Subjectivist Approach Research Articles

Competing claims over access to land in Rwanda: Legal pluralism, power and subjectivities

In sub-Saharan Africa claims over access to land are often studied from the perspective of legal pluralism. This approach allows us to comprehend how, in pluralistic and post-colonial contexts, access to land is governed by interacting and competing normative frameworks, and by power relations legitimising some of those frameworks over others. But which power relations are we referring to? Through the analysis of a case of marshland grabbing in Rwanda, this paper first introduces different concepts from legal anthropology (arena, forum shopping and shopping forums, semi-autonomous social fields, practical norms and institutional bricolage) to analyse claims around land with a legal pluralism approach. Then, the paper points to the limitations of an actor-oriented approach to power relations proposed by the legal pluralism literature in terms of claims over access to land. Finally, we explore how a subjectivist approach to power, focussing on the ways people’s desires are influenced without them being fully aware of it, can enrich our understanding of claims over land access.

Perception of the Moral Development of the Child With Autoimmune Disease by Clinicians and Researchers

This article presents an analysis about meanings that clinicians and researchers have regarding the autonomy of the mature minor with autoimmune disease, which could lead to different power practices during the moment of taking the informed consent, keeping in mind the doctrine of the minor mature. Consequently, the role of clinicians and researchers in contributing to the moral development or autonomy of the child. The objective was to describe the meanings or perceptions of doctors and researchers, at the time of informed consent, in relation to the autonomy or moral development of the child with autoimmune disease, arising from their experiences, knowledge and prior conceptions of the child. The methodology used was of a qualitative nature with a subjectivist and interpretative approach and a transversal scope. Semi-structured interviews were applied to 21 people, researchers and doctors, who attend children with autoimmune diseases, whose data were analyzed through the Atlas Ti program. 8.0. In conclusion, the informed consent is a process of assertive communication ethical model that seeks the moral structuring of the child beyond what is perceived by the clinician or researcher, in addition the clinicians and researchers consider that to structure the minor is to perceive him as an autonomous subject; which is possible when it shows adherence to treatment and responsible care independently of the tutor's support.

Studying the Electoral Governance: a Research Agenda

The article discusses the features of the formation and current state of the research agenda in the study of public policy and management in the field of the electoral process. The differences in the choice of research topics between the expert-analytical and academic communities are revealed. The theoretical study of the state electoral policy begins only at the end of the 20th century; in determining the themes and even the conceptual guidelines in this subject area, the priority belongs to the expert-analytical community. Leading international think tanks have a significant influence on the formation of a research agenda in the study of electoral governance. The effectiveness of the existing division of labor between the expert and academic communities in the study of electoral governance can be revised. The dominance of rational choice theory and other subjectivist approaches in theoretical studies restricts the research agenda. The exceeding specialization and fragmentation of this subject area cause a lack of coordination in defining and structuring the problem-thematic field. Large institutions and objects of electoral governance are studied only within the framework of expert-analytical works and do not become the subject of the necessary theoretical studies. Methodological possibilities of new institutionalism are practically not used in setting the directions and questions of research in this field. In Russian science, in defining research topics in the consideration of state electoral policy, the predominant attribution of this field of knowledge to jurisprudence and the weak degree of inclusion of domestic authors in the global scientific discourse are of the greatest importance.

Hermann Cohen on Kant, Sensations, and Nature in Science

The neo-Kantian Hermann Cohen is famously anti-empiricist in that he denies that sensations can make a definable contribution to knowledge. However, in the second edition of Kant's Theory of Experience (1885), Cohen considers a proposition that contrasts with both his other work and that of his followers: a Kantian who studies scientific claims to truth—and the grounds on which they are made—cannot limit himself to studying mathematics and logical principles, but needs also to investigate underlying presuppositions about the empirical element of science. Due to his subjectivist approach, Cohen argues, Kant not only failed to explain how scientific observation and experiments are possible, but also misconceived the role of the ideas, particularly the idea of a system of nature.

A Subjectivist Model of School Leadership for International Schools: Greenfield Revisited

Greenfield’s subjectivist approach to the construction and interpretation of social reality is examined and applied to school organizations in an attempt to demonstrate that such organizations may be advantageously viewed as entities constructed and sustained by ideas in people’s minds. The path to understanding schools and their administration lies with the interpretation and analysis of the experience of people in these institutions rather than in the use of overarching theories of educational management. International schools have always provided education for the ever-increasing flux of people across frontiers, either temporarily because of job postings (globally mobile families) or more permanently because of migration. The high degree of cultural diversity in these schools augments the complexity of leadership because staff, students, and parents bring their own cultural heritage, experience, and expectations to bear, together, in a single school setting. This also increasingly applies in government schools in many countries because of migration. Ethnic cultural repertoires play a major role in the creation, deciphering, and juxtaposition of individual social realities and have an important bearing on organization culture. The article concludes with the importance of communicative and cultural competencies as the main tools for effective school leadership in international schools.

How I See It, How Everyone Else Sees It: Personal and Social Schemas of Career Success

Extant research on career success takes two broad approaches to understand the phenomenon--the objectivist approach involves pre- defined indicators often ascribed by the researcher; the subjectivist approach takes the perspective of the career actor and thus provides idiosyncratic views of career success. Yet, little is known about commonly-held social beliefs among career actors. To address this gap, we investigated how individuals perceive career success, when defining it from multiple perspectives, by asking participants what career success means to them personally (i.e., a subscribed view) and how they believe others view career success (i.e., an ascribed view). We discovered that the evaluation of success is derived from specific career attainments. The extent to which theses attainments are related to perceptions of success, however, depends on (and is distinct from) the criteria respondents internalize to evaluate success. Further, we found that the process of evaluating careers is both a personal and social phenomenon in which individuals use varied criteria for evaluating their own success, and use limited criteria for evaluating others’ success. We present a model and propositions based on interviews from a sample of 44 career actors that demonstrates both the personal and social processes of career success evaluations, along with the potential consequences of those evaluations.

Subjectivism and Relational Good

In this paper, a distinctly subjectivist analysis of the nature of relational goodness or goodness for is proposed. Like the generic subjectivist analysis of value, the proposal is to analyse value in terms of attitudes. Specifically, the proposed analysis of goodness for appeals to a special kind of attitude: namely, so-called for-someone’s-sake attitudes. Unlike other analyses in the literature that have appealed to this kind of attitude, the analysis proposed here is not a fitting-attitude analysis. Rather than appealing to for-someone’s-sake attitudes that it is fitting to have or that there are reasons to have, the proposed analysis takes actually held for-someone’s-sake attitudes to ground or constitute goodness for (relative to the subject who holds the attitude). The analysis should be attractive to those already within the subjectivist camp. One of its appeals is that it is a special case of a general subjectivist approach to values, thus showing that subjectivism provides the resources to analyse relational values.

Revisiting the Böhm-Bawerk–Edgeworth Controversy: Early Neoclassical Economists and Labour Exchange

ABSTRACTThis article revisits the controversy between Böhm-Bawerk and Edgeworth. The crux of this debate revolving around value and cost lay in their views on labour exchange. Böhm-Bawerk and Edgeworth did not disagree on the basic principles underlying the causality between labour exchange and value-cost. Böhm-Bawerk stressed a decisive influence of social power relationships on labour time and Edgeworth apparently agreed. Böhm-Bawerk’s and Edgeworth’s observations on actual industrial relations and their theoretical arguments informing the controversy had variances. Such observation–theory discrepancies also appeared in their other work and were shared by other early neoclassical economists. Their efforts, with this contradiction, contributed to the moulding of a principle that de-individuates labour exchange. At the root of this process lay the fact that, despite their subjectivist approach, they failed to comprehend the distinctiveness of capitalistic labour exchange arising from worker subjectivity towards labour performance and employer countermeasures. The Böhm-Bawerk–Edgeworth controversy typically illustrates this crucial moment for the establishment of the neoclassical paradigm.

For a multidimensional class analysis in Africa

SUMMARYHow can we analyse the dynamics of social structure in Africa today? This Debate piece argues that a Bourdieu-inspired, multidimensional class analysis opens promising perspectives for understanding class dynamics in Africa. This implies notably bridging objectivist and subjectivist approaches to class analysis, and working with a multidimensional idea of the social space.

Correcting Modigliani's 1944 'Liquidity Preference and the Theory of Interest and Money': This Article Dealt with Hicks's Interpretation of Keynes, but not with Keynes's General Theory Model

F. Modigliani’s 1944 paper, “Liquidity Preference and the Theory of Interest and Money”, aimed at supplying the missing labor market and production function analysis in Hicks’s 1937 Econometrica paper. However, Modigliani ignored the fact that Keynes had already provided exactly that analysis in chapters 20 and 21 of the General Theory to support his own IS LM analysis from chapters 14, pp.180-182 and chapter 15 pp.199-202 and pp.208-209 of the General Theory. F. Modigliani was an advocate of the personalist, psychological, Bayesian Subjectivist approach to Probability of Ramsey, de Finetti, Savage and Friedman. Modigliani was unable to deal with Keynes’s definition of uncertainty in the General Theory, which was that uncertainty was an inverse function of the weight of the evidence, which Keynes analyzed in chapters 6 and 26 of the A treatise on Probability. Uncertainty means that probability and risk estimates can’t be calculated in an accurate and reliable manner. This would mean that the confidence one has in one’s estimates is important. However, all Subjectivist Bayesians argue that there is no such thing as the confidence that a decision maker has in his probability estimates because the probability estimate is his degree of confidence. Therefore, there can be no such variable that measures the confidence that a decision maker has in the relative strength and/or weakness of the relevant evidence upon which the probabilities are being estimated. The state of confidence can’t be accepted as a variable that will be taken into account by a decision maker. Therefore, liquidity preference must be a function of risk only. A probability distribution is assumed to be known for certain by all decision maker, so that the expected price level will be a precise, exact determinate number. All of these points were rejected by Keynes in the A treatise on Probability and General Theory. In fact, for Keynes the expected price level is imprecise or indeterminate. Therefore, the expected real wage is imprecise or indeterminate. Modigliani’s subjectivist approach to probability results in Modigliani incorrectly specifying the demand for labor function in Keynes’s General Theory by ignoring Keynes’s definition in the General Theory that the demand for labor curve is a function of the expected real wage and not the actual real wage. The actual real wage, (w/p) can’t be specified precisely because workers and employers only know their nominal money wage, w, for certain. p is expected and can only be represented by an interval estimate form of probability. This will automatically lead to multiple equilibria, only one of which will be consistent with Modigliani’s one, unique, stable full employment equilibrium. Modigliani also erred in explicitly assuming that the theory of the firm-industry used in the General Theory was the Theory of Perfect Competition, so that the expected price level, p, is known for certain based on the assumptions of perfect information and perfect prediction. In fact, Keynes used the theory of Pure Competition and expressly made it clear that there were a number of different expected price levels held with varying degrees of probability and definiteness on p.24 in footnote 3 of the General Theory. There was not only one expected value, as assumed by Modigliani. None of Modigliani’s conclusions regarding liquidity preference hold in the Keynesian system analyzed by Keynes in chapters 13-15 and 19-21 of the GT based on uncertainty. Modigliani’s conclusions only hold in his redefined model where risk is substituted for uncertainty, perfect competition is substituted for pure competition, and a known, definite, precise real wage is substituted for Keynes’s expected, imprecise, indeterminate real wage.

Keynes on Uncertainty and His IS-LM Model in the 1937 Quarterly Journal of Economics Reply: There Never Was Any Conflict between Keynes's Definition of Uncertainty and Keynes's IS-LM Model

J M Keynes used his 1937 Quarterly Journal of Economics reply to emphasize (a) the importance of his concept of uncertainty, which he had defined as an inverse function of the weight of the evidence in chapter twelve on p. 148 of the General Theory, and (b) the fact that the neoclassical theory of the rate of interest was incomplete. Two curves are needed. Neoclassicals only provided one. Keynes did not use the references to the A Treatise on Probability he had used in the General Theory because Keynes’s article represents a brief summary and reply that is based on the extensive analysis in the General Theory. Keynes’s final summary on pp. 222-223 of his 1937 Quarterly Journal of Economics reply is very direct and straightforward. It has two parts. The first part concentrates on the importance of uncertainty in decision making as it is connected to m e c calculations concerning expected, future returns to durable, physical, capital goods subject to technological change and advance in the long run. The neglect of this issue by neoclassical theory, based on Bentham’s known probabilities and known outcomes approach in his utility maximization model, leads to an incomplete theory of the rate of interest which requires Keynes’s Liquidity Preference equation in order to arrive at a determinate rate of interest. The second part of Keynes’s final summary deals with the importance of the Multiplier and the positive relationship that exists between consumption and investment goods. Economists have taken some of his comments from his reply out of context by deliberately only citing those portions of the quotation that fit their own preconceived, a priori biases while ignoring Keynes’s analysis in other sections of the paper that totally refute their claims. The misinterpretations of Minsky, Shackle, Robinson and Davidson are examined. First, the belief that Keynes changed his definition of uncertainty in this article, from being a range that could vary from little or mild uncertainty to moderate uncertainty to severe uncertainty to acute uncertainty to complete uncertainty (ignorance), to mean complete ignorance or irreducible uncertainty, an extreme outlier in Keynes’s theory in the A Treatise on Probability and General Theory, is false. Keynes continued to use the word “degrees” throughout this article. Second, Keynes used his summary in the Quarterly Journal of Economics to repeat the main points he had made on pp.180-184 and 199-202 of the General Theory about his liquidity preference equation being the missing equation that was required in order to have a determinate answer to what the rate of interest was if income could change. Neoclassical theory had no liquidity preference equation. Without the liquidity preference equation, there can be no determinate theory of the rate of interest in Income and interest rate space. The major reason why Keynes’s GT can’t ever be accepted in the economics profession is that the economics profession, be it 1936 or 2016, accepts a theory of probability and decision making that Keynes explicitly rejected in the TP, GT and in the QJE. That theory is some kind of psychological or personalist version of the Bayesian, subjectivist theory of Ramsey, de Finetti, Savage, and Friedman. When Keynes was writing the TP, it was associated with Irving Fisher, Poincare, and Borel. This theory explicitly rejects the existence of uncertainty as defined by Keynes as a function of the weight of the evidence. Acceptance of the weight of the evidence distinction between strong and weak evidence directly leads to non additivity and non linearity as the general case. Non additivity requires interval valued probability. Non linearity leads directly to non linear probability preferences.This leads to the collapse of the standard subjectivist approach which requires the assumptions of additivity and linearity. This then leads to multiple equilibria in the goods market and permanent disequilibrium in the labor market. This permanent disequilibrium has absolutely nothing to do with sticky money wages. Keynes finally decided to take Bentham on directly in the QJE article. He had tried to finesse this by attacking only Bentham’s students, primarily Say and Ricardo, in the GT. The QJE reply makes it clear that Keynes is directly rejecting Bentham’s entire apparatus of probability and decision making, which is impossible to apply if there is any degree of uncertainty. “Modern” economists are, overwhelmingly, still Bentham’s students.

Viewing the General Theory as a Synthesis: Keynes's Unique, Theoretical Contributions in the General Theory are All Based on His A Treatise on Probability Approach to Expectations (Interval Valued Probabilities) and Confidence (Weight of the Evidence)

The Keynes-Townshend correspondence in 1937-38 makes it very clear that Keynes’s views on decision making, uncertainty, expectations and confidence in the General Theory are based directly on Keynes’s analysis of “non numerical” probabilities, Keynes’s own term for his interval valued probability based on approximation from Part II of the A Treatise on Probability, the weight of the evidence variable, w, from chapter 26 of the A Treatise on Probability, which is the mathematical version of the weight of the argument relation, V, from chapter 6 of the A Treatise on Probability, which established a logical relation between evidence statements in the form of propositions, and his decision weight approach based on his conventional coefficient of weight and risk, c. Keynes’s theories of effective demand, the demand for money, m.e.c., and liquidity preference explicitly incorporated expectations built on his conventional coefficient of weight and risk, c. The subjectivist approach of Irving Fisher, and especially the subjectivist, Bayesian, personalist view of Ramsey, is a special case of Keynes’s theory. Earlier work done by Fisher, Hawtrey, Robertson, Lavington, Pigou, and Knight , that also dealt with related views on expectations, effective demand, the demand for money, m.e.c., and liquidity preference, does not have any such explicit foundation in a logical theory of probability as put forth by Keynes in his A Treatise on Probability. Keynes’s definition of uncertainty in the General Theory, that uncertainty is an inverse function of weight, had nothing to do with the views of Knight or Shackle except that all three differentiate uncertainty for risk. The idea that Keynes’s General Theory was a grand synthesis that was put together with the ideas, work ,and analysis borrowed from many other economists, represents the same type of mistake made by Jevons, Viner, and Schumpeter concerning Adam Smith’s contributions in The Wealth of Nations. Jevons, Viner, and Schumpeter completely overlooked Smith’s original work in decision theory, his definition of uncertainty, and his general rejection of mathematical probability theory in favor of interval valued probability. The same kind of mistaken evaluation has taken place with regards to Keynes’s work in the General Theory. Keynes was the founder, originator, and developer of his own IS-LM model in chapters 13-15 of the General Theory. Keynes used his IS-LM model in Part IV of chapter 15 to demonstrate its superiority over the equation of exchange ,as well as to analyze the special case nature of classical and neoclassical economics. D. Champernowne’s 1936 article was the only review of the General Theory to correctly specify the arguments of the IS and LM curves, which included Q and Q’ variables to represent expectations, uncertainty and investor nervousness. Hicks removed these variables from his IS and LM curve in his article in Econometrica in 1937. The idea that, since Keynes was a Marshallian in his view of the appropriate role of mathematics in economics, he would work out his own four equation, simultaneous, IS LM model in December 1933, incorporate it into his 1934 draft of the General Theory, and then turn around and “burn the formal mathematical analysis” by leaving it out of the General Theory, is a fable that spread by the Robinson’s and R. Kahn.

When Sleeping Beauty First Awakes

Ever since its introduction, the Sleeping Beauty Problem has been fought over by the halfers against the thirders. We distinguish three interpretations of the original problem as described in Adam Elga’s seminal paper on the subject. Elga’s intended interpretation leads to the position of the thirders; but the other readings result in that of the halfers. We show that all three of these results can be obtained by making use of objective probabilities in a four-dimensional rather than a three-dimensional space. Our reasoning avoids various problems, not only of Dutch Book and other subjectivist approaches, but also of earlier treatments in terms of objective probabilities.

Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, and the “Invisible Hand”: A Metaphor For Ambiguity-Uncertainty Aversion by Decision Makers

<p><em>Smith’s use of the “Invisible Hand”, as pointed out by Gavin Kennedy, is a metaphor provided for the great percentage of readers of the Wealth of Nations whom Smith realized would not be able to grasp the nature of his argument ,which was about the ambiguity-uncertainty aversion of the majority of 18th century English business men. Gavin Kennedy has pointed out that the term,” Invisible Hand”, had nothing to do with Laissez Faire, free markets ,free trade, Natural liberty, etc. ,for Adam Smith. Smith’s argument is an application of his very advanced decision theory that regarded the standard mathematical laws of the probability calculus as a special case that had only limited applicability in the real world. In general, applications of the mathematical laws of the probability calculus required a complete information set that was rarely satisfied. Smith realized that probability ,nevertheless ,had to be taken into account. Smith advocated an interval valued approach to the use of probability under conditions of uncertainty/ambiguity.</em></p><p><em></em><br /><em>Smith made great use of the concept of uncertainty in the Wealth of Nations. Uncertainty for Smith dealt with the quality of the information base upon which the probabilities were being calculated. Smith generally defined risk in the Wealth of Nations as an inexact and/or indeterminate estimate not based on the mathematical laws of the probability calculus. Risk could be calculated exactly only in conditions where there was a very high quality of evidence over which there were no conflicts and/or disputes of assessment regarding the relevancy of the data.</em></p><p><em></em><br /><em>Smith’s major conclusion in Part IV of the Wealth of Nations is that businessmen are ambiguity and/or uncertainty averse. The quality of the information ,data ,or knowledge upon which the probabilities, which would be interval estimates, is a second factor that is completely independent of the probability estimates themselves. Only in the limiting case ,where the evidence is great , stable, and invariant over time, as in the case of deciding to become a shoemaker, would the probability estimates be point estimates.</em></p><p><em></em><br /><em>Smith completely rejects the ethics and decision theory of Jeremy Bentham, as well as all approaches built on it, such as the Subjectivist ( SEU-Subjective Expected Utility) approaches of Frank Ramsey, Bruno de Finetti, L J Savage , Milton Friedman .and modern Bayesians, such as Patrick Suppes, because these approaches require the decision maker to be able to specify precise, exact numerical probabilities. The specification of such exact probabilities means that there is no uncertainty about the future.</em></p>

Outcomes-Based Education

There are growing concerns among educators that the traditional teaching and learning method which is teacher-centered and places an emphasis on students’ inputs cannot adequately reflect what students actually learn. Outcomes-Based Education (OBE), with an attempt to measure the effectiveness of learning outcomes, has emerged as a response to the weaknesses of traditional teaching method. Since then, OBE has been adopted worldwide. Admittedly, OBE represents a significant advance in education reform. However, this paper argues that OBE should not be taken too far. Room should be made for non-measureable learning outcomes. This paper provides a subjectivist critique and identifies the limitations of OBE. Unlike positivist approach in OBE, this paper proposes “subjective understanding” as an alternative teaching and learning method. This subjectivist approach sheds new light on specific teaching and learning methods, such as assessment method, apprentice system, and school life. This paper concludes that educators should not neglect non-observable elements which can be tackled by the subjectivist approach.

From Bourdieu to Lahire: Social determinism and pluralist consumer practices

This article sets out to introduce Bernard Lahire’s recent reiterations of the Bourdieusian approach to the body of consumer research. Lahire’s work accounts for dissonant cultural practices at an individual level. He questions the singularity of the habitus, the relative autonomy of fields, and the homology of the social practices proposed by Bourdieu. His work could make a significant contribution to consumer research in three ways: (1) it reiterates the Bourdieusian concepts in a way that better addresses the problems of a society made up of pluralist yet multi-determined individuals, (2) it reasserts the importance of individual-scale analysis of the social forces that more subjectivist approaches would be at risk of masking and (3) it sets out a way to understand socialisation by combining contexts through the incorporation of certain dispositions. Based on these contributions, this article sets out a research programme with a view to better linking contexts, dispositions and pluralist consumer practices on an individual scale.

Modèles probabilistes formels pour problèmes cognitifs usuels

Formal probabilistic models for common cognitive problems. How can an incomplete and uncertain model of the environment be used to perceive, infer, decide and act efficiently ? This is the challenge that both living and artificial cognitive systems have to face. Symbolic logic is, by its nature, unable to deal with this question. The subjectivist approach to probability is an extension to logic that is designed specifically to face this challenge. In this paper, we review a number of frequently encountered cognitive issues and cast them into a common Bayesian formalism. The concepts we review are ambiguities, fusion, multimodality, conflicts, modularity, hierarchies and loops. First, each of these concepts is introduced briefly using some examples from the neuroscience, psychophysics or robotics literature. Then, the concept is formalized using a template Bayesian model. The assumptions and common features of these models, as well as their major differences, are outlined and discussed.

ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION, MARKET ORIENTATION AND NETWORKING: IMPACT ON INNOVATION AND FIRM PERFORMANCE

The study examines the relationships among entrepreneurial orientation, market orientation and networking on firm performance with radical and incremental innovation as the mediator. The present study draws on the resource-based view theory to provide insights about intangible resources and capabilities among SMEs. The study adopts a subjectivist approach and is based on multiple case study method by conducting interviews with 7 SMEs purposively operating in different sectors. The research findings seem to support both proactive and responsive market orientation (PMO, RMO), entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and networking have positive relationships on firm performance with radical and incremental innovation as the mediator. It appears firms initiating radical innovation take longer for new product performance because of lack of information about customer needs in the market but networking assists in providing market information that enables commercialization of new products. Further, networking among firms drives performance while strong ties are practiced to a lesser extent.

Деловая репутация организации в контексте понятия социальной ответственности: морально-этические измерения менеджмента

The article is devoted to ethical aspects of reputation management. The authors, bringing together different
 research methodology such as categorical and phenomenological analysis, examine the moral categories associated
 with the concept of reputation. Therefore, the concept of “image”, “goodwill” reveals its importance
 in the context of the ethical categories and moral manifestations of consciousness, such as authority, social
 responsibility, honesty, integrity, respect for the interests of another. In the future human dimensions of management,
 such as corporate ethics, corporate culture, as well as the position subjectivist approach to research
 of the image of the organization is ethical-oriented concept of reputation management. The author defends the
 position according to which it’s necessary to examine social entrepreneurship in all its dimensions, which is
 designed to assess the activity of the enterprise by connecting scientists, as well as components of civil society,
 from the perspective of human values – moral and ethical categories. In this understanding, social expertise
 acts as “ethical expertise”. In conjunction with the notion and phenomenon of corporate ethics there are generalizations
 in the context of General ethical categories. The authors show that corporate ethics is the basis, the
 Foundation for formation of business reputation, corporate image and other ethical components of corporate
 reputation. In connection with the concept of ethically-oriented management protected in the article there are
 the prospects for use of this methodological approach for its application not only to build a successful business
 reputation of the organization, but also in the process of creating a brand, developing a content marketing
 strategy.

The Communication Desideratum and Theories of Indexical Reference

AbstractAccording to the communication desideratum (CD), a notion of semantic content must be adequately related to communication. In the recent debate on indexical reference, (CD) has been invoked in arguments against the view that intentions determine the semantic content of indexicals and demonstratives (intentionalism). In this article, I argue that the interpretations of (CD) that these arguments rely on are questionable, and suggest an alternative interpretation, which is compatible with (strong) intentionalism. Moreover, I suggest an approach that combines elements of intentionalism with other subjectivist approaches, and discuss the role of intuitions in developing and evaluating theories of indexical reference.