Sublethal Concentrations Of Malathion Research Articles

Acute toxicity and histopathological effects of Malathion on shrimp Macrobrachium nipponense (De Haan, 1849) (Caridea: Palaemonidae)

In the south of Iraq, Malathion is frequently used in agricultural activities and over-fishing, significantly harming the environment and animals that live in the region's waterways.The 96-h LC50 toxicity of malathion was determined in Macrobrachium nipponense and the valuewas 61.27 µg/L. Based on the 96-h LC50 value, two concentrations (1:10 and 1:5 of the 96-h LC50)were selected as sublethal concentrations for 1 week exposure for histopathology analysis. Themost histopathological alterations in hepatopancreas were abnormal lumen ALU after 1 week ofexposure to Malathion with the sublethal concentration 6.12 µg/L. In the other sublethal concen-tration of Malathion 12.25 µg/L for 1 week exposure, abnormal lumen ALU; necrosis of epithelialcells NC; and necrosis of tubules were recorded.

Effect of Particle Size and Pesticide Contamination on Preference and Ingestion Rates by the Tropical Freshwater Shrimp <i>Xiphocaris elongata</i>

In tropical streams, freshwater shrimp are essential to preserve the structure and function of lotic ecosystems. Shredder shrimp play a fundamental role in organic matter decomposition because these feed on detritus. In addition, they are especially important organisms as they connect all trophic levels at food webs. In natural environments, decaying leaf material may accumulate contaminants, including insecticides and herbicides. At these, shredder shrimp can be exposed to these contaminants through ingestion of leaf litter material. The objectives of this study were to evaluate if the shredder shrimp Xiphocaris elongata display a preference for feeding on different plant species and leaf size areas while also assessing their consumption of leaves contaminated with pesticides. We also evaluated acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity as a possible biomarker of pesticide contamination using an immunofluorescence and microscopy imaging approach. Our results revealed that the leaf area and plant species more appropriate for future toxicological studies is Spathodea campanulata leaves, with a leaf area of 0.65 cm2. This study also showed that sublethal concentrations of malathion and permethrin in leaves seem to have a significant effect on the ingestion rates of X. elongata, which suggests that the presence of these contaminants influenced feeding behavior. Immunofluorescence in cephalothorax ganglia showed a decline in AChE activity when the sublethal dose of malathion and permethrin increased. The observed results suggest that AChE activity can be used as a biomarker to detect and assess permethrin and malathion exposure on shredder shrimp.

Histological Sublethal Concentration Effect on the Liver of Clarias Batrachus (Linn.) Exposed to Malathion

Malathion is a vital agent and indicator that kills targeted (harmful) organic of flora and fauna. Word „pest‟ has comprised of detrimental animals, plants and microorganisms. These are widely used all over the world in agriculture. several agricultural pesticides nowadays in the trend in which organisms toxicity and harmful alterations are noticeable. Malathion pesticides used as agricultural benefits for crop production. This type of pesticide mostly affects the histological and biochemical parameters of the organism. This study focuses on alterations of malathion observing special site tissues of freshwater fish Clarias batrachus (Linn.,1758). Malathion (50% EC) was ordered from super ford insecticides limited, Sikandrabad (BSR) and a volumetric practical performed to result out the LC50 96 hours of malathion. Value of malathion LC50 96 hours calculated 0.25 ppm. The SLC as 0.025 parts per million was fixed by using 1/10th of LC50 at 96 hours [1]. The effect of malathion SLC (1/10 of 96 hours of LC50) was investigated on the histology of the liver in treated groups of host fish. Specific changes were checked in liver histology using control and treated groups. Histological observations as hepatocytes degeneration, Necrosis in hepatocytes, vacuolar degeneration, congestion were recorded and analyses as per experimental requirement. The main objective of this article is to carry out a histological study to check the impacts of the Sublethal concentration of Malathion (EC50%) on the liver of “Clarias batrachus.”

IMPACTS OF MALATHION ON BIO-CHEMICAL CHANGES IN FRESHWATER FISH CHANNA PUNCTATUS UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS

The fresh water fish Channa punctatus was exposed to malathion in the laboratory to study its toxicity. The acute toxicity tests were conducted during certain intervals in various concentrations of malathion. The physical and chemical analyses of water were carriedout by following APHA methods. The lethal and sub-lethal concentration of malathion were found to be LC100 (25 mg/L) and LC0 (5 mg/L), respectively. The antioxidant enzyme activity in the liver, muscle and gill, respectively increased during the accumulation of malathion, whereas it decreased respectively during depuration period. The effects of malathion resulted in the gradual decrease ofnucleic acids, protein, free amino acids (FAA) and glycogen. Duringrecovery period, the levels of biochemical components progressively increased indicating a probable recovery from the disruption of internal organ. Hence, the pesticide intoxication has made defective consequences in the normal metabolic pathways which led increasing the rate of mortality in fish population.

Antioxidant effect of curcumin against exposure to malathion in Cyprinus carpio.

The aim of this study was to determine protective effects of curcumin on oxidant/antioxidant parameters in Cyprinus carpio exposed to malathion. The fish were exposed to two sublethal concentrations of malathion (0.5 and 1 mg/L), and curcumin (100 mg per kg of fish weight) was simultaneously administered for 14 days. Malondialdehyde level and superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase activities were monitored in liver, kidney and gills, which were collected at the end of the experiment. The results revealed a significant increase in the malondialdehyde levels of the groups that were exposed to malathion. Also, malathion exposure caused a significant increase in superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione-S-transferase activities and a significant decrease in glutathione peroxidase activity. Treatment with curcumin attenuated the malathion-induced oxidative stress by significantly decreasing the levels of malondialdehyde in the tissues. In addition, curcumin reversed the superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase activities. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that malathion caused oxidative stress and negative alterations on the antioxidant enzyme activities of the fish. However, this toxic effect was neutralised by the administration of curcumin.

Impact of a Short – Term Malathion Exposure of Nile Tilapia, ( Oreochromis niloticus ): The Protective Role of Selenium

Malathion is an organophosphate pesticide widely used to control a variety of insects in agriculture. It can reach the aquatic ecosystems affecting non target organisms like fish. The purpose of this study was to determine LC50 of malathion and to investigate the possible protective effects of selenium on malathion-induced toxicity in Nile tilapia. The fish were exposed to sub lethal concentrations of malathion (1/2 and 1/4 LC50) for 15 days, and selenium (5.54 mg/kg of fish weight) was simultaneously administered. Blood and liver samples were collected at the end of the experiment. Biochemical parameters [serum glucose, cortisol, acetylcholinesterase (AchE)], haematological profiles [white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs) counts, haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, haematocrit (Ht) level], and oxidant/antioxidant statuses [lipid peroxidation (LPO) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT) activities] were analysed. The findings of the present study revealed that short-term exposure to malathion at sub lethal concentrations induced biochemical and haematological alterations in Oreochromis niloticus and led to oxidative damage. Moreover, the administration of selenium considered as an effective way to counter the toxicity of malathion in tilapia fish.

Oxidative stress in freshwater fish, Labeo rohita as a biomarker of malathion exposure

This study examined the effect of lethal (4.5 μg/l) and sublethal (0.45 μg/l) malathion levels on oxidative stress responses of the freshwater edible fish, Labeo rohita. Fish were exposed to lethal (1-4 days) and sublethal (1, 5, 10, and 15 days) periods. In the present study, catalase and protease activity, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyls, and free amino acids levels increased in the gill, liver, and kidney tissues of fish exposed to lethal and sublethal concentrations of malathion except protein content. Time- and concentration-dependent induction/reduction of the above parameters by lethal and sublethal concentrations of malathion was observed in the tissues (the gill, liver, and kidney) of L. rohita. Thus, the results clearly infer oxidative damage and decline in antioxidant defense due to malathion-induced oxidative stress.

Effect of Sub Lethal Concentration of Malathion on Metabolic Profiles and Histological Studies in Heart Tissue of Channa Punctatus

Pesticides have an innate capacity to cause damage to biological system. Considering above fact the present study deals with the effect of the insecticide malathion on histological and biochemical study on cardiac muscle tissue in Channa punctatus. In present study effect of sub lethal concentration (0.8 ppm) of malathion on protein, lipid and glycogen content and histopathological changes in heart tissue of fresh water fish Channa punctatus during 96 hours was studied. Structural variations like congestion, atrophy were observed in cardiac muscle of Channa puncctatus during 96 hours sub lethal treatment of malathion. Total protein, lipid and glycogen showed decrement in cardiac muscle of Channa punctatus Keywords: Malathion, sub lethal, cardiac muscle, Channa punctatus.

Effect of Malathion on Larval Competition Between Aedes albopictus and Aedes atropalpus (Diptera: Culicidae)

Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Aedes atropalpus (Coquillett) (Diptera: Culicidae) are container-dwelling mosquito species that are well established in the eastern United States. Interspecific larval competition studies have shown Ae. albopictus to be a superior competitor over many species. A laboratory experiment was conducted in artificial containers to evaluate the effects of malathion on larval interactions between Ae. albopictus and Ae. atropalpus. The survivorship of Ae. albopictus increased with increasing Ae. atropalpus densities in control but decreased with increasing Ae. atropalpus densities in the presence of malathion. Alternatively, Ae. atropalpus survivorship did not differ between control and malathion treatments. Developmental times were not affected by interspecific competition in both treatments for either species. These results show that malathion could facilitate coexistence between Ae. albopictus and Ae. atropalpus. This demonstrates how sublethal concentrations of malathion (and perhaps other pesticides with similar modes of action) can enable an inferior competitor to coexist in the same habitat with a superior competitor. This is the first report of synergistic survival of a weaker mosquito competitor in the presence of a pesticide due to condition-specific competition.

Pesticide triggers a food chain cascade

A new study shows how sublethal concentrations of malathion can indirectly hurt frog populations by altering the food chain in aquatic ecosystems.

Effect of malathion on ultrastructure of synapses in forebrain of the goldfish and rainbow trout

An electron microscope study of the effect of sublethal concentrations of malathion on the length of active zones has been performed in synapses of forebrain in the goldfish and rainbow trout. There was established a statistically significant reversible decrease of the main values of the length of sections of active zones in asymmetric and symmetric synapses under action of the toxicant. Effect of malathion increases proportionally to an increase of its concentration. In the both fish species the response to malathion was more pronounced in the asymmetric synapses compared to the symmetric ones. The obtained results allow considering that malathion causes changes in configuration and dimensions of the active zones of the cholinergic and probably GABAergic synapses. An adaptive character of these changes is discussed.

Impact of malathion and hexachlorocyclohexane on plasma profiles of three sex hormones during different phases of the reproductive cycle in Clarias batrachus

The effects of two pesticides, malathion and hexachlorocyclohexane (BHC), on plasma levels of sex steroids viz., testosterone, estradiol-17β, and estrone, in the female catfish, Clarias batrachus, were studied. Sublethal concentrations of malathion (1 and 4 ppm) and BHC (2 and 8 ppm) apparently affected sex steroid levels after 4 weeks of exposure. Testosterone level showed an insignificant decrease at 1 ppm malathion during the previtellogenic, vitellogenic, and regressed phases and at 2 ppm BHC during the vitellogenic and regressed phases, whereas it showed a significant reduction during the remaining phases and also in the specimens exposed to 4 ppm malathion and 8 ppm BHC during all the four phases. There was an insignificant decrease in estradiol-17β levels at 1 ppm malation in the previtellogenic phase and at 2 ppm BHC in the vitellogenic phase, whereas a significant decrease was found at either concentration during the remaining three phases. In the regressed phase, a significant reduction of estradiol-17β was observed only at 8 ppm BHC. Estrone levels of plasma were significantly reduced in response to either concentration of both pesticides from the previtellogenic to the postvitellogenic phases. The magnitude of reduction in sex hormone levels differed during various phases. Testosterone secretion was remarkably impaired in the postvitellogenic phase, which is the period of ovulation and spawning, and secretion of estrogens, which were needed for vitellogenin synthesis, was hampered at the onset of vitellogenesis in the vitellogenic phase and also in the postvitellogenic phase. Both pesticides caused a greater reduction in sex hormone levels at higher concentrations. Malathion was less effective than BHC. It seems that malathion and BHC exhibit various toxic effects on sex steroid metabolism and therefore may disturb steroid regulation. resulting in a hormonal imbalance, which might be due to the impairment of either the synthesis or the secretion of these hormones, and thereby affect the reproductive physiology of this species.

Relationship between serum enzymes, histological features and enzymes in hepatopancreas after sublethal exposure to malathion and phosphamidon in the murrelChanna Striatus(BL.)

Assessment of the chronic toxicities of malathion and phosphamidon to the fish Channa striatus has been made. Investigations included histopathological features and certain biochemical changes in tissues of the fish following exposure to two different sublethal concentrations of malathion (0.1, 0.2 ppm) and phosphamidon (2.5, 5.0 ppm). Hepatopancreas revealed discernible changes in regard to cellular architecture with distinct characteristics of necrosis consequent to exposure of the insecticides at higher concentrations. Phosphatase activity decreased significantly in the hepatopancreas with concomitant increase of the same in case of blood serum of experimental fish compared to controls. Increased activities of the enzymes GOT and GPT in hepatopancreas and blood serum could be observed in experimental fish. Significance of these changes has been highlighted.

Effect of sublethal concentrations of malathion on Coturnix quail

Effect of sublethal concentrations of malathion on Coturnix quail