Subliminally Research Articles

Subliminal Training Techniques for Cognitive, Emotional and Behavioural Balance. The role of Emerging Technologies

Traditionally, metacognition & higher mental abilities are thought to be exclusively linked to consciousness. However, a growing number of researchers support the idea that nonconscious processes may hold the keys to higher forms of intelligence. Subliminal messages expose individuals to visual or/and auditory stimuli below the threshold of perception. The current review aims to explore the effectiveness of subliminal cues on fundamental aspects of metacognition such as higher cognitive and emotional meta-abilities, affective and behavioral regulation, and academic achievement. In this context, we search for and classify the existing subliminal training techniques, while evaluating the usability of ICTs such as virtual reality, mobile apps, intelligent tutoring systems, and software in subliminal learning and training. The results of this review revealed that subliminal techniques improve all those aspects that assure metacognitive improvements in terms of self- & emotional regulation, higher mental abilities, and behavioral modification. Subliminal cues lower people's shields and update filtering mechanisms enabling people to focus on positive rather than negative interpretations. Subliminal techniques are under the umbrella of metacognitive strategies, since they can used consciously to increase self-regulation capacity as wells as expand the horizons of consciousness. Subliminal teaching techniques can be used by teachers and parents in general and special education to instill higher-level needs & motives, accelerate students’ performance and unfold students’ existing but underdeveloped abilities. Therapists can also utilize these methods to help patients with phobia, anxiety and depression to overcome fear. Subliminal techniques can be also used as a strategy by leaders, mentors, and employees to build trust, inspire and provide humanity with innovative ideas. ICTs provide the ideal environment for implementing subliminal training. However, more research is needed.

Perceptually Visible but Emotionally Subliminal Stimuli to Improve Exposure Therapies.

Subliminal stimuli are gaining growing interest due to their capability to induce desensitization to pathologically feared (e.g., phobic) pictures without inducing exaggerated emotional reactions. However, unresolved methodological issues cast significant doubt on the reliability of these findings and their interpretation. The studies most robustly assessing stimulus detection found that ~30% of the supposed-to-be-subliminal stimuli were, in fact, detected, suggesting that the beneficial effects attributed to subliminal stimuli may result from those actually seen. Nevertheless, a deeper analysis of the data underlying this misinterpretation unveils theoretical and clinical implications. Since the purpose of subliminal stimulation is to reduce the aversiveness of exposure therapies while maintaining their efficacy, researchers should measure the emotional relevance of supposed-to-be-subliminal stimuli that are, in fact, detected. A distinction is needed between perceptually- and emotionally-subliminal stimuli: the former is not consciously detected; the latter just fails to elicit emotional reactions. Emotionally-subliminal stimuli could represent an intermediate step of exposure in addition to those involving perceptually subliminal or supraliminal stimuli. Importantly, emotionally subliminal stimuli could make patients able to sustain a conscious exposure to feared stimuli without exaggeratedly reacting to them: if confirmed by empirical data, this unexpected disconfirmation of patients’ beliefs could pave the way for successful therapy while increasing their self-efficacy and compliance to treatment.

Single fiber electromyography and measuring jitter with concentric needle electrodes.

This monograph contains descriptions of the single fiber electromyography (SFEMG) method and of the more recently implemented method of recording jitter with concentric needle electrodes (CNEs). SFEMG records action potentials from single muscle fibers (SFAPs), which permits measuring fiber density (FD), a sensitive measure of reinnervation, and jitter, a sensitive measure of abnormal neuromuscular transmission (NMT). With voluntary activation, jitter is measured between two SFAPs with acceptable amplitude and rise time. With activation by axon stimulation, jitter is measured between the stimulus and individual SFAPs. Pitfalls due to unstable triggers and inconstant firing rates during voluntary activation and subliminal stimulation during axon stimulation should be identified and avoided. In CNE recordings, spikes with shoulders or rising phases that are not parallel are produced by summation of SFAPS; these should be excluded and reference values for CNE jitter should be used. CNE and SFEMG have similar and very high sensitivity in detecting increased jitter, as in myasthenia gravis and other myasthenic conditions. However, jitter is also seen in ongoing reinnervation and some myopathic conditions. With SFEMG, these can be identified by increased FD; however, FD cannot be measured with CNE, and conventional electromyography should be performed in muscles with increased jitter to detect neurogenic or myogenic abnormalities. Jitter is abnormal after injections of botulinum toxin, even in muscles remote from the injection site, and can persist for 6mo or more. This can complicate the detection or exclusion of abnormal NMT.

Single fiber EMG and measuring jitter with concentric needle electrodes.

This monograph contains descriptions of the single-fiber electromyography (SFEMG) method and of the more recently implemented method of recording jitter with concentric needle electrodes (CNE). SFEMG records action potentials from single muscle fibers (SFAPs), which permits measuring fiber density (FD), a sensitive measure of reinnervation, and jitter, a sensitive measure of abnormal neuromuscular transmission (NMT). With voluntary activation, jitter is measured between two SFAPs with acceptable amplitude and rise time. With activation by axon stimulation, jitter is measured between the stimulus and individual SFAPs. Pitfalls due to unstable triggers and inconstant firing rates during voluntary activation and subliminal stimulation during axon stimulation should be identified and avoided. In CNE recordings, spikes with shoulders or rising phases that are not parallel are produced by summation of SFAPS; these should be excluded and reference values for CNE jitter should be used. CNE and SFEMG have similar and very high sensitivity in detecting increased jitter, as in myasthenia gravis and other myasthenic conditions. However, jitter is also seen in ongoing reinnervation and some myopathic conditions. With SFEMG, these can be identified by increased FD; however, FD cannot be measured with CNE, and conventional EMG should be performed in muscles with increased jitter to detect neurogenic or myogenic abnormalities. Jitter is abnormal after injections of botulinum toxin, even in muscles remote from the injection site, and can persist for 6mo or more. This can complicate the detection or exclusion of abnormal NMT.

Equivocating on unconsciousness

In the language used by those who take an empirical approach to the study of consciousness, the subliminal–supraliminal binary and the unconscious–conscious process binary are treated as one and the same, despite the unconscious–conscious process distinction having a historical association to a different meaning. The historical meaning of the unconscious–conscious process distinction may then become implicitly associated with the interpretations of related studies, resulting in a misinterpretation of evidence. This is to say, where the ability to differentially respond to subliminal and supraliminal stimuli may be indicative of a variety of “unconscious” and “conscious” processes, as these terms relate to a qualitative conception of consciousness, subliminal threshold testing does not tell us anything about consciousness and the associated binary of “unconscious” and “conscious” processes as these terms relate to their historical, metacognitive conceptions.

Subliminal Advertising and Its Impact on Motivating and Affecting Consumers Buying Behavior

Subliminal Advertising and Its Impact on Motivating and Affecting Consumers Buying Behavior

Uncovering Militaristic Themes in George Orwell’s Animal farm

Literature is an art form that allows us to explore the complexities of human experience through the written word. One classic example of literature is George Orwell's. Animal Farm George Orwell’s Animal Farm is a tale that encompasses various themes. Different angles provide for an interesting take on the kind of subliminal messages that George Orwell was trying to convey. A literary analysis was used to uncover messages in the short story. It was observed that the short story draws heavily from a militaristic theme. This can be seen from the lines from the characters and even in critical parts in the story. These elements highlight how the George Orwell layered a militaristic theme. Such themes bring about insights in which readers can learn. Animal Farm is a timeless and powerful work that continues to captivate readers with its vivid characters, incisive commentary on political power, and timeless themes of oppression, corruption, and revolution.

A window of subliminal perception

Under labels such as unconscious processing and subliminal perception, identification of stimuli falling below the subjective threshold (whether truly unconscious or not) has been found remarkably accurate in some experiments while completely at chance in others. Here, we first identify that an apparent window of subliminal perception arises in humans under specific stimulus conditions using different experimental paradigms and analysis methods. We then show that the standard signal detection theory (SDT) model is unable to account for this window and extend it until it is. We finally compare a range of models on empirical data. The models performing best are notable for their absence of hierarchical levels, indicating that the window could be a base property of any phenomenally conscious system. The models explain previously incompatible findings in the literature, and they allow for estimations of peaks in subthreshold perception across the spectrum of stimulus saliency, which may be used in further studies of subliminal perception.

Spatial attention shifting to emotional faces is contingent on awareness and task relevancy

The relationship between visual attention and visual awareness has long been hotly debated. There has been limited evidence on whether the neural marker of spatial attention precedes or succeeds that of visual awareness in the processing of emotional faces. The current study aims to investigate the temporal sequence between the electrophysiological signatures of visual awareness (the visual awareness negativity – VAN) and spatial attention (the N2pc), in contexts where emotional faces are task-relevant (Experiment 1) or task-irrelevant (Experiment 2). Fifty-six healthy participants were presented with fearful and neutral faces under different levels of visibility using backward masking. They either performed a face detection task (Experiment 1) or a contrast detection task while ignoring the faces (Experiment 2). Compared to subliminal stimuli, supraliminal stimuli produced more negative ERPs at 170–270 msec and 210–310 msec in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively, identified as the VAN. The P3, a component also frequently considered to reflect awareness, produced a similar effect with larger amplitudes for supraliminal than subliminal stimuli in both experiments. With respect to spatial attention, a significant N2pc was observed in response to fearful faces but only in the supraliminal viewing condition of Experiment 1, in which faces were task-relevant. Crucially, the VAN was found to precede the N2pc in this case. Our results suggest that spatial attention as indexed by the N2pc, is oriented towards fearful faces when they are relevant to participants’ task and are consciously processed. Moreover, an early phenomenal stage of awareness, reflected by the VAN, precedes spatial attention shifting to fearful faces.

Soul Animasyon Filminin Göstergebilimsel Analizi

Animation films connect both children and adults in a comprehensive way that sometimes live-action films abstain to do so. The visually rich narrative structures in these films allow diverse interpretations and understandings of the subliminal messages. Such interpretive potential of uniqueness in ideas and visual languages in cinematic spaces is rarely investigated in the semiotic context. The aim of the study is to aesthetically analyze and comprehend the meanings of the visual information from the animation film Soul by understanding the main character Joe Gardner’s journey. In the first segment of the research, all of the characters’ personalities from inner and outer appearance were analyzed and their relation in the film’s narration was discussed. In the second segment of the research, a total of 10 scenes were selected for semiotics analysis based on an indicator, indicative and indicated structure. Furthermore, straight and side meanings of the selected scenes were described. A significant positive relationship was identified between Joe Gardner and his pursuit of the meaning of life. The analysis revealed that the true meaning of life is in finding happiness from small things. Thus, this film’s findings explain the thin line between choices and seeing things from different perspectives.

SUBLIMINAL MESSAGES IN ADVERTISING: DO THEY REALLY WORK?

Subliminal messages appear in movies, commercials, music videos, and even cartoons. These are hidden signals inserted into advertising messages sent to a target audience to influence their subconscious behaviour. Such advertising is often considered unethical and, in certain types of advertising, even forbidden by law. Most research to date indicates that people do, in some way, perceive subliminal stimuli that can have an impact on their behaviour. Subliminal messages are viral and are used to manipulate consumers. However, most human psyche researchers are still inclined to think people cannot be persuaded on an unconscious level to behave in a way they would not consciously act. How crucial the influence of subliminal messages is for behaviour has not yet been sufficiently explored. The main goal of this paper is to determine whether people are aware of the existence of subliminal messages in the media and media manipulations and do they find them ethical. An online survey was conducted to assess the respondents' awareness, attitudes, and beliefs regarding subliminal advertising. The results show that the understanding of subliminal perception related to instinct and emotion is evident. The contributions will help both; marketing managers when deciding should they use subliminal messages in their advertising and consumers when deciding if they want to purchase a specific product.

Fast unconscious processing of emotional stimuli in early stages of the visual cortex.

Several cortical and subcortical brain areas have been reported to be sensitive to the emotional content of subliminal stimuli. However, the timing of these activations remains unclear. Our scope was to detect the earliest cortical traces of emotional unconscious processing of visual stimuli by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) from 43 participants. Subliminal spiders (emotional) and wheels (neutral), sharing similar low-level visual parameters, were presented at two different locations (fixation and periphery). The differential (peak-to-peak) amplitude from CP1 (77 ms from stimulus onset) to C2 (100 ms), two early visual ERP components originated in V1/V2 according to source localization analyses, was analyzed via Bayesian and traditional frequentist analyses. Spiders elicited greater CP1-C2 amplitudes than wheels when presented at fixation. This fast effect of subliminal stimulation-not reported previously to the best of our knowledge-has implications in several debates: 1) The amygdala cannot be mediating these effects, 2) latency of other evaluative structures recently proposed, such as the visual thalamus, is compatible with these results, 3) the absence of peripheral stimuli effects points to a relevant role of the parvocellular visual system in unconscious processing.

Disentangling the P300 Components of Evoked Potentials Elicited using Subliminal Oddball Tasks in Reward-Directed Motivation

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate neural responses during subliminal oddball tasks concerning reward-directed motivation to distinguish the P3a and P3b components of evoked P300 potentials. Methods: The subliminal oddball task included congruent/incongruent stimuli and masked prime subliminal stimuli. The task was to push the button when an incongruent stimulus appeared. Participants underwent two pre- and post-break electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings. During the break, the thirst scores of the participants were evaluated. Then, participants consumed three different salty foods in the same amount and completed the remaining two post-break EEG recordings, followed by the second thirst scores evaluation. Finally, participants physically selected lettered cards (A, B, C, and D) to receive a reward and quench their thirst. Results: Thirty participants were enrolled, 28 of whom were included for data analysis. Ten participants selected lettered cards as the given subliminal stimulus (sub(+) group), and 18 participants selected different lettered cards from the given subliminal stimulus (sub(–) group). We found a significant increase in post-P3a and post-P3b amplitudes in the sub(+) group at the Pz/Oz electrodes. Changes in P3b amplitude were significantly higher in the sub(+) group (2.83 ± 1.14 μV) than in the sub(–) group (0.62 ± 2.29 μV) at the Pz/Oz electrodes. Correlation analysis revealed that higher thirst scores resulted in higher P3b amplitudes in the sub(+) group. Conclusion: These findings suggest that reward-directed motivation increases parietal-posterior P3b amplitudes, signifying the involvement of cognitive processes to achieve a reward.

重复一个阈下刺激对其意识知觉水平的影响

重复一个阈下刺激对其意识知觉水平的影响

BabyTube: Ruby on Rails Based Automatic Video and Image Tagging Application

Undoubtedly, the importance of technology in our lives is increasing day by day. The ability of people to keep up with developing technology is related to their correct and effective use of technology. Besides, it should not be forgotten that technological devices and internet usage are just tool for us. Although positive contributions are detected in the use of technology and internet interactions, especially for people in early childhood, negative effects may also be observed depending on the duration of exposure. For instance, thanks to the opportunities provided by technology, people in early childhood contribute to their language, cognitive or psycho-motor development. In addition to these positive features, the widespread use of technological tools has extremely harmful effects on the environment and human health. According to pedagogues, children between the ages of 2 and 12 are consumers of image/video contents on websites. When the contents watched/seen is not under the supervision of the parents, the subliminal message to be given may affect the development of children negatively. For the stated reasons, it is obvious that the videos/images uploaded in the web environment should be filtered and a content editor is required. In this study, a software was developed to prevent the negative aspects of technological interactions (computer, tablet, phone, internet) of people in early childhood. This developed software automatically tags the contents in the web environment with Ruby on Rails based video and image processing. Using automatic content tagging, personal content control can be performed by providing systematic control over the web 7/24. It is thought that this approach will contribute to strengthening the social communication of people in the early childhood and developing their imaginations. The accuracy of the Ruby on Rails based video and image processing application has been tested with various machine learning techniques in this study. Therefore, it can be said that the developed software will pave the way for children to be mentally, physically and sensually healthier. In this way, it will be possible to prevent various diseases (dyslexia, asperger syndrome, autism), which have increased in recent years and have been stated by some sources as technology based.

The Power of Words in Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar: An Insight into Analyzing Julius Caesar from the Perspective of the Logical Fallacies

This research aims at utilizing the knowledge of logical fallacies in analyzing Shakespeare’s masterpiece Julius Caesar. Spotting these fallacies in the characters’ actions and speeches is more likely to expand our horizon by grasping what is hidden between the lines and beyond the surface dialogue, thus revealing the true intentions of the characters and the subliminal messages beyond what they say. To achieve this goal, an explanation for each fallacy is provided. Also, various examples of fallacies committed by Donald Trump in the American presidential debate in addition to some of his fallacious tweets and other examples are thoroughly analyzed. It is found that by providing meticulous analysis for the fallacies under question readers would be protected from being victimized to any ambiguous and/or language literary interpretation.

I. L. Caragiale’s characters and the art of word in the decoding of the comic language (A sequence for the teacher’s activity for the philological disciplines / studies at school)

The literary character is the tool that an author uses in order to give new connotations to the words, so that he shares the desired message, thus creating either a sober tone or a comic spirit. The characters of I. L. Caragiale impose themselves in the collective mind through the art of words and the subliminal message transmitted with the help of seemingly insignificant lexemes.

Separating conscious and unconscious perception in animals.

In a new study, Ben-Haim et al. use subliminal stimuli to separate conscious and unconscious perception in macaques. A programme of this type, using a range of cognitive tasks, is a promising way to look for conscious perception in more controversial cases.

THE POWER OF POLITICAL SUBLIMINAL MESSAGES IN KASHMIR BASED MOVIES HAMID AND HAIDER

Subliminal messages are those concealed and hidden messages which are not effectively noticeable and can control an individual's mind without them being aware. Films can affect the overall audience's mind and make roads for their thinking of the issue. They can change the perception of people about explicit and unfortunate occasions and subjects. This research explored if there are any subliminal messages present in the movie Hamid along with the movie Haider and does these movies aim to target the ongoing freedom movement in Kashmir. Moreover, the basic objective is to understand that how the Indian movies portrayed Kashmiri Muslims. The number of literature writing associated with subliminal messages in movies advertisement and other mediums is highlighted in this research. This study aims to analyze the visual of the film Hamid and Haider and intensely identify any subliminal messages, in the form of visuals and linked its relation with the freedom movement in Kashmir. The proposed method to lead the research is multimodal discourse analysis. To carry out these analyses Visual Social Semiotic Theory by Jewitt and Oyama. Results showed that there are subliminal messages which are targeting and manipulating the audience to show different perspectives of freedom movement and Indian brutality or violence. Hamid and Haider reveal the pith of the speculation which expresses that Indian media and Government incorporate Subliminal messages which project a hidden boost and targeting freedom movement mean jihad is a call to slaughter, to torment, to rebuff which the Quran legitimize

GENESIS OF SOCIAL MEDIA AND THE NATURE OF ITS USERS

different perspectives of freedom movement and Indian brutality or violence. Hamid and Haider reveal the pith of the speculation which expresses that Indian media and Government incorporate Subliminal messages which project a hidden boost and targeting freedom movement mean jihad is a call to slaughter, to torment, to rebuff which the Quran legitimize “Net- Gen,” “Generation I,” the “Digital Generation,” or the “Millennial”. Hence, the young people have easily adapted to and have more know-how of using digital media than their seniors with respect to age. This generation gap in terms of usability of internet is phrased as the “generational digital divide” or the “generational divide.