Subjective Units Of Distress Scale Research Articles

App-Based Delivery of Clinical Emotional Freedom Techniques: Cross-Sectional Study of App User Self-Ratings.

BackgroundThe burgeoning area of mobile health (mHealth) has experienced rapid growth in mobile apps designed to address mental health issues. Although abundant apps offer strategies for managing symptoms of anxiety and stress, information regarding their efficacy is scarce.ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the effect of an mHealth app on user self-ratings of psychological distress in a sample of 270,461 app users. The Tapping Solution App guides users through the therapeutic protocols of Clinical Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT), an evidence-based psychophysiological intervention that combines acupressure with elements of cognitive and exposure therapies.MethodsApp users provided self-ratings of emotional intensity before and after app sessions (termed “tapping meditations”) using an 11-point Subjective Units of Distress scale. App user data for 23 tapping meditations, which addressed psychological symptoms of anxiety and stress, were gathered between October 2018 and October 2019, totaling 380,034 completed app sessions.ResultsAcross 12 anxiety-tapping meditations, the difference in emotional intensity ratings from presession (mean 6.66, SD 0.25) to postsession (mean 3.75, SD 0.30) was statistically significant (P<.001; 95% CI −2.92 to −2.91). Across 11 stress-tapping meditations, a statistically significant difference was also found from presession (mean 6.91, SD 0.48) to postsession (mean 3.83, SD 0.54; P<.001; 95% CI −3.08 to −3.07). The results are consistent with the literature on the efficacy of Clinical EFT for anxiety and stress when offered in conventional therapeutic formats.ConclusionsThe findings provide preliminary support for the effectiveness of the mHealth app in the immediate reduction of self-rated psychological distress. As an adjunct to professional mental health care, the app promises accessible and convenient therapeutic benefits.

Effectiveness of a Virtual Reality-Based Mutual Gaze Training to Reduce Fear of Public Speaking: A Randomised Controlled Trial

Background: Public speaking anxiety (PSA) is the most widespread social fear, with prevalence estimates up to 30%. Anxious individuals typically avoid mutual gaze and report fears of being evaluated by others. We developed a virtual reality (VR) training application (app) aimed at increasing mutual gaze and tested its effectiveness to reduce fear of public speaking. Methods: We used a single-blind, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial design. Between June 18, 2019 and September 19, 2019, 89 participants aged 18–40 years with PSA were randomly assigned to a gaze training (treatment) or a control group. During training, participants were exposed to social situations and instructed to maintain eye contact with people in the VR. Assessments were done at baseline, after a first intervention (acute intervention on a single day: three gaze training sessions of 20 min; control: Google Street View), and after a second intervention phase (repeated intervention over two weeks: nine gaze training sessions of 20 min; control: no further intervention) two months later. The primary outcome measure was subjective fear, rated on the Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS) in a real-life public speaking test (PST). Findings: Repeated, but not acute, gaze training led to a significant reduction of subjective fear as compared to the control group (treatment group, baseline: 48·95 [SD 19·52], post intervention 2: 26·60 [SD 19·23]; control group, baseline: 48·92 [SD 18·43], post intervention 2: 56·34 [SD 28·15]; adjusted mean group difference: −29·82, 95% CI: −41·77 to −17·87; Cohen’s d=−1·07, p<0·0001). Interpretation: Repeated usage of our stand-alone, VR gaze training app reduces the subjectively perceived fear in individuals with PSA in real-life public speaking situations. Trial Registration: The trial has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov before start of the study with the identifier: NCT03970187 on May 31, 2019. Funding Statement: Transfaculty Research Platform, University of Basel; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). Declaration of Interests: Dominique de Quervain (DQ) and Andreas Papassotiropoulos (AP) are co-founders of GeneGuide AG, a spin off company of the University of Basel. DQ and AP have acquired a license from the University of Basel to use the developed technology for commercial purposes. DQ nor AP have been involved in data acquisition or data analysis. BF reports a grant from the Swiss National Science Foundation during the conduct of the study. All other authors declare no competing interests. Ethics Approval Statement: The study protocol, including the definition of primary and secondary outcomes and statistical analysis plan, has been approved by the Independent Ethics Committee (IEC; Ethics Committee of North-West and Central Switzerland) before the start of the study (i.e. June 18, 2019, first subject in).

Maternal Anxiety Associated with Newborn Screening

Objective: In this study, it was aimed to determine the anxiety levels of mothers associated with newborn hearing screening test and heel prick blood sampling.Methods: A randomized controlled trial of 112 mothers who applied for newborn screening in a public hospital were conducted. The mothers were divided into two groups depending on their baby's assigned group; hearing screening test group (HST group) or heel prick blood sampling group (HBS group). The study was completed with a total of 101 participants. Parental Information Form, Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S, STAI-T) were used in data collection. Data analysis were performed by using descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal Wallis test, Independent groups t test, Pearson and Spearman correlation.Results: In the HST and HBS groups, the score median of the SUDS was 5,0 (IQR: 4,0-7,0) and 5,0 (IQR: 4,0-7,0), the score average of the STAI-S was 39,8±6,7 and 41,3±7,6, and the score average of the STAI-T was 42,5±7,1 and 41,4±6,5, respectively. There were significant relationships between the mothers' scores of the SUDS, STAI-S and STAI-T.Conclusion: The mothers' anxiety associated with hearing screening test and heel prick blood sampling were higher than Spielberger’s female population. There was no difference between the anxiety of the mothers according to whether the screening test is interventional. In order to avoid problems associated with parental anxiety, it may be advisable to investigate appropriate methods to reduce the anxiety of mothers.

The Different of Finger Handheld and Deep Breathing Relaxation Techniques Effect on Reducing Heart Rate and Stress Levels in Primary Hypertension Patients

Stress and hypertension have a reciprocal relationship where hypertension can increase stress, and stress will also increase blood pressure. Therefore we need an effort to control stress in patients with hypertension to prevent increasing blood pressure that can cause complications such as congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, and stroke. The study aimed to determine the difference between finger handheld and deep breathing relaxation techniques to decrease heart rate and stress levels of primary hypertension patients. The research design used a quasi-experimental design. The research was conducted in Kembaran and East Purwokerto District, Banyumas, Indonesia. There were 50 respondents (25 finger handheld relaxation group and 25 respondents in deep breathing relaxation group). Heart rate and stress levels were measured before and after treatment using heart rate (HR) recordings on digital tensimeter and Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS). Data analyzed using a paired t-test and independent t-test. The results showed there were significant differences in HR and stress levels before and after finger handheld relaxation (p = 0,000). There were significant differences in HR (p = 0.010) and significant levels of stress (p = 0.000) before and after deep breathing relaxation. There was a significant difference in HR (p = 0.02) but there was no significant difference in stress levels (p = 0.23) after treatment (post-test) between those who received finger handheld and deep breathing relaxation techniques. Conclusion: finger handheld and deep breathing relaxation techniques are equally effective in reducing stress levels in primary hypertension patients. Finger handheld relaxation technique is more effective in reducing HR than a deep breathing relaxation technique.

Changes in meal-related anxiety predict treatment outcomes in an intensive family-based treatment program for adolescents with anorexia nervosa

ABSTRACT Meal-related anxiety in individuals with eating disorders is associated with reduced caloric intake and persisting eating-disordered behaviors, which may reduce the likelihood of attaining or sustaining remission. The current study is the first to examine changes in meal-related anxiety as a predictor of outcomes in the context of a family-based partial hospitalization program. A sample of 51 adolescents with anorexia nervosa or atypical anorexia rated anxiety before and after all treatment meals using the Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS). Regression analyses suggested that participants experiencing a greater reduction in meal anxiety endorsed fewer eating disordered symptoms on the EDE at the end of treatment. Reductions in meal anxiety did not predict EBW at end of treatment, which could be because family-based treatment (FBT) supports adequate food intake regardless of meal anxiety (i.e., parents ensure food intake). Findings suggest that reductions in meal-related anxiety may be an important predictor of outcomes in family-based interventions, and future research is needed to examine if directly targeting meal anxiety may enhance outcomes.

Emotional freedom techniques (EFT) to reduce exam anxiety in Turkish nursing students

IntroductionNursing education involves among other things tracking the learning process. Many students experience anxiety prior to exams, and they try to cope with it. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) on the reduction of exam anxiety in nursing students in the Women's Health and Diseases Nursing course in Turkey. MethodsIn this outcomes study, 80 s-year nursing students participated in three EFT sessions, each consisting of six two-minute parts. The study took an average of 46 min. Pre- and post-treatment measurements included: the socio-demographics of participants, the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI Tx-1, Tx-2), and the Subjective Units of Distress (SUD) scale. The SUD scale was used before and after sessions. Prior to and following the three sessions, the BAI and the STAI Tx 1 and 2 were administered. ResultsEFT significantly reduced exam anxiety. Almost half of the students were using some method of coping with anxiety and the most common methods were listening to music and breathing exercises. However, the initial anxiety level was quite high. State and trait anxiety levels, as well as exam anxiety, decreased, statistically significant, after the EFT sessions. At the end of three sessions of EFT, more than half success was determined in the subjective exam anxiety level. ConclusionsThis study showed that three EFT sessions administered in a group setting, reduced and helped them better cope with exam anxiety as well as other anxiety indicators in nursing students.

Negative urgency and ad-libitum smoking topography

BackgroundNegative urgency (NU), the tendency to act rashly in response to distress, is associated with negative reinforcement smoking expectancies. The study examined whether NU was associated with behavioral smoking reinforcement in the context of self-reported distress. MethodNon-treatment seeking daily smokers (n = 124) completed an ad-libitum smoking trial. Puff topography, including puff volume, duration, velocity, and inter-puff interval, was averaged across the cigarette and evaluated at the puff level. ResultsMultilevel models revealed a significant interaction of NU and distress as reported on the Subjective Units of Distress scale over the course of smoking in relation to puff duration and inter-puff interval. There was a significant effect of quadratic time x NU x distress on duration (b=-0.00004, p = 0.04). Smokers lower in NU reporting lower baseline distress evidenced a puff duration that decreased at a faster rate over the course of a cigarette following a quadratic function. Persistently elevated puff durations over the course of a cigarette were observed among smokers with elevated NU, regardless of basal distress. There was also a linear time x NU x distress interaction on inter-puff interval (b=-0.01, p = 0.04). Lower NU smokers, regardless of acute distress, exhibited increasing inter-puff intervals that stabilized over the course of a cigarette. Smokers with elevated NU in the context of low distress also demonstrated linearly increasing inter-puff intervals, while they demonstrated increasing intervals followed by decreasing intervals in the context of higher distress. DiscussionTrait NU in the context of acute distress may contribute to differences in puff topography.

Reducing Anxiety through Music Therapy at an Outpatient Eating Disorder Recovery Service

ABSTRACTThe authors of this study aimed to reduce post-meal related anxiety for people with eating disorders through participation in group music therapy in an outpatient day program. A purposively-inclusive pilot study design was adopted which utilized the self-report Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS) to measure anxiety pre and post a single session. A total of 13 female participants attended a one-hour music therapy group session following a lunchtime social eating challenge and contributed to 50 occasions of data collection. A paired two-tailed t-test indicated a highly statistically significant difference (p = < 0.0001) between the pre and post session scores, suggesting that music therapy significantly decreased anxiety.

Emotional freedom techniques and breathing awareness to reduce childbirth fear: A randomized controlled study

BackgroundEmotional freedom techniques (EFT) and breathing awareness (BA) are applicable during labour. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of EFT and BA in the reduction of childbirth fear. Materials and methodsThis randomized controlled study included 120 pregnant women, of whom the EFT, BA and control groups. The women in the EFT and BA groups were offered their intervention in the latent, active and transition phases of labour. ResultsThere was no significant difference in the sociodemographic and obstetric factors between the groups (p > 0.05). The Subjective Units of Distress Scale in active and transition phases were significantly lower in the EFT group. The difference in the scores for the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (version B) between the groups was significant (p < 0.001). ConclusionBoth EFT and BA were observed to be beneficial in clinical practice; the EFT was found to be more effective and permanent.

P644 Mindfulness-based stress reduction in adult patients with active Crohn's disease: preliminary findings based on the subjective units of distress scale: an IIRN study

P644 Mindfulness-based stress reduction in adult patients with active Crohn's disease: preliminary findings based on the subjective units of distress scale: an IIRN study

Trauma-Sensitive Yoga: A Collective Case Study of Women’s Trauma Recovery from Intimate Partner Violence

More than 1 in 3 women in the United States experience intimate partner violence (IPV) and many of them develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Trauma-sensitive yoga (TSY), a structured, body-oriented yoga practice, has been reported for its potential to ameliorate PTSD symptoms. The purpose of the study was to examine adult female IPV survivors’ experiences of recovery from IPV and trauma as facilitated by an 8-week TSY intervention using a collective case study research design. Participants ages 26 to 52 from diverse ethnic backgrounds participated in the study’s 4 phases. Measures used include the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale–5, Subjective Units of Distress Scale, pre- and post-interviews, and observations. Analyses reflected a moderate change in participants’ PTSD scores attributed to the TSY intervention. Collective themes that emerged include physiological, emotional, and spiritual benefits. Although exploratory, the study illuminates the potential efficacy of TSY for facilitating multifaceted trauma recovery.

Amelioration of pain and post-concussive symptoms using multi-modal neurorehabilitation strategies in a 28-year-old male

Amelioration of pain and post-concussive symptoms using multi-modal neurorehabilitation strategies in a 28-year-old male

Improvements in function after mild traumatic brain injury utilizing neurorehabilitation treatments in a 48-year-old female

Improvements in function after mild traumatic brain injury utilizing neurorehabilitation treatments in a 48-year-old female

Fear reactivity to head-mounted display perceptual illusion challenges is associated with suicidality

Suicide remains a public health concern with suicide rates showing a consistent increase over the last 20 years. Recent studies have found a relationship between anxiety sensitivity (i.e., the fear of anxiety related symptoms) and suicidality. Specifically, a relationship has been found between anxiety sensitivity cognitive concerns (ASCC) and suicidality. The knowledge around this relationship, however, has relied mostly on self-report measures. This study seeks to expand on the current literature by exploring the association between ASCC and suicidality, through the use of head-mounted display perceptual illusion challenges (e.g., using tactile sensations and mannequins to create illusions that the participant has switched bodies). A head-mounted display was used to elicit symptoms (e.g., depersonalization, derealization) related to ASCC in a sample of undergraduate students (N = 54). Suicidality and depression were measured by the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms-2 (IDAS-II), anxiety sensitivity cognitive concerns by the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3), and distress by the Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS). Findings indicated that suicidality was associated with self-reported ASCC as well as the fear generated from the challenges. Furthermore, our results found that challenge-induced fear predicted suicidality scores above and beyond the traditional self-report measures of ASCC. The small sample size and low suicide risk of the current sample limits generalizations to more severe populations.

Estimating VR Sickness and user experience using different HMD technologies: An evaluation study

This paper presents results of a user study of the effects of virtual reality technology on VR Sickness and User Experience. In our study the participants watched two different panoramic (360) videos, one with relaxing content (beach clip) and second one with action content (roller coaster video clip). Videos were watched on four different head mounted displays (HMDs) and on the 2D television as a reference display. To assess VR Sickness discomfort levels, we have used the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ), and for user experience the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) was used. For quick assessments of VR Sickness discomfort levels, we have also used Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS). We have found a strong correlation between SUDS and total SSQ score and between total SSQ score and SSQ-D score. Shown negative correlation between VR Sickness discomfort levels (assessed by SSQ and UEQ Questionnaire), and user experience (assessed by UEQ Questionnaire), indicates that presence of VR Sickness symptoms affects the user experience.

Influence of video content type on users’ virtual reality sickness perception and physiological response

Virtual Reality (VR) sickness (Cybersickness) is an affliction and a challenge, common to users of virtual environments. We therefore asked ourselves this research question: “Can video content type influence users’ VR sickness and physiological response?” We conducted a study with 26 participants, who watched two omnidirectional videos of different content types (neutral and action content) on five distinct video conditions: 2D TV screen, three generations of Oculus Rift VR HMDs (DK1, DK2 and CV1) and on the mobile Samsung GearVR HMD. The Simulator Sickness Questionnaire and the Subjective Units of Distress Scale in combination with the measurement of the physiological parameters (electrodermal activity and skin temperature, respiratory frequency and heart rate) were used to assess the VR sickness effects. The results show that video content type as well as users’ background preferences (preference to adrenaline sports) affected the users’ VR sickness perception. Considering various video conditions, significantly less VR sickness effects were reported with the TV condition than with any VR devices. The results of the subjective questionnaires were correlated with the objective physiological measurements, whereby skin conductance strongly correlated with the VR sickness effects. The effects were also more pronounced in cases of action video content type. Furthermore, we show there is a strong correlation when assessing the VR sickness effects using subjective questionnaire-based methods (the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire and the Subjective Units of Distress Scale) of various complexity, indicating the simple methods (only one question), can effectively be used as well.

Acute Effects of Resistance Exercise in Depressed Black/African American People Living with HIV

In the US, Blacks/African Americans (AA) comprise the largest proportion of People Living with HIV (PLWH). Depressive symptoms and fatigue are highly prevalent among PLWH. Depressive symptoms are linked to progression of HIV disease, and fatigue is linked to severity of depressive symptoms. Resistance exercise (RE) is shown to have psychological benefits in non-HIV depressed populations, and these benefits are hypothesized to be intensity-dependent. To date, no study has examined the use of a single bout of RE for management of affect and fatigue with depressed PLWH. PURPOSE: To test the acute effects of RE intensity on affect, arousal, and distress among sedentary AA PLWH who screen positive for depression. METHODS: Twenty-five men and 17 women ages 24-66 (47.5±11.2) with a Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score of ≥10 completed a battery of questionnaires and 10 repetition maximum (10RM) muscular strength tests. Participants were randomized into: moderate intensity RE (MRE) (i.e., 70% of 10RM), n=21, or vigorous intensity RE (VRE) (i.e., 100% of 10RM), n=21. They had to complete 3 sets of 10 repetitions for 5 exercises. Affect, arousal, and distress were measured with the Feeling Scale, Felt Arousal Scale, and Subjective Units of Distress Scale, respectively. Measures were administered at PRE, MID, POST, at 15-minute DELAY, and at 30-minute DELAY. Changes were analyzed using ANOVAs, with Bonferroni adjustments. RESULTS: There were significant group x time interactions for affect (p<.05), and distress (p<.01), and main effect of time for arousal (p<.01). With MRE, affect improved PRE to POST (p<.01), PRE to DELAY15 (p<.01), and PRE to DELAY30 (p<.01), and arousal increased PRE to MID, and PRE to POST (p’s<.01). In addition, distress reduced PRE to all time points (p’s<.01). With VRE, affect decreased PRE to MID (p<.01), while arousal increased PRE to MID, and PRE to POST (p’s<.01). In addition, distress reduced PRE to Delay15 (p<.01), and PRE to DELAY30 (p<.01). CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that an acute bout of MRE is more effective than VRE in improving affect, increasing energy, and reducing distress in depressed AA PLWH. However, VRE also appears to have distress-reducing benefits. These findings should be considered when prescribing exercise for symptom management in this population.

Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Anxiety Symptoms and Cortical Activity in Patients with Panic Disorder: A Pilot Study.

Background:The effects of the aerobic exercise on anxiety symptoms in patients with Panic Disorder (PD) remain unclear. Thus, the investigation of possible changes in EEG frontal asymmetry could contribute to understand the relationship among exercise, brain and anxiety.Objective:To investigate the acute effects of aerobic exercise on the symptoms of anxiety and the chronic effects of aerobic exercise on severity and symptoms related to PD, besides the changes in EEG frontal asymmetry.Methods:Ten PD patients were divided into two groups, Exercise Group (EG; n=5) and Control Group (CG; n=5), in a randomized allocation. At baseline and post-intervention, they submitted the psychological evaluation through Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), EEG frontal asymmetry, and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). On the second visit, the patients of EG being submitted to the aerobic exercise (treadmill, 25 minutes, and 50-55% of heart rate reserve) and the CG remained seated for the same period of time. Both groups submitted a psychological evaluation with Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS) at baseline, immediately after (Post-0), and after 10 minutes of the rest pause (Post-10). The patients performed 12 sessions of aerobic exercise with 48-72 hours of interval between sessions.Results:In EG, SUDS increased immediately after exercise practice and showed chronic decrease in BAI and BDI-II as well as increased in VO2max (Post-intervention).Conclusion:Aerobic exercise can promote increase in anxiety acutely and regular aerobic exercise promotes reduction in anxiety levels.

Integrated children\u2019s clinic care (ICCC) versus a self-directed care pathway for children with a chronic health condition: a multi-centre randomised controlled trial study protocol

BackgroundChildren with chronic health conditions have better health-related outcomes when their care is managed in a personalised and coordinated way. However, increased demand on Australian ambulatory care hospital services has led to longer waitlist times to access specialists and appropriate intervention services; placing vulnerable children at increased risk of poorer short-term (e.g. social difficulties) and long-term (e.g. convictions) health and social outcomes. Traditional approaches to increasing frequency and service of delivery are expensive and can have minimal impact on caregiver burden. A community based service-integration approach, rather than self-directed care is proposed as increased service linkages are more likely to occur and improve the health outcomes of children with a chronic health condition.MethodsAn open, unblinded, multi-centre randomised controlled trial in two Australian public hospitals. 112 children (0–16 years) fulfilling the inclusion criteria will be randomised to one of two clinical pathways for management of their chronic health condition: (1) integrated children’s care clinic (ICCC) or (2) self-directed care pathway. All children and caregivers will be interviewed at 1 week, and 3, 6 and 12 month time intervals. Primary outcome measures include the Pediatric Quality of Life (PedQOL) questionnaire, Subjective Units of Distress Scale, Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) and Rotter’s Locus of Control Scale. Secondary outcome measures include the total number of medical appointments, school days missed and quantity of services accessed. Our main objectives are to determine if the ICCC results in better health and economics outcomes compared to the self-directed care pathway.DiscussionThe success of a health systems approach needs to be balanced against clinical, mortality and cost-effectiveness data for long-term sustainability within a publicly funded health system. A clinical pathway that is sustainable, cost-effective, provides efficient evidence-based care and improves the quality of life outcomes for children with chronic health conditions has the potential to reduce waitlist times, improve access to health services, increase consumer satisfaction; and prevent costs associated with poorly managed chronic health conditions into adulthood. This study will be the first to provide clinical and health economics data on an integrated care pathway for the management of chronic health conditions in children. On a broader scale, results from this study will help guide care coordination frameworks for children with chronic health conditions; particularly with the introduction and implementation of a National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) across Australia.Trial registrationAustralia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Register (ANZCTR) ACTRN12617001188325. Registered: 14th August, 2017.

Reducing Anxiety through Music Therapy at a Community Residential Alcohol and Drug withdrawal Unit

Anxiety is a main symptom of withdrawal from substances and can be detrimental to treatment. There is little evidence which supports the use of a particular therapeutic treatment in reducing the anxiety associated with withdrawal. This study aimed to reduce anxiety associated with withdrawal through participation in group music therapy for adults admitted to a community residential alcohol and drug withdrawal unit. A quasi-experimental design was adopted, using the self-report Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS) to measure anxiety pre and post a single session. A total of 35 participants attended a one hour music therapy group session and contributed to data collection over ten sessions. A paired two-tailed t-test indicated a highly statistically significant difference (p = <0.0001) between the pre and post session scores, suggesting that music therapy significantly decreased anxiety for participants. The results of this study provide support for the future funding of music therapy programs in inpatient withdrawal settings and contributes to the limited evidence base supporting the use of music therapy for people with substance use disorders.