch was inversely associated with mutual eye gaze and positively related to NA and (nonsignificantly) to self-ratings of poor performance. Finally, our data partially replicated past research on the use of vocal pitch during social stress to detect social anxiety disorder. LimitationsThe current sample is relatively homogenous in educational attainment, age, and race. All research confederates were women. Future research should examine whether these archival data replicate with the latest telecommunication technologies. ConclusionOur findings highlight nuanced relationships among SIA, depression, emotions, self-perceptions, and biobehavioral indicators of submissive behavior—in response to an ambiguously negative/positive social interaction. Sex/gender may interact with these effects, emphasizing considerations for research method designs.

Are Users Good Assessors of Social Dominance in Domestic Horses?

Horse users and caretakers must be aware of the risks of mixing social groups. The current study investigated whether eight equine practitioners can assess the social dominance rank of 20 horses. The horses' feeding time and agonistic/aggressive and submissive behaviours were observed during the feed confrontation test, and the dominance index (DI) was calculated. Kendal's W, Spearman correlations and factor analysis were applied to test the raters' agreement, the relationship between dominance ranks and the behavioural variables, and to determine the clustered behaviours. The agreement between all raters in the classification of dominance order ranged from moderate to perfect. The ranking by every rater was strongly and negatively correlated with the time of eating in feed confrontation tests and with the DI, evidencing shorter feeding times for more submissive horses. The withdrawal of the horse when threatened was the behavioural variable that was most often correlated with raters' ranking. The current study confirmed the abilities of practitioners to categorise the horses under their care according to their social interactions. Additionally, rolling when denied access to feed was proposed as frustration-releasing (redirected) behaviour.

Love bites: males of lizards prefer to mate with conspecifics, but do not disdain parthenogens

Abstract Parthenogenesis has been discovered in a great number of reptiles, indicating that parthenogens can outcompete bisexual species and hybridize with them. This raises intriguing questions: how do parthenogenetic species coexist with gonochoristic relatives, and what outcome does this coexistence produce? To answer these two questions, we studied relationships between male rock lizards, Darevskia valentini, and parthenogenetic Darevskia armeniaca. We compared social and sexual reactions of males to females of their own species and parthenogenetic D. armeniaca and vice versa. We found that females of both species basked together with males and demonstrated mostly submissive behaviour. Females of D. valentini were less aggressive towards males in the mixed-species population than in the single-species population, suggesting female competition for males. The proportion of successful and unsuccessful mating attempts with females of bisexual and unisexual species was equal, and we found no significant differences in male reactions to bisexual and unisexual females in sympatry. The proportion of females bearing mating scars on their venters and the number of these scars per female were greater in the bisexual species. This indicates that females of the bisexual species were more attractive than parthenogenetic females as mating partners to males. We found no triploid hybrids among the offspring of parthenogenetic females that mated with males in the mixed population. Our findings suggest that parthenogenetic species might outcompete bisexual species by mating with males and integrating into the social system.

HABITAT DAN PERILAKU SOSIAL BURUNG KAKATUA TANIMBAR (Cacatua goffiniana) DI DESA LORULUN KECAMATAN WERTAMRIAN KABUPATEN KEPULAUAN TANIMBAR

This research aims to determine the habitat conditions and behavior of the Cacatua goffiniana in Lorulun Village, Tanimbar Islands Regency. The method used for vegetation community data is a combination of the path method and plotted lines at 4 growth levels including seedlings, saplings, poles and trees, there are 15 paths with 75 plots in 3 observation blocks. Determining the location for observing the behavior of the Tanimbar Cockatoo (Cacatua goffiniana) was carried out using the concentrated point method and also the All Occurrences method. The research results show that the main habitat of the Tanimbar Cockatoo (Cacatua goffiniana) is primary and secondary tropical forests which have the availability of tall trees for nests and food sources. This bird is also found in plantations and forest edge areas, showing adaptability to habitat changes. The social behavior of Tanimbar cockatoos is very complex, showing a high level of intelligence, often seen in activities in small groups of 5-10 individuals. Social interactions between these individuals include various behaviors such as coordinating vocalization behavior, vocalization behavior feeling threatened, aggressive agonistic behavior, submissive agonistic behavior, affiliative behavior of feather probing, affiliative behavior of mutual probing, affiliative behavior of playing, affiliative behavior of perching. This research also notes the existence of a strong territorial behavior pattern, groups of Tanimbar parrots will defend their territory from other groups when food sources are abundant, these territorial boundaries become more flexible.

Ethical Risks of Systematic Menstrual Tracking in Sport.

In this article it will be concluded that systematic menstrual tracking in women's sport has the potential to cause harm to athletes. Since the ruling of Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization (2022) in the United States, concerns regarding menstrual health tracking have arisen. Research suggests that the menstrual tracking of female athletes presents potential risks to "women's autonomy, privacy, and safety in sport" (Casto 2022, 1725). At present, the repercussions of systematic menstrual tracking are particularly under-scrutinized, and this paper seeks to combine novel research in the sport sciences with present ethical debates in the philosophy of sports. Utilizing Beauvoir's feminist philosophy (2011), this paper argues that systematic menstrual tracking may contribute to the wider system of women's oppression by exploiting female athletes, as well as enabling the internalization of submissive behaviour in cultures where athletes are expected to comply unquestioningly. Five policy recommendations are made concerning autonomy, informed consent, education, safeguarding and data access. The overall findings of this paper propose that a more in-depth understanding of the links between data, privacy, and the menstrual cycle are required by sports organizations and governing bodies if athletes are to be protected in a future where systematic menstrual tracking is inevitable.

“No, I Won't Do That.” Assertive Behavior of Robots and its Perception by Children

This paper contributes to the understanding of child-robot interaction through the investigation of child interactions with and anthropomorphization of humanoid robots when manipulating robot-related variables such as behavior and gender. In this study, children observe a robot demonstration in a classroom setting, during which the robot showcases either assertive or submissive behavior and is attributed a gender, either robot-female or robot-male. Afterwards, participant anthropomorphization is measured using the Attributed Mental States Questionnaire (AMS-Q). Results suggest that when prompted to select a response directed at the robot, children used significantly more commanding phrases when addressing the assertively behaving robot when compared to the submissively behaving robot. Further, younger children ages 7–9 anthropomorphize robots at a higher degree than older children 10–12 and assertive behavior from the robot lead to higher rates of anthropomorphization. Results also suggest that children are more likely to respond to female robots in an imperative way than male robots. This widened understanding of child perception of and interaction with humanoid robots can contribute to the design of acceptable robot interaction patterns in various settings.

Write your paper on the motherland?

ABSTRACT ‘Write your paper on the motherland’ is an influential Chinese slogan encouraging researchers to focus on domestic issues and prioritize local applications of their work, though interpretations differ. The 2024 ‘International Journal Early Warning List’ update sparked renewed debate over the slogan’s meaning. This letter argues that misinterpreting this slogan as merely promoting domestic journal submissions could lead to a more conservative submission behavior and a more closed academic system. This reflects a common challenge among non-English-speaking countries to balance international reach with local contributions in publications.

Submissive behaviour is affected by group size in a social fish.

For social groups to form and be stable over time, animals must develop strategies to cope with conflict among group members. Animals may behave submissively either by fleeing from an aggressor, or by signalling submission. The use of these two submissive responses may vary depending on the social and ecological context. Group size is a key aspect of social context for group living animals, as individuals in smaller groups may respond to aggression differently than those from larger groups. Here, we examine the relationship between group size and submissive behaviour in a cooperatively breeding fish, the daffodil cichlid (Neolamprologus pulcher). We found that subordinate fish showed similar levels of submission signals in response to dominant aggression in larger and smaller groups, however, subordinates from larger groups were less likely to flee from dominant aggression than those in smaller groups. Subordinates in larger groups also showed more digging behaviour which may be also used to avoid conflict with the dominant group members. Our data show that social context affects submissive behaviour in a cooperatively breeding fish.

Colon impairments and inflammation driven by an altered gut microbiota leads to social behavior deficits rescued by hyaluronic acid and celecoxib.

The exact mechanisms linking the gut microbiota and social behavior are still under investigation. We aimed to explore the role of the gut microbiota in shaping social behavior deficits using selectively bred mice possessing dominant (Dom) or submissive (Sub) behavior features. Sub mice exhibit asocial, depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors, as well as systemic inflammation, all of which are shaped by their impaired gut microbiota composition. An age-dependent comparative analysis of the gut microbiota composition of Dom and Sub mice was performed using 16S rRNA sequencing, from early infancy to adulthood. Dom and Sub gastrointestinal (GI) tract anatomy, function, and immune profiling analyses were performed using histology, RT-PCR, flow cytometry, cytokine array, and dextran-FITC permeability assays. Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) levels in the colons of Dom and Sub mice were quantified using targeted metabolomics. To support our findings, adult Sub mice were orally treatedwith hyaluronic acid (HA) (30 mg/kg) or with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent celecoxib (16 mg/kg). We demonstrate that from early infancy the Sub mouse gut microbiota lacks essential bacteria for immune maturation, including Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera. Furthermore, from birth, Sub mice possess a thicker colon mucin layer, and from early adulthood, they exhibit shorter colonic length, altered colon integrity with increased gut permeability, reduced SCFA levels and decreased regulatory T-cells, compared to Dom mice. Therapeutic intervention in adult Sub mice treated with HA, celecoxib, or both agents, rescued Sub mice phenotypes. HA treatment reduced Sub mouse gut permeability, increased colon length, and improved mouse social behavior deficits. Treatment with celecoxib increased sociability, reduced depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors, and increased colon length, and a combined treatment resulted in similar effects as celecoxib administered as a single agent. Overall, our data suggest that treating colon inflammation and decreasing gut permeability can restore gut physiology and prevent social deficits later in life. These findings provide critical insights into the importance of early life gut microbiota in shaping gut immunity, functionality, and social behavior, and may be beneficial for the development of future therapeutic strategies.

Social Behavior of Students from Families with Authoritarian Parenting Patterns (Strict Parents) in Makassar City

This research aims to explore the impact of authoritarian parenting, characterized by strict and controlling parental involvement, on students' social behavior. In using a qualitative approach with a case study strategy, this research selected ten informants through a purposive sampling technique. Data was collected through in-depth interviews and participant observation. The findings show that students who were raised in an authoritarian upbringing tend to show obedient and submissive behavior, but also be exclusive and careful in socializing with them. They lack self-confidence in social environments and tend to have limited openness towards parents. Even though they are obedient in worship, they often violate their parents' rules and even lie to them. The implication of this research is a deeper understanding of how parenting can influence the development of students' social behavior, as well as the potential impact in the long term.

Association between social dominance hierarchy and PACAP expression in the extended amygdala, corticosterone, and behavior in C57BL/6 male mice

The natural alignment of animals into social dominance hierarchies produces adaptive, and potentially maladaptive, changes in the brain that influence health and behavior. Aggressive and submissive behaviors assumed by animals through dominance interactions engage stress-dependent neural and hormonal systems that have been shown to correspond with social rank. Here, we examined the association between social dominance hierarchy status established within cages of group-housed mice and the expression of the stress peptide PACAP in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA). We also examined the relationship between social dominance rank and blood corticosterone (CORT) levels, body weight, motor coordination (rotorod) and acoustic startle. Male C57BL/6 mice were ranked as either Dominant, Submissive, or Intermediate based on counts of aggressive/submissive encounters assessed at 12 weeks-old following a change in homecage conditions. PACAP expression was significantly higher in the BNST, but not the CeA, of Submissive mice compared to the other groups. CORT levels were lowest in Submissive mice and appeared to reflect a blunted response following events where dominance status is recapitulated. Together, these data reveal changes in specific neural/neuroendocrine systems that are predominant in animals of lowest social dominance rank, and implicate PACAP in brain adaptations that occur through the development of social dominance hierarchies.