Submaxillary Saliva Research Articles

EFFECT OF ISOPROTERENOL ON CALCIUM METABOLISM IN RAT SALIVARY GLAND.

Conclusions(1) A single injection of isoproterenol reduces submaxillary gland Ca to one-sixth and parotid gland Ca to one-half of the initial level, or to concentrations comparable to those present in other soft tissues. (2) Repeated twice daily subcutaneous administration of isoproterenol increases the weight of submaxillary and parotid glands by up to 6-fold and the Ca content of submaxillary gland to double the initial concentration. (3) Isoproterenol-stimulated submaxillary gland saliva initially contains about 20 μEq Ca/g in normal rats and approximately twice this amount in rats chronically injected with isoproterenol.

CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS IN HUMAN PAROTID AND SUBMAXILLARY SALIVA.

SummaryIn a group of 28 adult subjects, acid stimulated parotid saliva was found to contain: a) less total calcium, b) less non-dialyzable calcium, c) more inorganic phosphorus, d) more protein, than stimulated sub-maxillary saliva from the same individual. In both secretions, about 25% of the total calcium was non-dialyzable and presumably protein-bound. Storage at —20°C before dialysis increased this protein binding about 75% in parotid and 200% in submaxillary saliva. Calcium binding could account, in part at least, for the insoluble matter formed when saliva is frozen and thawed or freeze dried and reconstituted.

THE CONCENTRATION OF BLOOD-GROUP SUBSTANCE IN THE PAROTID, SUBLINGUAL, AND SUBMAXILLARY SALIVAS.

THE CONCENTRATION OF BLOOD-GROUP SUBSTANCE IN THE PAROTID, SUBLINGUAL, AND SUBMAXILLARY SALIVAS.

REGULATED VACUUM SYSTEM FOR COLLECTING SUBMAXILLARY AND SUBLINGUAL SALIVA.

REGULATED VACUUM SYSTEM FOR COLLECTING SUBMAXILLARY AND SUBLINGUAL SALIVA.

Comparative enzyme activity of saliva from the sheep, hog, dog, rabbit, rat, and human

Parotid and submaxillary saliva were collected from humans, sheep, hogs, dogs, and rabbits. Mixed saliva was collected from rats. All samples were assayed for acid and alkaline phosphatase, nonspecific esterase, pseudo-cholinesterase, and β- d-galactosidase. In addition, human secretions were also analysed for β-glucuronidase, while animal samples were analysed for α-amylase activity. The secretions from all species exhibited acid phosphatase and nonspecific esterase activity. Alkaline phosphatase was demonstrable only in the salivary fluids of the sheep and rat. Pseudocholinesterase was found in all animals, with the exception of the parotid and submaxillary secretions of the rabbit and the submaxillary saliva of the sheep, while β- d-galactosidase activity was absent only in sheep and human secretions. Human salivary samples exhibited β-glucuronidase activity. Animal salivary samples demonstrated various degrees of α-amylase activity. The data gathered indicates the presence or absence of the above enzymes in various species involved, and also estimates their activity. The degree of enzymatic activity, both among the different species and in the secretions from the parotid and submaxillary glands of the same species, was often observed to be quite different.

Influence of the nature of the secretory stimulus on the composition of the carbohydrate moiety of glycoproteins of the submaxillary saliva

The submaxillary saliva of the dog produced after electric stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve chorda tympani or after administration of pilocarpine or acetylcholine contains a nondialyzable carbohydrate combined with protein in a ratio of about 1:1. This carbohydrate contains galactose, small amounts of mannose, glucosamine, and galactosamine in a ratio of 3:2, fucose, and neuraminic acid. The molar ratio of the sum of fucose and neuraminic acid (calculated under the assumption that it is present as sialic acid) to total hexosamine is very nearly 1, shows only small variations in salivas from individual animals, and appears very little dependent on the nature or the intensity of the stimulus. The molar ratio of neuraminic acid to fucose on the other hand varies in a wide range (0.16–2.6) with the dose of pilocarpine and shows also greater variations in salivas from individual animals. In salivas after electrical stimulation of the nerve, the ratio of neuraminic acid to fucose proved to be independent of the intensity of the stimulus and to vary to a much lesser degree from one animal to another. Superimposition of intra-arterial injections of acetylcholine on electrical nerve stimulation produces in the salivary carbohydrate a higher ratio of neuraminic acid to fucose than is obtained with nerve stimulation alone. The centrifugal patterns of salivary glycoproteins obtained with maximal doses of pilocarpine with an intermediate ratio of sialic acid to fucose of 0.75 consist of only one sharp peak.

Studies on submaxillary saliva in cystic fibrosis

Summary A method has been described for the construction of an appliance to be used in the collection of submaxillary saliva from children with cystic fibrosis and from control children. The data accumulated by reflex stimulation indicate a slightly lower flow rate in children with cystic fibrosis as compared with that of the controls. The sodium, chloride, and potassium concentrations are comparable when analyzed on the basis of flow. Hydrogen ion concentrations were found to be similar in both groups. The children with cystic fibrosis showed a significant elevation in calcium and total nitrogen content. A major difference associated with submaxillary saliva was the presence of a turbid secretion from patients with cystic fibrosis as compared with a clear transparent secretion from control children under conditions of reflex stimulation. It is possible that precipitation of the insoluble material observed in these secretions could, over a period of time, result in the widespread obstruction of the salivary ductules as seen in histologic sections of the glands. Comparable results, as described under reflex stimulation, were obtained under conditions of parasympathomimetic stimulation for all constituents studied. The results suggest that there may be an important relationship existing between the elevated calcium and nitrogen content and the insolubility phenomenon which has been seen in all children with cystic fibrosis under physiologic stimulation.

An investigation into the relation between the sialic acid of saliva and dental caries.

Abstract Saliva from eighteen persons some of whom were caries resistant and some caries active was examined by the Bial-method for the content of sialic acid. Significant differences in the two groups were found in the mixed saliva while pure submaxillary (or parotid) saliva showed no significant differences. The hydrolysis of the material seems to be easier in the caries active persons. The presence of sialic acid in the plaques was confirmed. The chelating effect of a mucin-sugar solution at neutral pH could be histologically demonstrated. The addition of sugar to the salivary mucin increases the content of sialic acid.

Bloat in cattle

Summary The saliva from the parotid and submaxillary glands and the residual saliva that flowed from the mouth, have been collected from 5- to 8-months-old calves and analysed for electrolytes and nitrogenous compounds. Carbachol and inflation of the rumen have been used to induce salivation. Parotid and residual saliva contained Na+ and HCO3- at concentrations of about 100 me./litre, potassium and phosphate at approximately 15-20 me./litre, while calcium was in the range 3-7 me./litre. The nitrogen of parotid saliva was mainly in the form of urea. Residual saliva contained in addition appreciable concentrations of mucoprotein. The compositions of both secretions were independent of the type of stimulation used. The mucoprotein content of submaxillary saliva was greater than that of either parotid or residual saliva, but the urea concentration did not differ significantly. Submaxillary saliva induced by carbachol stimulation contained less Na+ and HCO3- and more Ca2+ than the parotid and residual saliva. ...

Role of carbonic anhydrase in the bicarbonate excretion from salivary glands and mechanism of ionic excretion.

Experimental studies are made to clarify the role of carbonic anhydrase upon the bicarbonate excretion from salivary glands with special reference to excretory mechanism of ions. Animals are mainly dogs and partly rabbits which are administrated with pilocarpine to promote salivary excretion. Outline of results are as follows;1) The bicarbonate excretion from parotid gland is depressed by administration of various carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and the salivary pH is decreased while CO2 partial pressure in saliva is increased. Among the inhibitors examined, Diamox is the most powerful, then comes thiophen-2-sulfonamide, and next are Na2S, NaN3, sulfanilamide and p-sulfonamide benzoic acid, while NaSCN exerts the minimum action. This order of inhibitory actions coincides with that of inhibitory effects upon blood carbonic anhydrase which was determined by the in vivo experiment.2) The bicarbonate excretion in saliva differs among various salivary glands. Its excretion rates relative to rate of salivary flow from the gland examined are in the following order: parotid gland of dog>submaxillary gland of dog>parotid gland of rabbit>sublingual gland of dog. This order coincides with that of carbonic anhydrase contents in theses glands.From these, it is concluded that the bicarbonate in saliva is produced in gland cells from metabolic CO2 under the action of carbonic anhydrase.By comparing the relative amount of carbonic anhydrase in these glands with their histological structures, the site of its production is suggested to be the striated part of gland duct.3) The concentrations of Na+, Cl- and HCO3- in parotid saliva as well as in submaxillary saliva increase as the rate of salivary flow is accelerated, and approach certain maximum levels respectively. The K+ concentration is maintained almost constant regardless of salivary flow except when the flowing rate is very low. The ionic concentrations in sublingual saliva of dog are all maintained approximately constant.The total ionic concentrations in parotid and submaxillary saliva of dog and also in rabbit parotid saliva are hypotonic even at the maximum levels of concentrations, while that in sublingual saliva is approximately isotonic.Among the ions in saliva, Na+ and Cl- are the most dominating, HCO3- is the next and K+ and other ions are the least ones. Excretions of Cl- and HCO3- vary considerably among various glands, while that of K+ does not differ so far. The concentration of Na+ depends upon the tonicity of saliva.4) The regression lines of excretory rates of main ions referring to the rate of salivary flow are estimated from these data, and, by comparing the constants of regression lines (the intercept constants and the regression coefficients) of various glands with their histological structures, the excretory mechanism of ions from salivary glands were discussed.

Enzymatic hydrolysis of prolyl- and hydroxyprolylnaphthylamides

1. 1. Two chromogenic iminopeptides, l-prolyl- and hydroxy- l-prolyl-β-naphthylamides, were prepared, and the kinetics of hydrolysis of the prolyl compound were investigated. 2. 2. Attempts to employ these substrates histochemically with frozen-dried tissues were unsuccessful. 3. 3. Under the present experimental conditions, these peptides were not hydrolyzed by human serum or urine, or by parotid or submaxillary salivas. 4. 4. These peptides were hydrolyzed by certain animal tissues as well as by whole saliva.

Method for the collection of separate submaxillary and sublingual salivas in man.

Method for the collection of separate submaxillary and sublingual salivas in man.

FLOW AND pH CHANGE OF SUBMAXILLARY SALIVA ASSOCIATED WITH VARIATIONS IN ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM

ArticleFLOW AND pH CHANGE OF SUBMAXILLARY SALIVA ASSOCIATED WITH VARIATIONS IN ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUMCharles R. BrassfieldCharles R. BrassfieldFrom the Department of Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann ArborPublished Online:01 Jun 1945https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1945.144.1.43MoreSectionsPDF (1 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInEmailWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation More from this issue > Volume 144Issue 1June 1945Pages 43-50 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1945 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1945.144.1.43History Received 8 February 1945 Published online 1 June 1945 Published in print 1 June 1945 Metrics

Secretion of Intravenously Injected Electrolytes in the Submaxillary Saliva of Cats

Secretion of Intravenously Injected Electrolytes in the Submaxillary Saliva of Cats

The Secretion of Intravenously Injected Fluorine in the Submaxillary Saliva of Cats'

The Secretion of Intravenously Injected Fluorine in the Submaxillary Saliva of Cats'

THE NITROGENOUS CONSTITUENTS OF CAT'S SUBMAXILLARY SALIVA EVOKED BY PARASYMPATHETIC AND SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION

The nitrogenous constituents of submaxillary saliva were studied in samples of saliva secreted by cats in response (i) to chorda tympani stimulation and (ii) to administration of adrenaline. Each of these two kinds of saliva was found to contain a different and characteristic glucoprotein. These two proteins are believed to be secreted by different cells, viz., by mucous cells in response to chorda tympani stimulation, and by serous cells in response to adrenaline. A new method is described for the determination of non-protein nitrogen in submaxillary saliva. Study of the partition of non-protein nitrogen showed that urea represents quantitatively the main fraction of the non-protein nitrogen of submaxillary saliva secreted in response to either parasympathetic or sympathetic stimulation. Prolonged chorda tympani stimulation causes a decrease in the permeability of the submaxillary gland to the passage of non-protein nitrogen, the fraction least affected being the urea nitrogen. The administration of adrenaline greatly increases the permeability to all fractions of non-protein nitrogen, especially urea, and this effect persists for several hours after the adrenaline administration is discontinued.

THE PARTITION OF NITROGEN IN THE SUBMAXILLARY SALIVA EVOKED BY CHORDA TYMPANI STIMULATION IN THE CAT

ArticleTHE PARTITION OF NITROGEN IN THE SUBMAXILLARY SALIVA EVOKED BY CHORDA TYMPANI STIMULATION IN THE CATGeorge W. StavrakyGeorge W. StavrakyFrom the Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, CanadaPublished Online:31 May 1940https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1940.129.3.539MoreSectionsPDF (738 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation More from this issue > Volume 129Issue 3May 1940Pages 539-545 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1940 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1940.129.3.539History Received 19 January 1940 Published online 31 May 1940 Published in print 31 May 1940 Metrics

The secretion of protein material in the parasympathetic submaxillary saliva

This paper deals with a study of the secretion of protein material by the submaxillary gland of the cat in response to electrical stimulation of the chorda tympani nerve. In the attempt to make a more generous use of certain advantages offered by physical methods in research on the digestive glands, the submaxillary gland was chosen for the initial investigation because of the relative ease of physiological experimentation. The study is characterized by (1) the use of quantitative spectroscopic methods of analysis which permit an extension in the range of the investigation over that possible with a purely chemical procedure, and (2) the application of mathematical analysis in the interpretation of the results. The work of previous investigators (Heidenhain 1868, 1878, 1883; Werther 1886; Langley and Fletcher 1890; Gregerson and Ingalls 1931) has shown that with increasing intensity of the stimulus the para­-sympathetic submaxillary saliva becomes more concentrated in (1) inorganic salts which are presumably derived from the tissue fluids and ultimately from the blood, and (2) organic material, provided that the stores in the gland are not too much depleted by previous stimulation. The con­centration changes in the former group of substances are presumably connected with phenomena occurring at the glandular membranes; those in the latter group obviously cannot be accounted for by a simple washing out of stored material from the gland, but must result from the operation of a more complicated secretion mechanism. In the attempt to gain a better understanding of the fundamental nature of the secretion processes, we have determined spectroscopically the relative concentrations of protein material, and the Na and K concentrations in samples of saliva obtained in response to various intensities of stimulation of the chorda tympani nerve. Many of the samples were also analysed chemically for protein and non-protein nitrogen, chlorides, and acid-combining power. These sub­stances, along with water, are the main constituents of the submaxillary saliva as obtained in our experiments. A long series of relatively small samples of secretion was taken from each animal; this feature of the experimental technique is considered to be important, viz. under such conditions one may best determine the changes in composition resulting from the variation of one factor only—the intensity of the stimulus—since changes in other factors which are not directly controlled are small from sample to sample.

Effect of Amytal upon Pilocarpine-Induced Submaxillary and Gastric Secretion.

The only note on the action of amytal upon the secretory response of the submaxillary gland to pilocarpine is that of Stavraky,1 who observed that even after doses of amytal large enough to abolish the effects of stimulation of the chorda tympani and injections of acetyl choline the submaxillary gland still secreted vigorously in response to injections of pilocarpine.My experiments deal with both the immediate and delayed effects of amytal upon the secretion of submaxillary saliva and of gastric juice induced by pilocarpine. Three dogs having permanent submaxillary fistulae were used. Observations were made upon 2 normally innervated glands (Dogs 22 and 457) and upon 2 glands after the chorda tympani nerves had been cut at the point where they separated from the lingual nerves (Dogs 22 and 205). One of the dogs also had a denervated gastric pouch which included the midportion of the greater curvature.The pilocarpine (0.2, 0.4 and infrequently 0.6 mg. per kg.) was given intravenously to eliminate the facto...