Subject Family Research Articles

Birth Order and Family Size of UK Biobank Subjects Identified as Asexual, Bisexual, Heterosexual, or Homosexual According to Self-Reported Sexual Histories.

This study used a recently developed statistical technique to investigate the relations between various elements of a subject's family background and the odds of that subject reporting a sexual history indicative of a minority sexual orientation. The subjects were 78,983 men and 92,150 women who completed relevant questionnaire items in the UK Biobank, a large-scale biomedical database of volunteers aged 40-69 years. The men were divided into three sexual minority groups-homosexual, bisexual, and asexual-and a comparison group of heterosexual men. The same was done for the women. The analytic procedure consisted of logistic regressions specifically designed to disentangle the effects of birth order and family size. The results showed that older brothers increased the odds of homosexuality in both men and women, and that older sisters increased the odds in men. In contrast, neither older brothers or older sisters affected the odds of bisexuality or asexuality in men or in women. These results suggest that birth order effects may be specific to homosexuality and not common to all minority orientations. The only family size finding was the negative association between family size and the odds of asexuality in both men and women. The outcomes of this study indicate that the maternal immune hypothesis, which was advanced to explain the relation between older brothers and homosexuality in later-born males, might have to be abandoned or else expanded to explain the findings concerning females. A few such modifications are considered.

Understanding The Danger of Bullying: A Phenomenological Study on Female College Students As Victims of Cyberbullying

Cyberbullying in social media until now is a problem that has not been appropriately resolved. The presence of social media certainly has consequences in human life, including shaping cyberbullying behaviour itself. Cyberbullying is an aggressive behaviour that is carried out deliberately and repeatedly by individuals and groups using telecommunication media to harm others emotionally and psychologically so that it has an impact on the lives of individuals as victims of cyberbullying. Therefore, this study seeks to explore how to describe the dangers of bullying for students who become victims of cyberbullying. This research uses a qualitative phenomenological approach. The subjects of this study are three students who are active on social media networks and have been victims of cyberbullying. Purposive sampling techniques are used to find research subjects. Data results are analyzed using phenomenological analysis. Research shows that three of the victims have been victims of cyberbullying. Besides that, sequentially, the psychological dynamics of the third subject start with the Subject's family state, the Subject, the personality of the Subject, the Subject's daily activities, cyberbullying, the dangers of cyberbullying, and the preventive efforts of cyberbullying.

A Survey on Prevalence of Respiratory Tract Infections in Paediatrics

The study includes a survey on various Respiratory Tract Infections emerging among pediatrics of age groups ranging from 1 month to 12 years, at various Hospitals in and around the Nandyal region of Andhra Pradesh, India. The study was conducted with a questionnaire-based survey with informed assent forms from the parents of the 144 minor male and female subjects, 44.4% and 55.6% respectively among each gender. Among the study subjects, 75% were from urban regions and 25% were from rural regions. Results revealed upper Respiratory Tract Infections of which 30.6% of subjects were infected with Otitis media, 11.1% were infected with Sinusitis, and 2.7% were diagnosed with Tonsillitis. The lower Respiratory Tract Infections of which 30.6% of subjects were infected with Pneumonia, 11.1% were infected, and 11.1% were infected with Tuberculosis. Disorders related to Shortness of Breath were Bronchitis observed among 33.3% with Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnoea, 22.2% with Dyspnoea, and 11.1% were infected with Orthopnea. Among the study population, 52.8% reported experiencing with history of respiratory tract illness, and 50% of the subject's family members with positive history of RTI.

PEMEROLEHAN BAHASA INDONESIA TATARAN KELAS KATA PADA ANAK USIA EMPAT TAHUN

The focus of the study of this research is the acquisition of the Indonesian language of the research subjects by paying attention to language production at the word class level of the subjects. The approach used in this study is descriptive qualitative because it intends to understand phenomena about the experiences of research subjects such as behavior, perceptions, motivations, actions, and others by way of descriptions in the form of words in a special or natural context with natural methods. The data collection technique used was the transcription of the recording results, and interviews with informants who were the subject's family. The form of data is in the form of transcription results and additional notes. The analysis technique in this study was carried out by recording transcripts and recording observations in the field, then coded to make it easier to track data, collect and classify data, then find patterns and relationships. The results of the study show that in the context of playing and carrying out daily activities at home, five types of word classes have been found that have been produced by the subject, namely verbs, nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and numerals. The production of word classes which are mostly produced are verbs and nouns, while the word classes of adjectives, pronouns, and numerals are still little produced. On the basis of the results of these observations, the subject can be classified as a child who has a speech delay, because he has not mastered the construction of sentences using particles and conjunctions as a complement.

Police body‐worn camera policies as democratic deficits? Comparing public support for policy alternatives

AbstractResearch SummaryPolicies that govern the use of body‐worn cameras (BWCs) by police vary widely between American cities. However, it is currently unclear whether citizen preferences for these policies vary in a similar manner. More specifically, do BWC policies reflect citizen preferences or are existing policies disfavored by a majority of the public? To investigate these questions, we randomly sampled 1000 respondents for each of the three representative metropolitan areas, Los Angeles, CA; Seattle, WA; and Charlotte, NC, in addition to a further 1000 Americans across the country to inquire about policy preferences. We found that most respondents prefer the BWC policies recommended by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) to those currently implemented in their regional police departments. In other words, elements of the BWC policies in Los Angeles, Seattle, and Charlotte do not reflect residents’ preferences.Policy ImplicationsThe policy stating that footage access should be given to parents of minors, a deceased subject's family members, or anyone filmed in an encounter, a model promoted by ACLU, is a clear favorite in the United States at large, but also in the three cities we studied. The policy stating that footage access should not be given to superior officers to find disciplinary infractions, also backed by the ACLU, is less popular among Americans at large and residents of Seattle. Beyond the high support for BWCs within the American population, decision makers need to make sure that the policies that govern the use of this tool respect democratic principles. Therefore, the voice of citizens needs to be heard to avoid a democratic deficit.

Impact of Family Burden: A Case Study Re-pasung of People with Mental Illness

The burden faced by families in caring for family members with mental illness is one important indicator in re-pasung actions. The purpose of this study was to describe the burden of the family in caring for people with mental illness post pasung which causes re-pasung. Qualitative design with a multiple instrumental case study approach using two cases chosen to provide an understanding of the re-pasung case. Six people participated in this study who were selected through a purposive sampling method. The data collection was carried out by in-depth interviews with the case subject's family. Four categories were produced in this study, namely alternative therapy as an initial step in handling mental illness, pasung as a crisis management strategy, release of pasung and treatment in hospital, and re-pasung as a result of burden on the family. Subjective and objective burdens that can not be handled are predictors of re-pasung.

FAKTOR PENYEBAB PERILAKU SODOMI PADA REMAJA (STUDI DI LEMBAGA PEMBINAAN KHUSUS ANAK PEKANBARU)

Deviant behavior of sodomy is not only did by man but also did by adolescents. Sodomies in young age would serving their punishment at the Children Correctional Institution (LPKA), which was previously called children correctional institution. This research was conducted to determine what factors are behind the sodomy behavior in adolescents. The research was conducted in January-March 2020, located in LPKA Pekanbaru, Penitentiary street No.04, Muara Fajar, Rumbai sub district, Pekanbaru City, Riau. This research used descriptive qualitative method. Data obtained qualitatively and will present in a descriptive way. The research subjects were two children assisted by inmates with sodomy cases. Subject characteristics consist of: 1) age about 15 years old, 2) last education on Primary School and 3) sodomy cases. Data collection were done by observation, in-depth interviews and documentation. Data analysis used triangulation, which analyzed the results of interviews between subjects, LPKA officers and the subject's family. The results of this research found that the factors causing adolescents to do sodomy are: 1. Lack of parental supervision, 2. Previous perpetrators were victims of sodomy committed by adults and felt vengeful so that they took it out on younger children, 3. Cause of porn videos of homo sexual that watched by the perpetrators.

The Life and Loves of E. Nesbit: Victorian Iconoclast, Children's Author, and Creator of The Railway Children by Eleanor Fitzsimons

Reviewed by: The Life and Loves of E. Nesbit: Victorian Iconoclast, Children's Author, and Creator of The Railway Children by Eleanor Fitzsimons Claudia Nelson (bio) The Life and Loves of E. Nesbit: Victorian Iconoclast, Children's Author, and Creator of The Railway Children by Eleanor Fitzsimons. Abrams, 2019. Edith Nesbit may well have led the most engrossing life of any children's writer. There's something to fascinate everyone here. Nesbit's domestic conduct overturns the stereotypes of Victorian middle-class propriety; after marrying her first husband, Hubert Bland, two months before the birth of their first child, she passed off as hers two of his children by her friend and companion Alice Hoatson, who became an indispensable part of the Bland-Nesbit household even as Nesbit herself indulged in a lengthy series of romantic friendships—or perhaps romances—with male protégés. Nesbit's intellectual deportment is equally eye-catching, given her passionate commitment to ideologies ranging from socialism (the nonviolent brand espoused by the Fabians, of whom Nesbit was a founding member) to [End Page 179] the belief that Francis Bacon was the real author of Shakespeare's plays. And, of course, she published poems, plays, nonfiction, horror stories, New Woman fiction, and—particularly beloved and influential—children's literature. Small wonder, then, that since her death in 1924, Nesbit has attracted multiple biographers. The first of these, Doris Langley Moore, had the advantage of direct contact with Nesbit intimates including Hoatson and Nesbit's adopted daughter, Rosamund. First published in 1933, Moore's E. Nesbit: A Biography was revised and reissued in 1968 after the deaths of its subject's immediate family members made possible greater candor; this account of Nesbit's life thus has a particularly good claim to authenticity and necessarily functions as an important source for any subsequent biographer. Moore's most significant successor in this role, Julia Briggs, published A Woman of Passion: The Life of E. Nesbit in 1987. Briggs, a distinguished academic whose subjects also included Virginia Woolf, produced both in and beyond her Nesbit biography what remain some of the most brilliant and insightful readings of the author's children's fiction available; her work is indispensable to any scholar interested in Nesbit's writing for the young. Other biographies, ranging from Noel Streatfeild's quirky Magic and the Magician: E. Nesbit and Her Children's Books (1958) to Elisabeth Galvin's The Extraordinary Life of E. Nesbit (2018), thus have serious competition in vying for the attention of the Nesbit devotee. Nesbit's most recent biographer, Eleanor Fitzsimons, is a journalist specializing in historical and women's issues; she is also the author of Wilde's Women: How Oscar Wilde Was Shaped by the Women He Knew (2015). The Life and Loves of E. Nesbit reflects its author's strong interest in historical detail, which appears to overshadow her interest in literary content. What is most admirable about this new biography is Fitzsimons's extensive research. Not only has she tracked down some hard-to-find throwaway publications from Nesbit's years as a hack writer, she also takes the trouble to provide the reader with thumbnail sketches of an immense cast of supporting characters. To take an example at random, we are informed that "[Nesbit's niece] Dorothea and Richard's youngest daughter, Pamela, a poet, died in mysterious circumstances when she apparently fell from a cliff on March 27, 1935. She was twenty years old. Diana, their eldest daughter, also died young. Richard married for a second time in November 1935, but his wife Edith Harriet Weston, an American, died less than four months later. He left for America in 1940 but returned to Capri in 1947 and died there on December 22" (223). This passage, which appears in a footnote, is an aside in the book, but it nonetheless suggests both what is pleasurable and what is tedious in this biography. Fitzsimons's willingness to educate herself and her readers helps bring Nesbit's world to life, but simultaneously there is a remarkable dearth of interpretation. Rarely do we hear why tangential material (in this case, events occurring a decade or two after Nesbit...

Gray matter changes in asymptomatic C9orf72 and GRN mutation carriers.

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a neurodegenerative disease with a strong genetic basis. Understanding the structural brain changes during pre-symptomatic stages may allow for earlier diagnosis of patients suffering from FTD; therefore, we investigated asymptomatic members of FTD families with mutations in C9orf72 and granulin (GRN) genes. Clinically asymptomatic subjects from families with C9orf72 mutation (15 mutation carriers, C9orf72+; and 23 non-carriers, C9orf72−) and GRN mutations (9 mutation carriers, GRN+; and 15 non-carriers, GRN−) underwent structural neuroimaging (MRI). Cortical thickness and subcortical gray matter volumes were calculated using FreeSurfer. Group differences were evaluated, correcting for age, sex and years to mean age of disease onset within the subject's family. Mean age of C9orf72+ and C9orf72− were 42.6 ± 11.3 and 49.7 ± 15.5 years, respectively; while GRN+ and GRN− groups were 50.1 ± 8.7 and 53.2 ± 11.2 years respectively. The C9orf72+ group exhibited cortical thinning in the temporal, parietal and frontal regions, as well as reduced volumes of bilateral thalamus and left caudate compared to the entire group of mutation non-carriers (NC: C9orf72− and GRN− combined). In contrast, the GRN+ group did not show any significant differences compared to NC. C9orf72 mutation carriers demonstrate a pattern of reduced gray matter on MRI prior to symptom onset compared to GRN mutation carriers. These findings suggest that the preclinical course of FTD differs depending on the genetic basis and that the choice of neuroimaging biomarkers for FTD may need to take into account the specific genes involved in causing the disease.

Risk factors for learning problems in youth with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures.

This study examined the risk factors for learning problems (LP) in pediatric psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) and their specificity by comparing psychopathology, medical, cognitive/linguistic/achievement, bullying history, and parent education variables between subjects with PNES with and without LP and between subjects with PNES and siblings with LP. 55 subjects with PNES and 35 siblings, aged 8-18years, underwent cognitive, linguistic, and achievement testing, and completed somatization and anxiety sensitivity questionnaires. A semi-structured psychiatric interview about the child was administered to each subject and parent. Child self-report and/or parent report provided information on the presence/absence of LP. Parents also provided each subject's medical, psychiatric, family, and bullying history information. Sixty percent (33/55) of the PNES and 49% (17/35) of the sibling subjects had LP. A multivariable logistic regression demonstrated that bullying and impaired formulation of a sentence using a stimulus picture and stimulus word were significantly associated with increased likelihood of LP in the PNES youth. In terms of the specificity of the LP risk factors, a similar analysis comparing LP in the youth with PNES and sibling groups identified anxiety disorder diagnoses and bullying as the significant risk factors associated with LP in the PNES youth. These findings emphasize the need to assess youth with PNES for LP, particularly if they have experienced bullying, have linguistic deficits, and meet criteria for anxiety disorder diagnoses.

Identifying musical difficulties as they relate to congenital amusia in the pediatric population

Introductions/ObjectivesApproximately 4% of the population fails to develop basic music skills and can be identified as “amusic”. Congenital amusia (CA), or “tone deafness”, is thought to be a hereditary disordera predominantly affecting the perception and production of music. The gold standard for diagnosis is the Montreal Battery for Evaluation of Amusia (MBEA). This study aims to pinpoint factors in the history that may help identify amusic children and to determine if amusic pediatric patients can be identified using a widely available, shorter test validated in adults. MethodsSubjects ages 7–17 years were recruited to take an online test, validated against the MBEA, for CA. The sections tested recognition of “off-beat” (OB), “mistuned” (MT), and “out-of-key” (OOK) conditions. Parents filled out a questionnaire regarding the subject's past medical, educational, musical exposure, and family history. ResultsOf 114 subjects recruited, complete data was available on 105 with a mean age of 12.5 years. According to adult criteria, 63/105 (60%) of subjects scored in the “amusic” range. Children >10 years of age scored significantly higher on the off-beat section (p=0.001) and total scores (p=0.025). Subjects who were born prematurely scored significantly lower (p=0.045). Children whose father had difficulties with music scored significantly lower on the off-beat section (p=0.003) and total scores (p=0.008). ConclusionsCA is a disorder that has implications for quality of life. Earlier identification may help elucidate the pathogenesis of the condition and, in the future, the institution of prompt treatment. Further studies are needed to identify the most appropriate and convenient tests, as well as the optimal timing of testing, for reliably diagnosing CA in children.

The Ethics of Contacting Family Members of a Subject in a Genetic Research Study to Return Results for an Autosomal Dominant Syndrome

This case explores the ethical landscape around recontacting a subject's relatives to return genetic research results when the informed consent form signed by the original cohort of subjects is silent on whether investigators may share new information with the research subject's family. As a result of rapid advances in genetic technology, methods to identify genetic markers can mature during the life course of a study. In this case, the investigators identified the genetic mutation responsible for the disorder after a number of their original subjects had died. The researchers now have the ability to inform relatives of the subject about their risk of developing the same disease. Mark Rothstein, JD, from the University of Louisville School of Medicine, provides an overview of the medical/scientific, legal, and ethical issues underlying this case. Lauren Milner, PhD, and colleagues at Stanford University explore how the relationship between researcher and subject affect this debate. Seema Shah, JD, and colleagues at the National Institutes of Health and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) discuss whether and how requirements of the duty to warn are applicable in this case.

Should Researchers Disclose Results to Descendants?

One of the possible benefits of new genetic research is that genetic information discovered about a research subject may have important implications for the health of a research subject's family me...

LDL-cholesterol and body mass index among Japanese schoolchildren: a population-based cross-sectional study

BackgroundSerum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is one of the most important risk factors for coronary heart disease. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between LDL-C and body mass index (BMI) in population-based Japanese schoolchildren.MethodsThe subjects comprised all fourth graders and seventh graders in Ina Town, Saitama Prefecture, Japan, during 2002-2009. Information about each subject’s age, sex, and family history of hypercholesterolemia was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. The body height, weight, and LDL-C were measured for each child. LDL-C was measured using the direct method. According to the LDL-C criteria of the Japan Atherosclerosis Society, LDL-C level was categorized into three subgroups: acceptable, < 110 mg/dL; borderline, 110-139 mg/dL; and high, ≥ 140 mg/dL. Children with either borderline or high LDL-C level were considered to have high-normal LDL-C (HLDL-C).ResultsData from a total of 5869 subjects were analyzed. A higher BMI category was associated with a higher prevalence of HLDL-C regardless of sex or grade level (P < 0.05). When compared with the <50th percentile BMI category, the odds ratio (OR) for HLDL-C was statistically significant in the 75th to 84th percentile category of fourth-grade boys (OR: 1.95, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.28-2.97), the 85th to 94th percentile of fourth-grade girls (2.52, 1.74-3.64), and the 85th to 94th percentile of seventh-grade boys (2.04, 1.31-3.20) and girls (1.90, 1.24-2.91).ConclusionA statistically significant association between LDL-C levels and BMI was observed in Japanese school children.

Epidemiological study of sleep habits among four-and-a-half-year-old children in Japan

To date, only limited epidemiological data on the sleep habits of young children in Japan have been available. This study used representative samples to examine the sleep habits of four-and-a-half-year-old children in Japan. We used data from a nationwide cross-sectional survey. A member of each subject's family was asked to complete the questionnaire. The questionnaire included personal characteristics, sleep habits, and lifestyle. The data for 39,813 subject children (collection rate: 74.3%) were analyzed. The mean value of total sleep duration, night-time sleep duration, and daytime napping duration was 10 h 40 min 30 s, 9 h 53 min 0 s, and 46 min 24 s, respectively. The prevalence of daytime napping was 45.8%. Those whose total sleep duration was less than 10h accounted for 13.7% of the sample. The factors associated with high odds ratios for shorter total sleep duration were: living in a less populated area, long hours spent watching television, longer maternal work hours, and attending preschool. In attempting to devise ways of improving the sleep habits of young children, the lifestyles of both the children and their parents must be considered.

P-1417 - History of bullying preceding suicide attempt

Introduction Numerous studies demonstrate that bullying in childhood correlates with suicide attempts and completed suicide in children. There is very little scientific literature, however, on the suicidogenic consequences of bullying in adulthood, either preceded by bullying in childhood or in the absence of it. The aim of this study is to explore the history of bullying in parasuicide in adult personnel. Methods We re-analyzed data from a prior empirical study of the psychodynamics of suicidal behavior in the sample consisted of 30 subjects (24 females and 6 males). These were individuals hospitalized at the Clinic for Toxicology, at the Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, following attempted suicide by self-poisoning. Data had originally been collected during psychotherapeutic crisis intervention. The mean age was 28.20 (± 12.46; range, 15–57 years). Most (63.3%) were single. Results 86,7% of suicide attempters had a history of bullying just preceding the suicide attempt: 53,3% by their mother or father (emotionally mistreated and/or physically bullied), 23,3% by their conjugal partner (sexually neglected and/or emotionally harassed, or physically bullied), and 10% by persons in their social network (emotionally neglected and/or bullied). We also present vignettes which illustrate these relationships. Conclusions To place parasuicide in a psychotherapeutic context, therapists must recognize that the identification and management of recent bullying is of central import. It crucially informs the type of intervention required when involving a conjugal partner or members of the suicidal subject's family of origin. This ensures successful psychotherapeutic crisis intervention following suicide attempt.

Economic Evaluation of a 100% Whey-Based Partially Hydrolyzed Formula for the Prevention of Atopic Dermatitis Among Swiss Children: Preliminary Results

Background and aims: An economic analysis was undertaken to determine the cost-effectiveness of a partially hydrolyzed infant formula (PHF-W) (BEBA-HA®, Nestlé S.A, Switzerland) compared to standard cow's milk formula (SF) in the prevention of atopic dermatitis (AD) in at-risk Swiss children not exclusively breastfed. Methods: The model synthesized treatment pathways (medical treatment and, in some cases, formula change), resource utilization and costs associated with the management of AD in Switzerland. The final outcome was the expected cost difference per avoided case of AD (ECD/AC) for PHF-W vs. SF, presented from three perspectives: Ministry of Health (MOH), subject's family and society (SOC). A secondary analysis compared PHF-W to extensively hydrolyzed formula (EHF) in prevention. Results: By selecting PHF-W over SF, 1618 AD cases were expected to be avoided in a birth cohort of 22442 at-risk infants with expected additional costs of 1098 CHF from the MOH perspective, and expected savings of 2067 CHF and 970 CHF from family and SOC perspectives, respectively. The main cost drivers were formula (MOH and SOC) and time loss (family). PHF-W yielded 11.1M CHF savings against EHF when EHF was assumed to be used in prevention. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the model. Conclusion: Under a range of assumptions, this analysis has established the dominance of PHF-W over SF from the family and SOC perspectives and attractive cost-effectiveness from the MOH perspective in the prevention of AD in Switzerland. Accordingly, PHF-W should be more widely adopted, and its reimbursement should be considered in at-risk infants.

Identification of a gene variant in the master regulator of lipid metabolism SREBP-1 in a family with a novel form of severe combined hypolipidemia

ObjectiveAlterations of lipid metabolism play a pivotal role in the development of atherosclerosis and its complications, today's major mortality risks. The predominant regulators controlling cholesterol- and fatty acids synthesis in liver are the sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs), a family of transcription factors that were formerly identified as cholesterol sensor for LDLR gene expression. Variation of gene structure in these genes might therefore indicate a predisposition to develop complications like myocardial infarction and stroke. MethodsWe investigated 190 unrelated German subjects, including 69 subjects with LDL-cholesterol <55mg/dl, for mutations in SREBP genes SREBF-1 and SREBF-2 by direct sequencing. The impact on SREBP functionality was analyzed by protein biochemical analyses, promoter reporter gene assays and gene expression studies. ResultsA missense mutation in SREBF-1 (c.332 C>T; P111L) was identified in a subject with LDL-cholesterol <5mg/dl. Examination of the subject's family confirmed the mutation in two of three siblings. Detailed clinical evaluation of these subjects disclose a novel form of primary combined hypolipidemia only in SREBP-1a P111L carriers, characterized by low levels of apoB and apoA1, low triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol levels. Functional analyses indicated that the mutation abolishes phosphorylation of SREBP-1. As a consequence transcriptional activation of classical target genes, i.e. LDLR, HMG-CoAR, FAS, ABCA1, but also MTTP, was dramatically reduced. ConclusionsPhosphorylation of SREBP-1, the master regulator of genes for central rate limiting enzymes of cholesterol and lipid metabolism, appears to be a biological principle with clinical implications.

Subjective and Objective Premonitory Symptoms as Epileptic Prodromes

To investigate the prevalence of epileptic prodromes, 293 subjects with epilepsy, ranging in age from 12 to 72 years, were interviewed. Sixty subjects (20.5%) had generalized epilepsies and 233 (79.5%) had localization-related epilepsies. Twenty-one subjects (7.2%) were found to have experienced prodromes. These prodromes were classified as "subjective" if the subject himself or herself perceived them, or "objective" if the subject's family or friends noted the symptoms while the subject did not. Although it is necessary to differentiate between a prodrome and a simple partial seizure, it is important to recognize the prodrome as an anticipating factor of an epileptic incident.

Obesity and its association with diets and sedentary life style among school children in Seoul, Korea: Compliance with Dietary References Intakes for Koreans food guides

This study compared obese children's food group intakes with the new Dietary References Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) food guides for 5th-6th grade school children. This study also determined the extent of sedentary life styles related with obesity in this area of children. This is a cross-sectional study of 799 school children. The dietitian sent a survey form describing the project and a questionnaire to the subject's family. The questionnaire included child demographics, family history of chronic diseases, the daily servings of five food groups, such as grains, meat and beans, dairy products, fruits, and vegetables. The daily or weekly hours of physical activity, television viewing, and computer usage were also surveyed. Obesity index (%) of the subjects was calculated, and children with an obesity index (%) equal to or greater than 20 were classified as the obese. Among the 799 participants, 50.7% were female. The percentages of the normal and the obese were 691 (86.5%) and 108 (13.5%) respectively. Obese children reported eating less vegetables (p<0.05), more high sugar snacks (p<0.05), and high fat snacks (p<0.05) than normal children. No significant differences in food servings of grains, meats and beans, and fruits, and dairy products between the normal and the obese were shown. Obese children reported fewer hours of physical activities (p<0.05) and more hours of computer usage (p<0.05) than normal children. Girls showed less likelihood of being obese (odds ratio, 0.575, CI (0.38, 0.87), p<0.05). More hours of physical activity significantly decreased the likelihood of being obese (odds ratio, 0.572, CI (0.35, 0.92), p<0.05). Family history of obesity almost doubled the likelihood of obesity in children (odds ratio, 2.653, CI (1.660, 4.241), p<0.05). In conclusion, frequent snacking, inadequate vegetable consumption, and sedentary lifestyle increased significantly the likelihood of obesity in children, which suggest that obesity intervention in this age group should focuse more on those variables.