Sublethal Concentrations Of Cypermethrin Research Articles

The integrated biomarker response in three anuran species larvae at sublethal concentrations of cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, glyphosate, and glufosinate-ammonium

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the response in larvae of the anuran species Rhinella arenarum, Rhinella dorbignyi and Odontophrynus americanus exposed to glyphosate (GLY, 2.5 mg L−1), cypermethrin (CYP, 0.013 mg L−1), chlorpyrifos (CP, 0.1 mg L−1) and glufosinate-ammonium (GLU, 15 mg L−1) using two behavioral endpoints: mean speed (MS) and total distance moved (TD); and two enzymatic biomarkers: acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). In order to assess a global response and to determine the most sensitive species, an integrated biomarker response (IBR) index was calculated. Behavioral biomarkers were tested at 1 and 60 min, and the enzymes at 60 min after exposure. The results showed that: (1) there were statistical differences between species in a series of responses in swimming behavior, and cholinesterase activities within the first-hour of exposure to CYP, GLY, and CP at environmentally relevant concentrations (ERC); (2) IBR determined that Rhinella species were the most sensitive of the species tested and (3) IBR provided a comprehensive assessment of the health status of species exposed to ERC of a wide variety of agrochemicals globally and frequently used.

Effect of Cypermethrin 25% EC, an Endocrine Disrupting Chemical and pH on Reproductive Health of Puntius javanicus

In the present study an attempt has been made to investigate the combined effect of sub-lethal dose of Cypermethrin 25% EC and pH on histoarchitecture of gonads and GnRH hormone of Puntius javanicus. 96h LC50 value was determined by method of Karber and it was found to be 3.65 µg/L for Puntius javanicus. Adult fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentration (0.365 µg/L) of Cypermethrin 25% EC in different pH of water, i.e. pH 5, pH 6, pH 7, pH 8.5 and pH 9.5 for 15 days. Significant histopathological alterations were found in testis and ovary of the fish subjected to sub-lethal concentration of cypermethrin 25% EC. Significant decrease (p?0.001) of GnRH concentration was recorded in pesticide exposed fishes. Significantly more histopathological alterations of gonads and decrease of GnRH concentration were recorded when fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentration of cypermethrin 25% EC in pH 5, pH 6 and pH 9.5, compared to fish exposed to sub-lethal concentration of cypermethrin 25% EC in pH 7 water. A significant increase of GnRH concentration (p?0.05) was documented in fishes exposed to sub-lethal concentration of cypermethrin in pH 8.5, compared to fishes exposed to sub-lethal concentration of cypermethrin in pH 7 and the concentration is found to be almost equal to the control group (pH 7, without toxicant). At this medium histoarchitecture of testis and ovary retained almost normal histology with least alterations.

Impact of Cypermethrin 25% EC and pH on Certain Haematological Parameters of Cyprinid Fish Puntius javanicus

In present study an attempt has been made to investigate the combined impact of sub lethal toxicity of Cypermethrin 25% EC and pH on certain blood parameters of Puntius javanicus. Adult fish were exposed to sublethal concentration (0.36 µg/L) of cypermethrin 25% EC in different pH water i.e. pH 5, pH 6, pH 7, pH 8.5 and pH 9.5 for 15 days. Significant changes in red blood cell (RBCs) count, total white blood cells (WBCs), haemoglobin % (Hb%), haematocrit value, total serum protein and blood glucose level were observed in fish exposed to sub-lethal concentration of cypermethrin. Significant decrease in red blood cell (RBCs) count, haemoglobin % (Hb %), haematocrit value and total serum protein content were found in fish exposed to sub-lethal concentration of cypermethrin in pH 5, pH 6 and pH 9.5, compared to fish exposed to sub-lethal concentration of cypermethrin in pH 7. A significant increase in these parameters were documented in fish exposed to sub-lethal concentration of cypermethrin in pH 8.5, compared to fish exposed to sub-lethal concentration of cypermethrin in pH 7. On the other hand a significant increase of total white blood cells (WBCs) and blood glucose level were recorded in fish subjected to sub-lethal concentration of cypermethrin in pH 5, pH 6 and pH 9.5, compared to fish exposed to sub-lethal concentration of cypermethrin in pH 7. Values of these parameters were decreased significantly in fish exposed to sub-lethal concentration of cypermethrin in pH 8.5, compared to fish exposed to sub-lethal concentration of cypermethrin in pH 7. The values of all studied blood parameters in fish subjected to sub-lethal concentration of cypermethrin in pH 8.5 were almost found to retain the values of control group (pH 7, without toxicant).

Haematological and Histological changes in the Iridescent Shark, Pangasius hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) exposed to Sub-lethal Concentrations of Cypermethrin

Study reports the effect of cypermethrin on iridescent shark, Pangasius hypophthalmus. The sublethal concentrations of cypermethrin (1/5th and 1/10th) were selected on the basis of 96 h LC50 value (27.5μg L−1). Examination of haematological parameters of the shark exposed for 28 d to cypermethrin (2.75 and 5.5μg L−1) at an interval of 7 d showed significantly lower (p < 0.01) values of RBC, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH and MCVH, but WBC values were significantly higher (p < 0.01) as compared to control group. Histological examinations revealed severe fragmented glomerulus, infiltration of hematopoietic tissue and degeneration of epithelial cell of renal tubules of kidney. Results revealed that both the sub-lethal concentrations (2.75 and 5.5μg L−1) of cypermethrin had a significant impact on the haematology and histology of P. hypophthalmus.

Histopathological Changes in Liver of Freshwater Fish, Channa Marulius (Ham Buch) Exposed to Sub Lethal Concentration of Cypermethrin

Histopathological Changes in Liver of Freshwater Fish, Channa Marulius (Ham Buch) Exposed to Sub Lethal Concentration of Cypermethrin

Investigation of changes in the levels of some tissue biochemicals in Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) exposed to sublethal toxicity of Cypermethrin

Abstract The control of insect vectors, such as mosquitoes relies majorly on the use of insecticides. Most studies on insecticidal efficacy on mosquitoes have placed emphasis exclusively on lethal dosages. Whereas, sublethal doses of insecticide can alter the mosquito biology, physiology, behaviour and demographic parameters. Continuous and indiscriminate use of insecticides have created resistance problem which has reduced the efficacy of some insecticides. The pyrethroids (Py) and organophosphates (OPs) are most widely used, OPs inactivate acetylcholinesterase by phosphorylating or carbamylating the active serine, it also increases protein turn over and glycolytic activity while pyrethroid acts as a sodium channel modulator. In this study, Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) were used to estimate the effect of sublethal dosages of cypermethrin insecticide on tissue protein and carbohydrate levels and; acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activation levels. Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) used were reared in the laboratory with sucrose solution (10%) supplied daily as food source of carbohydrate while blood meal was provided for the adult females from white albino rats with body hair shaved off. In all cases, sublethal cypermethrin concentrations effect significant changes in the levels of tissue biochemicals; with increase in sublethal concentrations of cypermethrin, the tissue carbohydrate levels decreased significantly ( F = 30.559, df = 8, 48 , Sig. = 0.000 ( P F = 22.414, df = 8, 48 , Sig. = 0.000 ( P

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English

Cypermethrin Formulation (Ustad-10 EC) Induces Genotoxicity via Apoptosis, Affects Nutritional Physiology, and Modulates Immune Response in Silkworm Philosamia ricini (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae).

Cypermethrin is a pyrethroid insecticide with high insecticidal activity, low mammalian toxicity, and biodegradability. The present study aimed to determine the acute toxicity and evaluate the secondary toxic effects of a commercial formulation of cypermethrin on silkworm Philosamia ricini Hutt of Northeast India. The potential genotoxicity of cypermethrin on silkworm hemocyte was examined by comet assay, caspase activation, and annexin V affinity assay. Alteration in nutritional physiology and histoarchitecture of the gut region was evaluated. Additionally, immunotoxicological effect of cypermethrin was studied by phenoloxidase (PO), lysozyme assay, and abundance of circulating hemocytes. The LC50 value at 24-, 48-, 72-, and 96-h exposure period was recorded as 185.96, 105.34, 72.42, and 58.41 µg/liter, respectively. Approximately sevenfold increase in mean comet tail length was observed at 24 h posttreatment with sublethal concentrations of cypermethrin. Cypermethrin also induced apoptosis and activated caspase reaction in silkworm hemocytes. Moreover, a significant decrease in digestive enzyme activity was observed at higher concentrations of cypermethrin. In cypermethrin-exposed groups, alteration in histoarchitecture was also observed in the form of ruptured microvilli and thin, deformed, fused mucous layer. The PO enzyme and lysozyme enzyme activity was also altered with sublethal concentration of cypermethrin. Total hemocyte count was reduced to 10587.10, 10052.30, 9234.30, and 8842.60 per mm3 with 10, 20, 30, and 40 µg/liter, respectively. The results offer new insights into the negative consequences of very low concentrations of cypermethrin formulations on nonmulberry silkworm of Northeast India.

Hepatic Cytochrome P450 as Biomarkers of Cypermethrin Toxicity in Freshwater Teleost, Channa punctatus (Bloch)

In this study, Channa punctatus was treated with sub-lethal concentration of cypermethrin (6.6 µg/L) for 5, 10 and 15 days and its effect on total CYP 450 and the activity of hepatic CYP450 isoforms measured. Total CYP450 content and CYP1A mediated EROD activity was significantly induced (p<0.05) in all three treated groups compared to control whereas only 15 days treated group showed significant induction in CYP2B mediated N,Ndimethylaniline demethylase activity. CYP2E1 mediated aniline hydroxylase activity showed only a marginal increase while there was inhibition of CYP3A4 mediated erythromycin demethylase activity. Liver somatic index (LSI) also showed a marginal increase in all the treated groups. Results showed differential induction of CYP1A, CYP2B, CYP2E1 and inhibition of CYP3A4 isoform due to cypermethrin treatment in C. punctatus. The study clearly showed CYP1A isoform as the most responsive and important biomarker for monitoring the aquatic pollution.

The effects of propolis on gill, liver, muscle tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to various concentrations of cypermethrin

The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of propolis for the toxicity of cypermethrin (CYP) on histopathological changes in tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). CYP is one of the most toxic pyrethroids highly for the aquatic organisms. The fish were exposed to three sublethal concentrations of CYP (0.0041, 0.0082 and 0.0123 ppm). In addition, different concentrations of propolis (10, 20 and 30 ppm) were used in the investigation for the period of 96 h. Propolis was collected by honeybees from different plants to prevent oxidative damages as an antioxidant. The therapeutic concentration of propolis was determined at 10 ppm. 10 ppm propolis was added to three cypermethrin concentrations. Shorting the secondary lamellae , fusion of secondary lamellae, oedema, necrosis, vacuolization and cartilage damage in gill tissue of fish exposed to CYP were observed by histopatological analyses. Hepatic lesions in liver tissue of fish exposed to CYP were characterized as hydropic degeneration, necrosis, mononuclear cell infiltration and narrowing of sinusoids. The most common changes in muscle tissues at all concentrations of CYP were nuclear proliferation and congestion. Besides, 10 ppm propolis on gill, liver, muscle tissues of rainbow trouts showed significant therapeutic effects. Histological analysis revealed that propolis may serve as an antitoxic agent against pesticide toxicity.

Acute toxicity and sub-lethal effects of a pyrethroid (cypermethrin) on survival, development and fitness of Helicoverpa armigera

The chickpea pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) is one of the most destructive pests of India and most of the countries. In this experiment, sub-lethal effects of cypermethrin were evaluated against sixth instar larvae of this pest that had ingested insecticide-treated chickpea pods. The LC50, LC30 and LC10 values of cypermethrin were 80.38, 26.65 and 5.41 mg a.i. L−1, respectively, against sixth instar. The sub-lethal effects on fitness, eggs, larvae, pupae, adult longevity and reproduction were observed in H. armigera population that survived exposure to the sub-lethal doses of LC50, LC30 and LC10 of cypermethrin. Survivorship was reduced to 36 days if H. armigera exposed to the sub-lethal dose of LC50, whereas it was 42 days in unexposed groups. Larvae treated with LC50 dose exhibit lowest intrinsic rate of increase (rm) (0.0413 females/female/day) and highest (0.0517) with the unexposed group. Time taken by H. armigera to complete one generation (Tc) was 40.09 days, while this time significantly lowered to 32.85 days when exposed to the sub-lethal dose of LC30. Hatching eggs were greatly reduced in the larvae exposed to cypermethrin at all the sub-lethal doses. About 430 eggs/female/generation were recorded after treatment with 80.38 mg/L as compared with untreated females (1390). Larvae that were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of cypermethrin exhibited lower pupal weight and prolonged pupal developmental times compared control larvae. The overall fitness performance was better in the unexposed population as compared to the population exposed to sub-lethal doses.

Observation on the Histopathological Alterations in the Liver of Cypermethrin Affected Fish,Cirrhinus mrigala(Hamilton)

The freshwater fish, Cirrhinus mrigala, was exposed to lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of cypermethrin (5.13 μg/l and 1.026 μg/l) and the histopathological changes were observed in liver tissues. Compared to the structure of control fish, exposed tissues were initially exhibited disarray of liver lobes, mild degree of degeneration of cytoplasm, occasional blood clots, congregation of nuclei, cloudy swelling of hepatocytes, granulisation of cytoplasm, hypertrophic, pyknotic nuclei, atrophic, hepatocytic nuclei, focal necrosis, vacuolation, shrinkage of hepatocytes, granular degeneration, rupture of blood vessels, necrosis dissolution of laminar structure and cytoplasmic disintegration in hepatocytes. In the sub-lethal concentration of cypermethrin, tissues initially exhibited few changes like slight disarray of liver lobes, mild degree of degeneration of cytoplasm, occasional blood clots, congregation of nuclei and cloudy swelling of hepatocytes, granulisation of cytoplasm, hypertrophic and pyknotic nuclei on 1 and 7 days. But on 14 and 21 day, certain degree of reorganisation in the structure of liver cords was observed.

Pyrethroid toxicity in silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen

This study aimed to determine both the lethal and sublethal concentrations of Cypermethrin in young Silver Catfish (Brazilian "Jundiá", Rhamdia quelen) on aquatic environment during 96 hours, as well as to determine the Cypermethrin and Deltamethrin sublethal concentrations during the initial embryonic development period of Rhamdia quelen, and to verify their respective rates of fertilization, hatching and survival. Pyrethroid nowadays is a widely used insecticide, which presents a high toxicity to fish. In order to determine lethal and sublethal concentrations, 120 silver catfish were used; each one had an average weight of 59.58±4.50g and an average size of 20.33±2.34cm. Concentrations used were 0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0 and 20.0mg of Cypermethrin per liter of water (mg/L). Fish were exposed to the product in 30-liter fish tanks. In each fish tank there were four fishes and the product was applied three times, i.e., a total of twelve fish were exposed to the product at each application, and a total of 120 fish during the entire experiment (n=120). In order to determine the Cypermethrin and Deltamethrin sublethal concentrations during the initial embryonic development, ovulation induction was performed on female fishes using hormones, and then and egg collection was performed. The eggs were then hydrated and fertilized in Cypermethrin and Deltamethrin in different concentrations: 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0mg/L of Cypermethrin and 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0mg/L of Deltamethrin, in addition to the control group (0mg/L). After fertilization, the eggs were kept in containers with the respective pesticides of Cypermethrin and Deltamethrin until hatching, when hatching rate was verified. Then the alevins, from the hatching, were kept on their respective concentrations of Cypermethrin and Deltamethrin so that the survival rate could be analyzed regarding the tested insecticides, during both 12-hour and 24-hour periods. Concerning the sublethal and lethal concentrations, Silver Catfish was sensitive to the tested concentrations of Cypermethrin, showing symptoms of poisoning, such as loss of balance, swimming alteration, dyspnea (they kept their mouths and opercula open), upright swimming and sudden spiral swimming movements. The intensity of such symptoms varied in proportion to the concentration used. The concentrations above 3.0mg/L were considered lethal to the species, since every animal exposed to concentrations between 3.0 and 20.0mg/L had died, while concentrations between 1.0 and 2.5mg/L were considered sublethal. Lethal concentration of Cypermethrin to Silver catfish, in 96 hours, was 1.71 milligram per liter of water. Concerning the sublethal concentration of Cypermethrin and Deltamethrin during the initial embryonic development, the results show that both pyrethroids had significantly decreased the analyzed parameters when comparing them with the control group. It was concluded that, even with the fish being more resistant to pyrethroids in comparison with other species, both the young animals and the ones in stage of embryonic development were susceptible to the effects of these pesticides.

Acute toxicity and histological changes in gills, liver and kidney of catfish, Heterobranchus bidorsalis exposed to cypermethrin concentration

Fingerlings of Heterobranchus bidorsalis (mean weight 11.88 g) were exposed to various sub-lethal concentrations of cypermethrin (0.032, 0.034, 0.036, 0.038 and 0.040 ml/L), a toxicant, and the histological effects were recorded. The 96 h bioassays were also conducted to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) of cypermethrin on the test fish. The 96 h LC50 of H. bidorsalis exposed to Cypermethrin was 0.036 ml/L. The physical reactions observed in the fish were: discolorations of the skin, erratic swimming, loss of reflex, hyperactivities, surfacing, and these effects increased with increasing concentration of the toxicants and duration of exposure. The pH and dissolved oxygen of the test media showed slight decrease from lowest concentration (0.032 ml/L) to the highest concentration (0.040 ml/L) while the temperature increased slightly with increasing concentration (0.032, 0.034, 0.036, 0.038 and 0.040 ml/L). The histological examination of the gills, kidney, livers of the fish after 96 h showed pathological changes and alterations such as gills infiltration, inflammation of the livers, vacuolation and necrosis. There was excessive necrosis degeneration in higher concentrations (0.038 and 0.040 ml/L) and there was increase in mortality as the concentrations increased. Key words: Histology, cypermethrin, xenobiotic, Heterobranchus bidorsalis, acute toxicity, LC50.

Cypermethrin induced: In vivo inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase activity in functionally different tissues of the freshwater teleost, Labeo rohita (Hamilton)

Effects of cypermethrin at different concentrations and exposure periods were investigated on the freshwater fish, Labeo rohita, to establish inhibitory effect of pesticide on acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) activity and associated behavioral changes. Fish were exposed to 1/7th (0.57 µg L−1) and 1/12th (0.33 µg L−1) of the lethal concentration (4 µg L−1) of cypermethrin for a period of 1, 7, or 14 days and allowed to recover for a further 7 days. Maximal inhibition in AChE activity in exposed fish was found in brain followed by muscle, gill, and liver on day 14 at both sublethal concentrations of cypermethrin. Recovery showed a rise in AChE activity but significantly decreased compared to controls. Depression of AChE activity suggests decreased cholinergic transmission and consequent accumulation of acetylcholine (ACh) in tissues leading to cessation of nerve impulses. This led to behavioral and morphological changes due to impaired neurophysiology in fish. Fish in toxic media exhibited erratic, and darting swimming movements, hyperexcitability, and loss of equilibrium and these symptoms persisted even during recovery.

Effect of cypermethrin on breeding performances of a freshwater fish, Labeo rohita (Hamilton)

The effect of cypermethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid, on the breeding performances in the freshwater fish, Labeo rohita (Hamilton), has been investigated in the present study. Breeding of Labeo rohita was conducted after treating with three sublethal concentrations of cypermethrin, i.e. 0.16, 0.40, and 0.80 μl l−1, respectively, for 96 h. The present investigation shows that the significant reduction (P< 0.01) of the total number of eggs, total amount of egg (litre), total amount of egg (litre per kilogram of body weight), fertilization percentage, and expected fertilized egg number at the concentrations of 0.40 and 0.80 μl l−1 of cypermethrin. Also, the reduction in hatching percentage, expected number of hatchling, and expected number of hatched larvae were significantly different (P <0.01) between the treatment and the control at all cypermethrin concentrations. No significant differences for the 96 h survivability of hatched larvae were reported at 0.16 and 0.40 μl l−1 levels of cypermethrin, whereas significant differences (P< 0.05) were reported at 0.80 μl l−1.

Alterations in protein metabolism in selected tissues of fish, Cyprinus carpio, during sublethal concentration of cypermethrin

Freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio, were exposed to sublethal concentration of cypermethrin (20 µg/l) for 6, 12, 24 and 48 h to determine the protein fractions, amino acids, protease, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, ammonia, urea and glutamine levels in gill, brain, liver and muscle tissues. Total, structural and soluble proteins showed decrement; whereas free amino acids and the activities of protease, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase significantly increased at all exposure periods in cypermethrin-exposed fish. Interestingly, ammonia content decreased but urea and glutamine levels increased in all the tissues during cypermethrin stress. It was observed that the changes steadily increased with an increase in the period of exposure and exhibited tissue specificity.