Submissive Attitude Research Articles

Women in Video Games: An Analysis of the Biased Representation of Female Characters in Current Video Games

AbstractVideo games have become the largest sector of the global entertainment industry, making their cultural influence significant. This study examines gender representation in mainstream videogames in Spain across PlayStation, XBOX, Nintendo Switch, and PC platforms. Using content analysis, we analyze 313 female and male characters presented in video games. The results show a problematic representation of women in terms of quantity and quality. Women are significantly underrepresented, starring in only 17.78% of game covers and 35.29% of in-game audiovisual content, limiting their visibility and relatability for players. Furthermore, female characters are frequently relegated to secondary roles, depicted with submissive attitudes, unrealistic body types, and subjected to various forms of violence. Despite some games promoting inclusion, a tendency to masculinize female figures persists. The research underscores the impact of these patterns on children and young players’ identity formation, urging reflection on gender values in popular videogames and proposing practical solutions for educators and the video game industry to foster more equitable and diverse portrayals of women in media.

Stories of women's marriage and fertility experiences:Qualitative research on urban and rural cases in Bali, Indonesia.

As a Hindu-majority province in Indonesia, Bali presents a unique and distinctive culture. Patrilocal ( purusa) marriage and patrilineal inheritance as a continuation of the patriarchal system puts a male in the key role of family representative and successor. Having a son is a priority for a married couple in Balinese society. As a consequence, Balinese women experience several constraints related to their economic productive, reproductive, and adat (ritual) roles. When a family does not have a male heir, their daughter is pressed to find a spouse willing to accept sentana (daughter succession) marriage. This secondary form of marriage brings another complication for Balinese-Hindu women and does not necessarily relieve their submissive position. This study analyzes Balinese-Hindu women's perspectives on their marriage experiences and fertility decisions in patrilineal society in changing rural and urban conditions. The data was collected in two areas representing rural (Gianyar) and urban (Denpasar) locations in Bali Province, Indonesia from November 2019 to February 2020. Primary data was based on in-depth interviews of six rural and six urban married Balinese-Hindu women. This qualitative inquiry into Balinese women's experience of the marriage system and fertility options in urban and rural Bali revealed varying degrees of social expectation to provide male descendants for their families. At the same time, economic burdens still haunted them in this development era and manifested conflicting implications for family size. Their stories of purusa and sentana marriage were complex because it has strongly associated with customary law ( adat) in traditional society. Paradoxically, this study found that it was predominantly rural women who opted for the sentana arrangement and expressed a preference for smaller family sizes. This study explores women's fertility aspirations, notably regarding son precedence. It problematizes the sentana marriage alternative as a potential solution to alleviate the expectations and burdens placed on women.

INFLUENCE OF CHANGING PORTRAYALS OF WOMEN IN HINDI CINEMA ON YOUTH’S PROGRESSIVE GENDER ATTITUDES

This research paper examines the impact of evolving portrayals of women in Hindi cinema on the progressive gender attitudes of contemporary youth. In recent decades, Hindi cinema has increasingly shifted from portraying women primarily in conventional and submissive positions to presenting them in more forward-thinking and active roles. The objective of this study is to examine the impact of these alterations in cinematic portrayals on the perceptions and attitudes of young individuals towards gender equality. Through the use of a mixed-methods methodology including quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews, this study examines the relationship between film depictions and changes in gender attitudes among young people. Empirical evidence suggests that favourable depictions of women in contemporary Hindi film are linked to more progressive gender perspectives among young people, underscoring the capacity of media to influence society standards and behaviours.

Pelatihan Asertif Bagi Remaja: Upaya Preventif Tindakan Kekerasan di Sekolah

Students who are victims of violence at school can experience depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and even suicide. One way to avoid further confrontation and serious impacts is that students at SMP Negeri 10 Takari need to receive assertive training. The aim is to increase students' self-awareness of the violence they experience, then they can make practical, solution and effective preventif efforts to avoid, dispel, reject and anticipate bad situations through assertive training. The methods used are 1) Assessment Study, 2) Assertive Training with cognitive restructuring strategies, role playing, self talk, relaxation, modeling and 3) Monitoring & Evaluation. The results, 1) as many as 74% (37 students) had low self-concept, self-esteem and self-confidence. Students' attitudes and responses to violence tend to be aggressive and submissive. There are various forms of violence experienced by students. 2) Cognitive restructuring strategies can increase students' understanding and positive self-acceptance. Role playing, self-talk and relaxation activities in groups can minimize aggressive and submissive attitudes to become assertive verbally as well as forming a firm and courageous attitude in determining an assertive attitude. 3) Monitoring and evaluation results show an 11% increase in students' understanding of self-concept, self-esteem and self-confidence. A total of 22 students showed a brave attitude to complain/report, 41 students responded to situations of violence by having the courage to speak out verbally, 20 students also no longer panicked and were anxious but became calmer and did not fight back against the perpetrator but refused and pushed back firmly. Assertiveness training can provide positive self-concept understanding for students to identify various forms of violence and their impacts, as well as being able to apply assertive attitudes appropriately.

Boredom and Power: How Power Relations Influence Feeling Boredom

The paper advocates the claim that boredom is not only a psychological state or existential mood but a social emotion produced and reproduced in the process of interactions between people as individuals, people displaying specific social roles, or social groups. Moreover, as argued in the article, the feeling of boredom is particularly characteristic of power relations. Therefore, boredom is hypothesized to be a matter of interactional/social position – its experiencing is influenced by one’s social status. The power to produce boredom in others usually reflects a higher social position, and in some situations, causing others to be bored can constitute a deliberate or unintentional method of keeping others in a submissive position by limiting their sense of agency – thus a tool for gaining/maintaining power and social control.

Stories of women's marriage and fertility experiences: Qualitative research on urban and rural cases in Bali, Indonesia

Background: As a Hindu-majority province in Indonesia, Bali presents a unique and distinctive culture. Patrilocal (purusa) marriage and patrilineal inheritance as a continuation of the patriarchal system puts a man in the key role as a family successor. Having a son is a priority for a married couple in Balinese society. As a consequence, Balinese women experience several constraints related to their economic productive, reproductive, and adat (ritual) roles. When a family does not have a male heir, their daughter is pressed to find a spouse willing to accept sentana (matrilocal) marriage. This secondary form of marriage brings another complication for Balinese-Hindu women and does not necessarily relieve their submissive position. This research analyzes Balinese-Hindu women’s perspectives on their marriage experiences and fertility decisions. Methods: The data was collected in two areas representing rural (Banjar Tumbakasa in Gianyar) and urban (Banjar Biaung in Denpasar) locations in Bali Province, Indonesia from November 2019 to February 2020. Primary data was based on in-depth interviews of six rural and six urban married Balinese-Hindu women. Results: This qualitative inquiry into Balinese women's experience of the marriage system and fertility options in urban and rural Bali revealed varying degrees of social expectation to provide male descendants for their families. At the same time, economic burdens still haunt them in this development era, and have conflicting implications for family size. Their stories of purusa (patrilocal) and sentana (matrilocal) marriage were complex, being strongly associated with customary law (adat) in traditional society. Paradoxically, however, it was rural women in the study sample who disproportionately opted for the sentana arrangement and limitation of family size. Conclusions: This study explores women's fertility aspirations, notably regarding son precedence. It problematizes the sentana marriage alternative as a solution to lighten the expectations and burdens affecting women.

Identifying radiation therapists’ perceptions of potentially triggering aspects of care for survivors of sexual violence undergoing radiotherapy

IntroductionResearch shows that for survivors of sexual violence (SV), cancer procedures can be retraumatizing due to perceived similarities to the original SV. To date, there is no training program designed specifically for the radiation therapist (RTT) on how to deliver care sensitively to survivors of SV. A key component of sensitive practice is working with patients to identify and develop strategies to manage situations that could be triggering. The goal of this study was to understand the RTT recognition of potential sensory/environmental, relational, and mixed triggers in radiation oncology settings. MethodsThis quantitative research study conducted a secondary analysis on RTT responses to a learning activity from an online cancer education training program. The first section of the activity asked trainees to identify two potential triggers in a brachytherapy video, and the second portion of the activity asked trainees to describe two potential triggers in their own work. ResultsDescriptive statistics, χ2 tests, and t tests were used to analyze 50 RTT responses. RTTs tended to identify different types of triggers depending on the question (brachytherapy video vs. self-reflection). Data indicated that despite a lack of formal didactic training in trigger management, RTTs could identify triggers, and were most likely to recognize “mixed” type triggers. DiscussionTriggers identified are consistent with past research on childhood sexual abuse survivors’ healthcare retraumatization in obstetrics and gynecology, and cancer care. As in past research, invasive techniques, and situations where the patient was in a submissive position were identified as triggering aspects of care. It is interesting to note when reflecting on their own practice, the least identified triggers all fell under the environmental/sensory trigger category. RTTs may not fully appreciate a variety of potential triggers such as sounds of treatment or silence because they are outside of the room administering the beam when the machine is delivering treatment. Thus, they may not hear certain sounds or silence during their daily routine. ConclusionsRelatively few trainees identified sensory/ environmental triggers (e.g., restricted visibility and sounds of treatment, including silence) when reflecting on their own practice, which could potentially reduce their likelihood of helping patients minimize the impact of (or avoid) such triggers. Future research should identify a comprehensive list of triggers and then develop a training specific to the RTT focused on identifying environmental/sensory triggers from the perspective of the patient in the often unfamiliar and frightening radiotherapy suite.

Pluralism Theology of Nurcholis Madjid

Pluralism is an understanding of mutual respect and understanding of differences in people's lives. Nurcholish Madjid's thoughts are considered relevant for discussion. As a figure to be reckoned with in Indonesia, his existence is considered to represent the rise of reform thinking in the archipelago. His thoughts on pluralism are considered a necessity associated with the condition of religious communities in Indonesia. The statement is based on the Indonesian population's condition of religious pluralism. If the pluralism of religions adhered to is not glued together with a pluralistic perspective, then the plurality of religions has the potential to trigger conflict. This research aims to find out the thoughts of Kalam Nurcholish Madjid on Pluralism. The method used is literature study by taking references from various sources such as printed and digital books, as well as research-related journals. The results of the study show that there are three approaches used by Nurcholis Madjid in formulating the concept of Pluralism, namely first, the Tawheed approach, namely the return of human dignity and status back to its position as a creature of Allah. Humans look up "up" only to God, to fellow human beings must look in a series of equality. Second, the Philological Approach, namely the redefinition of the meaning of Islam or more precisely the expansion of the definition of Islam as an attitude of surrender, submission, and obedience to God Almighty. The third is the Historical Approach, which is the value or spirit contained in that history. In this case, every adherent of religion needs to take as an example the values of openness of the people of Medina at that time, not to take the form of the government of the Prophet Muhammad in Medina to be applied today.

On the Origins of the Récades of the Kings of Dahomey

On the Origins of the <i>Récades</i> of the Kings of Dahomey

«A daring feat»: pioneering women directors of the Portuguese press in the United States - historical and socio-symbolic aspects

The main objective of this study is to give greater visibility to the female immigrant journalists who pioneered Portuguese newspapers within the United States. It also contributes to the restoration of their collective memories, lending special attention to some socially significant moments of symbolic value, so as to understand their remarkable roles within the Portuguese-American press. Their stories reveal the efforts of these women who strove to make a career in the world of journalism, and their determination and dignity, despite their socio-cultural origins from immigrant communities with rural roots, mostly in the Azores Islands. The male-dominated society of both the Portuguese diaspora and the USA meant that the inherent discrimination of cultural and social stereotyping relegated female roles to positions of inferiority and submission. Expected to forego higher education, they were often pushed into low-skilled jobs, even while caring for children and working as housewives. Through a qualitative methodology, based on the scarce few available archival resources, the lives of women who worked as editors of the Portuguese press in the United States are set in an historical perspective. Finally, the most representative aspects are presented of two of the most singular and paradigmatic pioneers of Portuguese journalism in the United States, Laurinda C. Andrade and Mary Nunes Silveira, respectively, the editors of A Tribuna Portuguesa (New Jersey) and the Jornal Português (California), through a discussion of their biographies and their professional careers.

Indian Time: Temporality, Gender, Mobility

Indian Time: Temporality, Gender, Mobility

Dwelling above the Veil—“Double Consciousness” of African Americans in the Piano Lesson

August Wilson’s play The Piano Lesson reveals the dilemma of African Americans in dealing with their ethnic and cultural heritage, which stirs a discussion about what attitude should African Americans take toward their history and culture and how to build their identity. “Double Consciousness”, developed by W. E. B. Du Bois, describes the fractured and conflicted mental state of African Americans in the process of self-exploration and identity construction. The play shows these two unreconciled strivings by discussing whether the piano should be sold. They attempt to maintain a sense of pride in their Africanness, while simultaneously being assimilated into a dominant white culture. Through analyzing the two main characters Berneice and Willie’s confusion and self-assertion based on the concept of double consciousness, it could be seen that the way to escape their identity dilemma is not achieved by the attitude of adjustment and submission, but by the acknowledgment of African Americans’ link to Africa and the fight for unalienable rights as American citizens.

Dominance-submissiveness cues modulate pain threshold for mechanical pressure.

Acute pain sensation is an inherently negative but adaptive experience; however, research on pain sensitivity shows that simple contextual cues can effectively attenuate the pain. In this study, we sought to investigate how dominance cues, manipulated as vertical spatial (i.e., height) distance between participants and experimenter, affect participants' pain sensitivity. Positioning participants in a spatially higher position relative to the experimenter was aimed to induce a feeling of dominance in participants. Conversely, a feeling of submissiveness was induced by placing the experimenter in a spatially higher position. In addition, we examined the role of dominance cues with respect to participants' and experimenters' gender. Two separate studies were conducted-Study 1 with a male experimenter measuring pain threshold in female and male participants (N = 137), and Study 2 with a female experimenter conducting pain measurement in a new sample of female and male participants (N = 122). The results of both studies demonstrated that participants in a dominant position reported a higher pain threshold relative to participants in a submissive position. Male participants had a higher pain threshold in both studies; however, Study 1 revealed a significant interaction of dominance manipulation and participant's gender, with the effect of dominance cues being larger in men.

An Exploration into the Students’ Perceptions of Teachers’ Objectivity During Exams Grading: A Case of University of Swat

Examinations are students’ chance for show casing their learning to the examiners and to their teachers for the efforts that were put into their (Teachers) teaching for maximum benefits of the students. However, students, expectations about the gradings are not always fulfilled and students feel that they were either not awarded according to their abilities or they were discriminated against. Reasons of discrimination that students cite and have also been endorsed by different research in different parts of the world include; gender discrimination, discrimination on the basis of students, caste, creed and colour. Some research also links students’ agreeable personality and submissive attitude in presence of the teachers as reasons for favoritism towards some students and discriminating against others beside teachers’ mood swings during students grading, Dee and Gershenson (2017), by Fan et al (2019), Megalokonomou (2021), Terrier (2015) and Bygren (2020). The current research is focused on finding students perceptions about teachers, objectivity and biases students, exams grading through a qualitative case study. Ten (10) participants with equal gender distribution agreed for taking part in the study and for sharing their perceptions about teachers, teachers grading bias or objectivity. This, however, must be noted that the current research study is purely based on only students’ perceptions. Research results show that majority of the participants are of the view that teachers grading has the element of bias on the basis of students’ gender, behaviour, personality and their attachment or friendship with teachers.

복종이 만든 ‘사고의 기인’: 기예르모 델 토로의 《나이트메어 앨리》를 중심으로

In order to conduct research on human violence more effectively, I use Guillermo del Toro’s Nightmare Alley as a tool for analysis. This is the first work del Toro has ever made without the creatures. Del Toro has featured a unique creator, a strange and special creature that does not exist in reality in each work, and in Nightmare Alley, a strange human desire, not a creator, takes his place. For this reason, for the first time in del Toro’s work, you can see how he sensibly describes the desire, confrontation, and violence that rise only among humans. Nightmare Alley is a work that highlights del Toro’s portrayal of dehumanized people like the creatures by showing violence that dehumanizes humans instead of appearing the creatures. Therefore, through this work, I would like to analyze how del Toro described the phenomenon of human dehumanization, violence, and even cannibalism of humans killing and consuming humans, and conduct research to find how it can be used as a lesson in our human society. Above all, we will focus on the analysis of violence, lies, and deception caused by the attitude of submission without even worrying about the dignity of good, evil, and others as human beings. (Dongguk University)

Subjectivity after immigration in Latife Tekin’s novel Dear Shameless Death

Bu makale Latife Tekin’in 1983 yılında yayımlanan Sevgili Arsız Ölüm adlı romanındaki göç kavramının psikolojik boyutlarını inceleyerek, göçün yıkıcı bir süreç olmasının yanı sıra kadınlar üzerinde özgürleştirici bir yanı olabileceğini de savunacaktır. Bu incelemeyi yaparken köyden kente göç etme sürecinde yaşanan parçalanmayı, romandaki anne-çocuk ilişkisine benzeterek, göçün bir yalnızlaşma olarak görülmesine rağmen tıpkı çocuğun bireyselliğini oluşturması için anneden kopması gerektiği gibi, kente göç etmenin de bir kopuş ile oluşan bireysellik olduğu gösterilecektir. Bu tartışmayı yapmak için romanda Atiye ve Dirmit’in ilişkisinin psikolojik boyutlarına Lacan’in psiko-analitik gelişim kuramları doğrultusunda bakılıp Atiye’nin Dirmit üzerinde kurduğu baskıyı ve Dirmit’in bu ilişkide görünmez olmasını köy yaşamının sosyal baskısının sonucu olduğunu, tıpkı annenin çocuğunun bağımsızlığını engellediği gibi köy hayatının da bireyin özgürlüğünü kısıtladığını savunacaktır. Bu makale Dirmit karakterinin annesinden kopmak için yaşadığı psikolojik savaşı ve bu savaş sırasında kendine ait bir alan yaratma çabasını ve köydeki mutsuzluğunu detaylı olarak anlatarak, kente göç ediş ile başlayan süreci Dirmt’in özerklik savaşındaki başarısı olarak gösterecek, göç etmenin bir yalnızlaşma yolculuğundan çok anneden kopuş ile başlayan özerklik olduğunu savunacaktır.

How Balinese Hindus interpret the story adapted from the story of the Syrophoenician woman found in the Christian Bible in Mark 7:24–30

This article proposes an alternate way of reading the story of the Syrophoenician woman found in the Christian Bible in Mark 7:24–30. The goal of this contextual reading is to see how cultural and ethnic identity affects the perception of the story and the level of reverence to Jesus in the story. In this study, a non-Christian population was selected to avoid pre-conceived notions of the well-known story. The sample in this study comprised a Balinese student population (90.3% Hindu and 40.3% men). The results show that ethnic identity relates positively to positive perception of the Syrophoenician woman. When forced to choose between siding with the woman or with Jesus (labelled as ‘religious leader’), the perception of the good character of the woman relates to her being chosen as the hero of the story; however, her submissive attitude relates negatively to her being chosen as the hero of the story.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article takes a cultural psychology and narrative approach to evaluate the behaviour and perceptions of Balinese Hindus in seeing the roles of women and religious teachers. The general perception and behaviour in religion seems to be influenced by the sociocultural context. Interdisciplinary implications of theological and psychological study are confirmed in the article.

KONSEP ARTI ISLAM DALAM AL-QUR’AN

Islam is one of the largest religions spread throughout the world today. Islam is also the only religion that is approved by Allah SWT. We as Muslims should be grateful for living in Indonesia, where the majority of the population is Muslim. Islam continues to grow and can be accepted by many people thanks to the efforts made by the Prophets and also our scholars. If you pay attention, Islam is also different from other religions which take the name of the religion from the name of the founder or the name of the place where it is spread. The name of the religion of Islam is a term that shows the attitude and nature of its adherents towards Allah SWT. The name Islam was born not because of a gift from a person or group of people, but comes from the Creator directly, Allah SWT. Quoting from the mui.or.id site, the word Islam comes from the words "aslama", "yuslimu", "islaaman" which means submission, obedience, and safety. Islam means submission or total submission to the teachings of Islam given by Allah SWT. Islam came to earth to build humans in peace with an attitude of total submission to Allah SWT, so that a person who is Muslim will prioritize peace in himself and on others. Also the safety of yourself and the safety of others

The “Hindoo Girl’s Song”: A Shady Story from British India

Jane Austen’s surviving music manuscript books contain a wide variety of the songs popular in her time. The European fashion for music with vaguely “oriental” themes is evident, and on the face of it the most extreme example of this is Edward Smith Biggs’ “The Hindustani Girl’s Song,” with words by Amelia Opie. Austen titled it “Hindoo Girl’s Song” in her manuscript. Austen had family links to India through her aunt, Philadelphia Hancock, though India is barely mentioned in her novels. A note at the foot of the first page of this song in the printed version (London, 1800) claims that it originated from a song overheard by bearers of a palanquin returning “an Hindoo girl” who had “lived in the family” of an Englishman to her parents. The young woman “was so affected at parting with him, that … she could not be prevailed on, to receive any sustenance during the journey.” The actual provenance of the words and music is uncertain and it is thought unlikely that this story has any factual basis. The lyrics, attributing undying love and submissiveness to the woman, show that the relationship was an amorous and sexual one. In this paper we explore the dark side of this song, written for an English audience during the ascendancy of the British East India Company. The pathos of the woman’s words and her submissive attitude are calculated to excite sympathy, but also enact the imperial power relations the British envisaged with the Indian subcontinent. The women’s words also clothe in sentimentality the actual plight of local women abandoned by foreign men throughout the colonial period.

Challenges perceived by nursing professionals in physician-centred organizations: An exploratory qualitative study.

To explore and analyse contextual challenges in nursing that have affected nurses' perceptions and role performance. Health system hierarchy and patient/family-centred care has led to a high demand for skilled nurses. However, patriarchal organizations create challenges for nursing clinicians in Pakistan and elsewhere. A qualitative exploratory research (phenomenology) design was used. Twenty-five participants identified through purposive sampling contributed to the study. The data analysis was conducted using NVivo 12 Plus. We generated six major themes. Reporting was accomplished according to the consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research checklist. Gendered division of labour places nurses in a submissive position in clinical practice. Decreases in nurse-to-patient ratio and increase in patient-focused care adversely affect evidence-based practice. The gap between theory and practice in delivering quality care is increasing due to existing communication barriers among health-related professionals and an inadequate work environment. Comparatively inactive nursing leadership and directorate roles are not improving the social image of nursing, and are promoting role conflict and poor nursing self-concepts among nurses. In fact, cultural shock experienced by young nurses has produced inherent disorientation in their professionalism and fostered displays of horizontal violence towards them by senior nurses. These challenges are influencing nurses' decisions to remain in or to join nursing as a profession that is confronted by severe recruitment and retention shortages due to the social and cultural stigmatization of this female dominated profession. This study promotes the concept of evidence-based practice to deliver quality health services in public hospitals and to improve the social status of nursing in Pakistan. It provides influential evidence to policymakers who should urgently address nurses' workplace health and safety issues as a global right.