Use Of Subjects Research Articles

Is Raman Spectroscopy of Fingernails a Promising Tool for Diagnosing Systemic and Dermatological Diseases in Adult and Pediatric Populations?

Background: Raman spectroscopy is a well-known tool used in criminology, molecular biology, and histology. It is also applied to diagnose bone mineral disorders by taking advantage of the similarity of the structure of keratin and bone collagen. Raman spectroscopy can also be used in dermatology and diabetology. The purpose of the present review is to critically evaluate the available research about the use of Raman spectroscopy in the mentioned areas of medicine. Methodology: PubMed was searched for peer-reviewed articles on the subject of use of Raman spectroscopy in bone mineral disorders, dermatology, and diabetes mellitus. Results: Nail keratin and bone collagen are related structural proteins that require disulfide bond for structural stability. Therefore, Raman spectroscopy of keratin may have potential as a diagnostic tool for screening bone quality and distinguishing patients at risk of fracture for reasons different from low bone mineral density (BMD) in the adult women population. Raman spectroscopy can also investigate the changes in keratin's structure in nails affected by onychomycosis and distinguish between healthy and onychomycosis nail samples. It could also reduce the need for nail biopsy by distinguishing between dermatophytic and non-dermatophytic agents of onychomycosis. Additionally, Raman spectroscopy could expedite the diagnostic process in psoriasis (by assessing the secondary structure of keratin) and in diabetes mellitus (by examining the protein glycation level). Conclusions: In adult populations, Raman spectroscopy is a promising and safe method for assessing the structure of fingernails. However, data are scarce in the pediatric population; therefore, more studies are required in children.

Оn the question of protection of property rights and determination of subjects of property use: analysis of judicial practice

The article highlights the method of protecting the right of ownership and determining the subjects of use on the example of the analysis of judicial practice. The interrelationship of the right of ownership and the right of use, the order of following the main thing and the accessory thing are determined. Examples of a court case in terms of the court’s determination of the right of ownership and subjects of the right of use are given. The issue of property rights is analyzed in the context of a key aspect of social relations between subjects of civil law. The provision that the state’s attitude to the issue of property rights determines the features of the ruling regime in the country and testifies to the development of civil society has been updated. The inviolability of the right to property and the level of its protection is a kind of litmus test that determines the level of democratic society and the state’s attitude to basic human and citizen rights. Thus, Part 1 of Article 4 of the Civil Code of Ukraine stipulates that every person has the right, in accordance with the procedure established by this Code, to apply to the court for the protection of his violated, unrecognized or disputed rights, freedoms or legitimate interests. According to Part 1 of Article 16 of the Civil Code of Ukraine, every person has the right to apply to the court for the protection of his personal non-property or property right and interest. According to Article 41 of the Constitution of Ukraine, everyone has the right, in particular, to own, use and dispose of their property; the right to private property is acquired in accordance with the procedure established by law; no one can be unlawfully deprived of the right to property, the right to private property is inviolable (parts one, two, four). Analysis of court practice shows that consideration and resolution of civil cases in the field of violation of property rights is complicated by the imperfection of the legal system, the need to improve and change the existing legislation in this field. It was determined that mostly people go to court due to violations related to the lack of registration of ownership rights to real estate, loss of title documents, receipt of title documents by improper entities, presence of self-acting objects in real estate.

Predicting use of a gait-stabilizing device using a Wii Balance Board.

Gait-stabilizing devices (GSDs) are effective at preventing falls, but people are often reluctant to use them until after experiencing a fall. Inexpensive, convenient, and effective methods for predicting which patients need GSDs could help improve adoption. The purpose of this study was to determine if a Wii Balance Board (WBB) can be used to determine whether or not patients use a GSD. We prospectively recruited participants ages 70-100, some who used GSDs and some who did not. Participants first answered questions from the Modified Vulnerable Elders Survey, and then completed a grip-strength test using a handgrip dynamometer. Finally, they were asked to complete a series of four 30-second balance tests on a WBB in random order: (1) eyes open, feet apart; (2) eyes open, feet together; (3) eyes closed, feet apart; and (4) eyes closed, feet together. The four-test series was repeated a second time in the same random order. The resulting data, represented as 25 features extracted from the questionnaires and the grip test, and data from the eight balance tests, were used to predict a subject's GSD use using generalized functional linear models based on the Bernoulli distribution. 268 participants were consented; 62 were missing data elements and were removed from analysis; 109 were not GSD users and 97 were GSD users. The use of velocity and acceleration information from the WBB improved upon predictions based solely on grip strength, demographic, and survey variables. The WBB is a convenient, inexpensive, and easy-to-use device that can be used to recommend whether or not patients should be using a GSD.

Empirical Study on Civil Law Protection of the Right to Be Forgotten in the Era of Big Data

Under the background of big data, the legal protection of the right to be forgotten is ofgreat significance in safeguarding people's interests and dignity. On the basis ofclarifying the concept, legal characteristics and significance of the right to be forgotten,this paper analyzes the protection status of the right to be forgotten in the currentjudicial practice and the problems such as fuzzy content, nature orientation, difficult toguarantee the technical basis and lack of relief paths, and finally provides legal basis andrule guidance for establishing and improving the protection of the right to be forgottenin civil law. This research will effectively improve the data subject's awareness ofpersonal information protection and use and strengthen the legal protection of the rightto personality.

A passive dorsiflexing ankle prosthesis to increase minimum foot clearance during swing.

The biological ankle dorsiflexes several degrees during swing to provide adequate clearance between the foot and ground, but conventional energy storage and return (ESR) prosthetic feet remain in their neutral position, increasing the risk of toe scuffs and tripping. We present a new prosthetic ankle intended to reduce fall risk by dorsiflexing the ankle joint during swing, thereby increasing the minimum clearance between the foot and ground. Unlike previous approaches to providing swing dorsiflexion such as powered ankles or hydraulic systems with dissipative yielding in stance, our ankle device features a spring-loaded linkage that adopts a neutral angle during stance, allowing ESR, but adopts a dorsiflexed angle during swing. The ankle unit was designed, fabricated, and assessed in level ground walking trials on a unilateral transtibial prosthesis user to experimentally validate its stance and swing phase behaviors. The assessment consisted of three conditions: the ankle in an operational configuration, the ankle in a locked configuration (unable to dorsiflex), and the subject's daily use ESR prosthesis. When the ankle was operational, minimum foot clearance (MFC) increased by 13mm relative to the locked configuration and 15mm relative to his daily use prosthesis. Stance phase energy return was not significantly impacted in the operational configuration. The increase in MFC provided by the passive dorsiflexing ankle prosthesis may be sufficient to decrease the rate of falls experienced by prosthesis users in the real world.

Survey of Lifestyle, Past Medical History and Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use Among Adult Patients Participating in the National Cancer Institute's Exceptional Responders Initiative

IntroductionThe Exceptional Responders Initiative (ERI) at the National Cancer Institute attempts to correlate unusually good outcomes in patients with cancer with genetic targets in tumors and the therapies the patients received. It is not known if other factors might contribute to exceptional responses or outcomes. We explored aspects of the medical history, lifestyle changes, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use and communication between health care practitioners and patients who experienced an exceptional response following cancer treatment. MethodsAll subjects whose case was submitted to the ERI were eligible to participate in the survey. A 121-question survey questionnaire was developed to assess aspects of the subject's past medical history, lifestyle (e.g., diet, exercise, spirituality) and use of CAM. ResultsThirty subjects completed and returned the questionnaire from approximately 88 patients invited to participate (approximate response rate = 34%). Approximately 68% were female and 32% were male. Fifty percent of subjects changed their diet after their cancer diagnosis. Eighteen patients (60%) reported using a CAM therapy (not including oral vitamins/minerals or spiritual practices) during their Exceptional Response (ER). ConclusionMultiple factors, including features of the tumor itself, the patient, or the environment, could affect tumor response or patient survival, either solely or in combination with the treatments received. Many patients use other medications, change their diet or physical activity or use CAM interventions after their cancer diagnosis. Investigators attempting to understand the exceptional response phenomenon should acquire rich data sets of their subjects that include information about these factors.

LAND TAX IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE TAX SYSTEM OF UKRAINE

As a result of the study the main possible directions of improvement of the mechanism of taxation of land resources are substantiated. The dynamic development of the tax system is accompanied by constant changes in the collection of taxes, fees and other obligatory payments. The need to improve the mechanisms of taxation, to find those forms that best fit the fiscal psychology and tax culture of taxpayers, is the main task and way to improve the socio-economic development of the state. Recognition of the uniqueness of land and its isolation from any other real estate necessitates the establishment of a special legal regime of its use. The article deals with the content and structural elements of the mechanism of legal regulation of land tax in Ukraine. The essence of payment for land as one of the most important tax payments, which today is a significant source of filling local budgets, is revealed. On the basis of analysis of scientific works and normative-legal acts the legal meaning of the notions "land tax" and "payment for land" is determined. Such element of land relations as obligation to pay land tax is disclosed. It is noted that payment for land in relations of land use has a derivative character. It is established that the object of taxation is a specific, individually defined and legally separate land plot (or its part), assigned to a particular subject of use in accordance with its designated purpose. The main attention is focused on the characteristic of such components of the mechanism of legal regulation of land payment as land tax payers, object of land taxation, tax base, land payment rate, procedure of calculation, tax period, term and procedure of payment of land tax, term and procedure of reporting on the calculation and payment of land payment. It is established that the notion of a "land share (unit of land)" does not contain a proper definition in legislation. Land shares (parcels) are a special object of land relations, since it is not a specific plot with established boundaries, but only the owner's right to receive such a plot. A land share (unit) as an object of land tax is only the right of its owner to claim ownership of a land plot from the land plot to be divided. That is, the right of ownership of a land share (unit) does not mean ownership of a land plot, but only the right to claim for granting to the owner of such land plot. It is established that the property tax, to which the land tax relates, relates to local taxes and is compulsory. Amounts of land tax are credited to the general funds of local budgets. The normative-legal regulation of the system of benefits in land taxation is investigated. The system of tax control is considered as an important element of legal regulation in the field of land taxation, providing proper functioning of the tax system of Ukraine.

Tumor-Associated Macrophages: Reasons to Be Cheerful, Reasons to Be Fearful.

Tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and constantly evolving entity that consists not only of cancer cells, but also of resident host cells and immune-infiltrating cells, among which macrophages are significant components, due to their diversity of functions through which they can influence the immune response against tumor cells. Macrophages present in tumor environment are termed as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). They are strongly plastic cells, and depending on the TME stimuli (i.e., cytokines, chemokines), TAMs polarize to antitumoral (M1-like TAMs) or protumoral (M2-like TAMs) phenotype. Both types of TAMs differ in the surface receptors' expression, activation of intracellular signaling pathways, and ability of production and various metabolites release. At the early stage of tumor formation, TAMs are M1-like phenotype, and they are able to eliminate tumor cells, i.e., by reactive oxygen species formation or by presentation of cancer antigens to other effector immune cells. However, during tumor progression, TAMs M2-like phenotype is dominating. They mainly contribute to angiogenesis, stromal remodeling, enhancement of tumor cells migration and invasion, and immunosuppression. This wide variety of TAMs' functions makes them an excellent subject for use in developing antitumor therapies which mainly is based on three strategies: TAMs' elimination, reprograming, or recruitment inhibition.

Innovative technologies in transport

The article presents transport activities and objects of its infrastructure subject to classification for various reasons, also by subjects of use. In this regard, the role of road transport in the prospective transport balance of the country should be clarified and a corresponding adjustment of the state transport policy should be carried out. The designers assure that it will take no more than two lanes on the road. The ground clearance of the bus is more than two meters.

Clinic Stories Possible Learning from Drug Addiction

Search for a theoretical framework that answers cultural, social and anthropological questions about man, using complements to live as a being-in-the-world, based on the psychoanalytic clinic. Investigate whether the use of narcotics is individual or a result of social issues that drive the subject to use psychoactive substances. Analyze the clinical structures linked to the use of these substances. To investigate the relationship between fractures with the law and chemical dependency, and religion/ spirituality, establishing links between clinical structures in drug addiction and society. As objectives: to investigate the issues with the Father’s Law and the use of chemical substances. Relate cultural and social systems linked to addictions; seek individual and family assumptions, perhaps social, that elucidate the necessary search for a complement/drug.

Problems of installation water protective zones and coastal protective stripes

The issue of establishing the boundaries of water protection and coastal stripes in Ukraine were examined in the article. The purpose of the study is to present the practical results of the formation the boundary delimiter of coastal protection stripes, based on scientific and methodological approaches to the development of land management projects for the establishment of coastal protection stripes and modern technologies in the area of geographic information system. Theoretical principles of establishing the boundaries of water protective zones and coastal protective stripes on water resources are analyzed. Regulatory basic documents on the subject of use in the establishment of water protection zones and coastal protection stripes have been explored. It is noted that the size of water protective zones and coastal protective stripes can be set in accordance with the provisions of the Land Code of Ukraine, and according to the especial projects in land management. It is suggested the procedure for establishing coastal and water protective zones is based on determining the hydrographic characteristics of water sites and morphological parameters of coastal areas using remote sensing data and geoinformation system and includes six steps: 1. Determination of morphometric parameters of water sites. 2. Obtaining relief data and its application 3.Determining the steepness of the slopes. 4. Construction of catchment areas and determination of surface effluent directions. 5. Creation of a buffer zone around water sites (construction of a protective stripe and a water protective zone). 6. Combining layers of informative maps for the final definition of boundaries. The use of the methodology is presented on a specific example, namely the pond in the village Gremyache, Rivne region. Methodology will provide a technical background for establishing and decision-making on the size of water protective zones and coastal protection stripes around water objects. One more aspect of the problem, solved by the methodology proposed in the article, involves informative supporting of decisions in a sphere of controlling water fund lands at the regional level as part of the planning measures for sustainable regions development and protection of water objects. Keywords: water protective zone, coastal protection belt, land management project, Earth remote sensing data of the Earth and geographic information system data, boundaries of the water protective zone and coastal protective stripe

Geometrical and Mechanical Characterization of the Abdominal Fold of Obese Post Mortem Human Subjects for Use in Human Body Modelling.

Obese vehicle occupants sustain specific injury patterns in case of accidents in which the interaction between the seat belt and the abdomen may play a role. This study aimed to collect geometrical characteristics and to investigate the mechanical responses of the abdomen of obese subjects. Four Post Mortem Human Subjects (PMHS) with BMI ranging from 31 to 46 kg/m2 were collected. CT-scans performed in the seated position revealed that the antero-posterior depth of the abdominal fold (from the inguinal region to the most anterior point of the abdominal surface) was much greater (170 mm max., 127 mm average) than the thickness of subcutaneous adipose tissues (85 max., 38 mm in average). Each PMHS was subjected to three infra-injurious antero-posterior belt pulls in a seated posture with a lap belt positioned (C1) superior to the umbilicus, (C2) inferior to the umbilicus, (C3) inside the abdominal fold between the abdomen and the thigh. During the C1 and C2 tests, the belt moved cranially, and the abdominal fold opened widely especially in C2. Forces remained below 1800 N, for maximum applied displacements ranging from 89 to 151 mm for C1 and C2, and 37 to 66 mm for C3. Finally, sled tests were conducted on two PMHS seated on a semi-rigid seat and restrained by a three-point belt equipped with pretensioners and a 3.5 kN force limitation at the shoulder. The first PMHS (BMI 39 kg/m2) was tested at 49 km/h (39 g peak) and sustained severe injuries (AIS 4 pelvis dislocation, AIS 3 bilateral femur fractures) attributed to the combined loading of the seat and lap belt force (about 11 kN and 7 kN, respectively). The second PMHS (BMI 46 kg/m2) was subjected to a 29 km/h test (8 g plateau) and sustained no injury. The lap belt slid inside the abdominal fold in the first case and deformed the lower abdomen in the second, providing limited restraint forces during that interaction and leading to a large body excursion for the first test. The results highlight the possible relevance of the abdominal fold at the abdomen thigh junction to model and study the restraint conditions of obese occupants using Human Body Models (HBM).

Association between insulin resistance and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in non-diabetic general population

Abstract Background Insulin resistance due to visceral fat accumulation plays a central role in the development of diabetic mellitus and subsequent cardiovascular disease. Abdominal obesity and diabetic mellitus are associated with the progression of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction which is the major structural abnormality in patients with heart failure. However, whether insulin resistance influences left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in non-diabetic subjects is unclear. Purpose In this study, we aimed to clarify the association between insulin resistance and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in non-diabetic general population. Methods We examined 2,572 non-diabetic subjects with preserved left ventricular systolic function (ejection fraction ≥50%) and without a past history of diabetic mellitus, heart failure, coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, stroke, moderate to severe valvular disease, who underwent medical check-ups at the University of Tokyo Hospital from January 2009 to December 2018. Diabetes mellitus was defined as fasting glucose level ≥126 mg/dL or a subject's use of oral antidiabetic medications or insulin. We calculated the Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) score [HOMA-IR = fasting glucose (mg/dL) × insulin (μU/mL) / 405], and defined insulin resistance as HOMA-IR ≥2.5. Left ventricular diastolic function was assessed by echocardiography, using tissue doppler analysis (E/E' ratio in septal and lateral). Visceral adiposity was assessed as visceral fat volume measured by computed tomography scanner. Results Mean age was 53.3±9.8 years, and 1,746 subjects (67.9%) were male. Overall, HOMA-IR was 1.1 on average, and HOMA-IR ≥2.5 was observed in 5.0% of study population. BMI and the prevalence of obesity were higher in subjects with HOMA-IR ≥2.5 than in those without. There was no significant difference in left ventricular ejection fraction between HOMA-IR ≥2.5 and ≤2.5. E/E' ratio in septal and lateral were higher in subjects with HOMA-IR ≥2.5 than in those without. Multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated that obesity and waist circumference, visceral fat volume were independently associated with HOMA-IR ≥2.5, however, age, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia were not. Further, multiple regression analysis including insulin resistance, age, male gender, obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, cigarette smoking and visceral fat volume, showed that insulin resistance was an independent determinant of increasing E/E' in both septal and lateral, whereas visceral fat volume was not (Figure 1). Conclusion The results of the present study suggest that insulin resistance due to visceral fat accumulation might be associated with the development of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in non-diabetic general population without overt cardiovascular disease. Figure 1 Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

A methodology for the analysis of communicative interaction in the forums of the Metacampus of the Virtual University System, Universidad de Guadalajara

The problem of communication is addressed in a virtual platform, in a communication space: forum, within the platform of the Virtual University System, of the University of Guadalajara, called Metacampus. The objective of the study was: To observe how social life is carried out from the interaction through a virtual medium, in the field of use of information technologies IV. In the methodological work, a mixed paradigm was used, to know what the development of activities is like having as a focus of study: interactive communication, identifying elements of a virtual learning environment. The methodology that was followed to measure the sample was due to the facilities that were presented for being an advisor on the subject of Use of Information Technology, with a sample of 60 students, which results in a representative sample with a level of confidence significant. The results of the analysis of the information worked on the subject Use of Information Technology IV are presented. A significant participation of the participants could be observed, with 590 messages, of which 475 corresponded to students, and 115 from advisers. A trend of Descriptive type messages was identified.

Ensino de Ciências nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental: Prática docente dos professores da rede municipal de Uruaçu, Goiás

A pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa desenvolvida com os professores do 4º e 5º anos da Secretaria Municipal de Educação no município de Uruaçu-GO teve como objetivo analisar as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCN) e os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCN) do Ministério da Educação para o Ensino de Ciências e se novas tecnologias têm sido utilizadas nas aulas de Ciências na escola objeto de estudo. O trabalho investigou se a implementação das DCN tem contribuído com a prática pedagógica do professor e com o processo de ensino e aprendizagem dos alunos. A investigação se justifica pelo fato de que a formação e a prática dos professores tem sido alvo de preocupação. A pesquisa teve como fonte de coleta de dados: registros escritos (análise documental a partir de questões norteadoras); questionário estruturado e observação das aulas. O questionário destinou-se a identificar o perfil do sujeito, a formação profissional, concepção de Ciências, ações pedagógicas e uso de tecnologias. Além dos instrumentos citados, foram utilizados como notas de campo as falas orais (interações discursivas) do pesquisador com os professores participantes. As observações das aulas foram realizadas no período de maio a outubro de 2015 e possibilitaram a compreensão da prática pedagógica utilizada. Como produto final foi elaborado duas Sequências Didáticas como tema: para o 4° ano, Ciclo da vida dos seres humanos: nascer, crescer, reproduzir, envelhecer e morrer; já para o 5º ano o tema foi Saneamento Básico: água tratada. Conclui-se que os resultados deste estudo possibilitem que os professores dinamizem o ensino de Ciências e que contribuam para que os alunos tenham uma maior aprendizagem.

Cultural and Natural Resources in Tourism Island: Bibliometric Mapping

Island ecosystems have very specific physical, economic and socio-cultural characteristics, which are shared by most of these ecosystems regardless of their geographical area. These characteristics include well defined geographical boundaries that lead to a greater degree of isolation, lack of economically exploitable resources, great external dependence for consumption, cultural and natural heritage with a high uniqueness level and a high concentration of endemic plant and animal species. All of them are responsible for the high development dependence level linked to the tourism activity of these ecosystems. Thus, island ecosystems are currently an important international tourism destination, where a great diversity of very attractive natural and cultural resources and of great heritage value are concentrated. This fact allows for the development of tourism activities of great heterogeneity among countries or regions of the world that host these island ecosystems. The aim of this research was to identify and analyze, through a bibliometric and bibliographic analysis, the scientific production indexed in the international Scopus database, which addresses the subject of use of cultural and natural resources by tourism in island ecosystems. This scientific mapping allows us to observe the evolution of scientific production in this field of study. The results show that this is a new subject (a large number of transient authors), predominantly affiliated with the United States and Spain. The most followed research lines to date are destination management followed very far by responsible environmental behavior and the impacts of sustainable development. However, the keywords with the highest co-occurrence show that the hot topics are tourism exploitation in the ecotourism field and sustainable tourism development. This research is considered the first bibliometric study carried out which is related to this thematic approach, providing a clear in-depth analysis for researchers and thereby facilitating the approach of future research work.

Nutritional parameters associated with hospital admissions in patients being treated for head and neck cancer.

This study analysed nutritional parameters (baseline body mass index (BMI), weight changes and enteral nutrition (EN) use, and their association with hospital admissions during radiotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC)). A retrospective review of patients diagnosed with HNC and treated with radiotherapy between October 2012 and April 2014 was conducted. Data on each subject's diagnosis, age, sex, chemotherapy, previous surgery, EN use, weight changes, and BMI were examined for their association with hospital admissions during treatment. Eighty-three patients were included, mean age (±standard deviation) = 61 (± 11years). Thirty-four percent had self-reported weight loss at diagnosis, and mean BMI was 26.2 ± 5.3kg/m2. Mean weight change during treatment was - 5.1 ± 6.2%. Ten patients used EN, with mean weight stabilisation during EN use (0.3 ± 5.1%). Higher presenting BMI, younger age, and definitive radiotherapy ± chemotherapy predicted greater weight loss (p < 0.05). Critical weight loss ≥ 5% was associated with a higher number of hospital admissions for nutrition reasons (n = 10) (p = 0.011) compared with those without critical weight loss (n = 2). EN use was associated with a higher number of nutrition-related admissions; however, it did not predict length of stay among those admitted. Critical weight loss during radiotherapy was associated with unplanned nutrition-related hospital admissions. Higher BMI was associated with greater weight loss during radiotherapy, whilst EN use assisted in weight preservation. Further research around patient selection for nutritional interventions aimed at preventing critical weight loss and unplanned hospital admissions is needed.

Вміст селену в кормах зони Поділля України за використання в раціонах великої рогатої худоби

Вміст селену в кормах зони Поділля України за використання в раціонах великої рогатої худоби

The State Archives of the Republic of Macedonia: Use of Archival Material and Data Protection Pursuant to the Law on Personal Data Protection and the General Data Protection Regulation

The aim of this paper is to explain the position of the State Archives of the Republic of Macedonia as guardian of the archival material, which is a subject of use for scientific, academic, administrative, public, publishing, exhibition and other purposes. In the process of use of the archival material, the archivists must be very careful in order to protect confidential, sensitive, legal and other information contained in the archival material, and take some measures in relation to the personal data protection. Herein, the author, also talks about the current Law on personal data protection and the harmonisation of the national law with the European legislation.

Sampling plan in health surveys, city of São Paulo, Brazil, 2015.

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVETo evaluate the sampling plan of the Health Survey of the City of São Paulo (ISA-Capital 2015) regarding the accuracy of estimates and the conformation of domains of study by the Health Coordinations of the city of São Paulo, Brazil.METHODSWe have described the population, domains of study, and sampling procedures, including stratification, calculation of sample size, and random selection of sample units, of the Health Survey of the City of São Paulo, 2015. The estimates of proportions were analyzed in relation to precision using the coefficient of variation and the design effect. We considered suitable the coefficients below 30% at the regional level and 20% at the city level and the estimates of the design effect below 1.5. We considered suitable the strategy of establishing the Health Coordinations as domains after verifying that, within the coordinations, the estimates of proportions for the age and sex groups had the minimum acceptable precision. The estimated parameters were related to the subjects of use of services, morbidity, and self-assessment of health.RESULTSA total of 150 census tracts were randomly selected, 30 in each Health Coordination, 5,469 households were randomly selected and visited, and 4,043 interviews were conducted. Of the 115 estimates made for the domains of study, 97.4% presented coefficients of variation below 30%, and 82.6% were below 20%. Of the 24 estimates made for the total of the city, 23 presented coefficient of variation below 20%. More than two-thirds of the estimates of the design effect were below 1.5, which was estimated in the sample size calculation, and the design effect was below 2.0 for 88%.CONCLUSIONSThe ISA-Capital 2015 sample generated estimates at the predicted levels of precision at both the city and regional levels. The decision to establish the regional health coordinations of the city of São Paulo as domains of study was adequate.