Subjective Demand Research Articles

Study on the Practice and Problems of Performance Pay in Chinese Universities

The implementation subject of performance pay consists of three levels: school, college and individual teacher. The research finds that the construction path of performance pay has some problems, such as complexity in control, extensiveness in connection and lag in incentive, due to the diversity of the subject's demands. Through the empirical study on the practice of performance pay in a university in Tianjin, this paper tries to put forward some suggestions for optimization and adjustment, so as to improve the efficiency of university governance.

Procedural Theory of the Subject of Law and Non-human Animals: criteria for recognition of legal subjectivity from the perspective of critical theory

This article has the following research problem: what is it like to be a subject of law? As a general objective, it aims to understand how the subject of law is formed. As a specific objective, it intends to answer the following question: are non-human animals subject of law? It is based on the assumption of a critical and analytical theory of law. By this, we mean that we will focus on the relationship between the individual and the norm. As a result, we obtain three processes for the formation of the subject of law. The emancipatory process is responsible for the struggle to form and transform the individual into a subject. The recognition process presupposes that there is in interspecies relations a connection between the subjects of law already consolidated and those who have just entered the legal norm. The subjectification process and personification process refers to the legal system's granting of personality in the face of the claimant subject's demands. Thus, we can conclude that non-human animals are not considered subjects of law because they do not dominate the language and cannot fight against legal domination and exercise by themselves their rights and duties, an elementary and indispensable condition for the configuration of this legal category. Thus, one contributes to the thesis of the procedural theory of the subject of law to the extent that one can reduce contingencies and social complexity, being them directly proportional. This does not mean that animals cannot be protected. The environmental protection established in the Federal Constitution is apt and efficient for such exercise since these non-human animals will be considered centers of legal imputation and deserving of security based on environmental law, and not in their condition as subjects of law. The methodology used to develop this reasoning is the integrated revision and bibliographical research

Non-invasive neurally adjusted ventilatory assist in rabbits with acute lung injury

Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist uses the electrical activity of the diaphragm (EAdi)--a pneumatically-independent signal--to control the timing and pressure of the ventilation delivered, and should not be affected by leaks. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether NAVA can deliver assist in synchrony and proportionally to EAdi after extubation, with a leaky non-invasive interface. Prospective, controlled experimental study in an animal laboratory. Ten rabbits, anesthetized, mechanically ventilated. Following lung injury, the following was performed in sequential order: (1) NAVA delivered via oral endotracheal tube with PEEP; (2) same as (1) without PEEP; (3) non-invasive NAVA at unchanged NAVA level and no PEEP via a single nasal prong; (4) no assist; (5) non-invasive NAVA at progressively increasing NAVA levels. EAdi, esophageal pressure, blood gases and hemodynamics were measured during each condition. For the same NAVA level, the mean delivered pressure above PEEP increased from 3.9 +/ 1.4 cmH2O (intubated) to 7.5 +/- 3.8 cmH2O (non-invasive) (p<0.05) because of increased EAdi. No changes were observed in PaO2 and PaCO2. Increasing the NAVA level fourfold during non-invasive NAVA restored EAdi and esophageal pressure swings to pre-extubation levels. Triggering (106 +/- 20 ms) and cycling-off delays (40 +/- 21 ms) during intubation were minimal and not worsened by the leak (95 +/- 13 ms and 33 +/- 9 ms, respectively). NAVA can be effective in delivering non-invasive ventilation even when the interface with the patient is excessively leaky, and can unload the respiratory muscles while maintaining synchrony with the subject's demand.

The practical theory of occupational health planning: Part One--The theoretical background of the target population setting and needs assessment procedures (OPST research report 2)

The OPSS is an 8 stage program which was developed as a practical tool for occupational health services planning. This paper examines the theoretical aspects of the first two stages. The OPSS is a planning tool with a theoretical grounding in OHP (The practical theory of Occupational Health Planning). The target population setting has two functions. The first is to establish the physician's first-hypothesis to design a program. The other is deciding the group which has an occupational health problem in a company. The Needs Assessment helps to clarify the physician's hypothesis, which may be weak due to the limited knowledge of various demands of the employees and senior management. On the other hand, the risks and needs vary according to what kind of expert looks at a situation. To date, occupational physicians have been limited to their medical background in determining only risks and needs. However, understanding the various stakeholders in a particular environment means that any project will be more relevant to all concerned. Another limitation of the occupational physicians hypothesis can be the lack of objective data to support it. This makes it difficult to persuade senior management to sign on to a program. The Needs Assessment procedure with OHQ steps is useful in a number of ways. The Observation step allows for finding risks and needs from various situations in the company from the occupational physician's viewpoint (prehypothesis setting). Hearing is for understanding the subject's demands and finding common themes in the company (final hypothesis setting). Finally, the questionnaire step is for providing objectivity of these common themes and quantitative data for the next Priority Setting procedure. The BITOP (Budget, Information, Time, Order, key Person) has been proposed as a way to diagnose the structural and functional aspects of an organization's procedures. Budget tracks the financial flow through the organization, while Information identifies key information sources. Time helps to understand the reaction speeds of a company against environmental changes in the business community. Order looks at the flow of information from senior management through strategic gatekeepers. Understanding this flow helps the occupational physician to identify specific issues at various levels of the organization. Finally, key Person looks at the flow of information up through the organization, and identifies which key executives the occupational physician needs cooperation from in order for the project to be approved and successful. The above two procedures are essential tasks for insuring that an occupational physician can effectively implement a project that identifies what is necessary for the company and what the company wants to do, and works effectively within the organizational structure.

Discussion of On the Usefulness of Financial Accounting Information to Security Analysts

Pankoff and Virgil have presented an ingenious and ambitious laboratory experiment. The purpose of experiment, in words of authors, is measure of accounting and other information to professional security analysts who participate as subjects in our laboratory stock market. Usefulness of information is defined as the extent to which information facilitates decision-making. On basis of this general definition, Pankoff and Virgil propose five complementary measures of usefulness of a given information item. These are: (1) subject's demand for item (2) degree to which item affects subject's forecasts (3) extent to which item leads to good forecasts (4) degree to which item affects subject's decisions (5) extent to which item leads to good decisions. Although authors state that their experiment yields data concerning all five of these measures, paper presents results on only four(1), (2), (3) and (5). Pankoff and Virgil should be commended for their view that there are many valid ways to assess of an information item-including all of five which they suggest. All too often in accounting literature, we see statements to effect that there is only one correct way to assess of information. For example, Beaver, Kennelly, and Voss' take exceedingly narrow view that information is useful