Subjects In Bangladesh Research Articles

Incidence of diabetic retinopathy in Bangladesh: A 15‐year follow‐up study*

The aim of the present study was to estimate the incidence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) among type 2 diabetic (T2D) subjects in Bangladesh. A random sample of 977 patients with T2D was recruited retrospectively in 2008 from newly diagnosed T2D patients who had attended the Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorder (BIRDEM) in 1993. Baseline information for the cohort was collected for 1993 from hospital records. The mean time until development of DR in newly diagnosed T2D patients was calculated using survival analysis. Cox's proportional hazards model was used to assess factors affecting the time until development of DR. The cumulative incidence of DR over the 15-year period was 50.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 47.5%-53.8%). The incidence density (per 100 person-years) of DR was similar in the overall cohort (4.1; 95% CI 3.7-4.5) and in men (4.2; 95% CI 3.7-4.7) and women (4.1; 95% CI 3.6-4.6) separately. The mean time (in years) until development of DR in the cohort was 9.72 (95% CI 9.38-10.06), with similar times in men (9.8; 95% CI 9.3-10.3) and women (9.6; 95% CI 9.5-10.1) analyzed separately. Age, sex, hypertension, lipid profile, HbA1c, and serum creatinine were entered into the hazards model simultaneously. However, only age (hazard ratio [HR] 0.75; 95% CI 0.61-0.92) and HbA1c (HR 0.52; 95% CI 0.33-0.82) had a significant effect on the time until development of DR. Glucose deregulation is the most important factor in the development of DR.

Biochemical, Virological, Immunological and Histopathological Features of 702 Incidentally Detected Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Carriers in Bangladesh

Background/Aims: Simultaneous assessment of biochemical, virological, and histological parameters of incidentally detected chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected subjects in Bangladesh were done to develop strategies for containment of HBV and management of liver diseases of these patients. Methods: A total of 702 chronic HBV carriers detected incidentally were enrolled in the study. Levels of HBV DNA and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in sera were measured. The extent of hepatic inflammation and liver fibrosis was evaluated in all patients by examining liver biopsy specimens. Results: Of the 702 patients, 358 (50.7%) exhibited HBV DNA levels >10⁵ copies/ml. ALT levels were above the upper limit of normal (ULN; >42 U/l) in more than 50% of the patients. High levels of HBV DNA (>10⁵ copies/ml), increased ALT (>1.0 × ULN), moderate hepatic inflammation (HAI-NI ≥7) and severe hepatic fibrosis (HAI-F ≥3) were detected in 60 patients. Conclusion: As considerable numbers of apparently healthy subjects are unaware of the fact that they are chronically infected by HBV, many of whom have already developed progressive liver damage, emergency strategies would be needed for the containment and management of HBV infection in developing countries.

Preventing renal and cardiovascular risk by renal function assessment: insights from a cross-sectional study in low-income countries and the USA

ObjectiveTo assess the prevalence of microalbuminuria and kidney dysfunction in low-income countries and in the USA.DesignCross-sectional study of screening programmes in five countries.SettingScreening programmes in Nepal, Bolivia, the USA (National...

Serum and urinary magnesium in young diabetic subjects in Bangladesh

Magnesium imbalance, implicated in diabetes mellitus both as a cause and a consequence, has not yet been investigated in subgroups of subjects with malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus. which is prevalent in young patients in tropical developing countries such as Bangladesh. The present study evaluated the serum and urinary magnesium concentrations in groups of young diabetic subjects in Bangladesh. Forty patients newly diagnosed with diabetes [13 with fibrocalculus pancreatic diabetes (FCPD), 13 with protein-deficient diabetes (PDDM), and 14 with type 2 diabetes mellitus] were studied along with 13 healthy control and 13 malnourished control subjects [body mass index (in kg/m2) < 19]. Magnesium was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Malnutrition itself was not related to the serum glucose (fasting: 3.68+/-0.74 and 4.11+/-0.29 mmol/L; postprandial: 6.30+/-0.41 and 6.00+/-0.24 mmol/L for healthy and malnourished control subjects, respectively) or serum or urinary magnesium (serum: 0.73+/-0.03 and 0.75+/-0.05 mmol/L: urinary: 232+/-124 and 243+/-88 mmol Mg/mol creatinine for healthy and malnourished control subjects, respectively) concentration. Subjects with FCPD and PDDM had significantly lower serum magnesium concentrations (PDDM: 0.68+/-0.06 mmol/L, FCPD: 0.66+/-0.07 mmol/L) than those in both control groups. In contrast with 0% of healthy and 7.7% of malnourished control subjects, 42.85% of type 2 diabetic subjects, 61.54% of those with PDDM, and 69.23% of those with FCPD were hypomagnesemic. Subjects with FCPD and PDDM had significantly higher urinary excretion of magnesium than the healthy and malnourished control subjects and the type 2 diabetic subjects. Hypermagnesuria paralleled hypomagnesemia. Malnutrition may not itself give rise to glucose intolerance, and serum magnesium deficiency seems to be a consequence rather than a cause of diabetes mellitus.