Subjective Thoughts Research Articles

Associations with Muslim patients in general practice surgeries--a survey among German general practicioners

Due to the increasing numbers of Muslims in Germany(1)--about 4.3 million at the moment--more Muslim patients are medicated in the practices of family doctors. Their heterogeneous cultural and religious backgrounds are nontheless unknown and unfamiliar for the treating general practitioner. Based on the daily experiences of the latter and in order to capture their development of intercultural competence, in the present study a brainwriting with general practitioners was conducted to record their spontaneous associations with Muslim patients. Individually and without exchange 90 general practitioners (66 male, 24 female) listed subjective thoughts regarding "Muslim patients" on a prepared sheet of paper. Additionally, sex, age, number of years as physician in a private practice and the frequency of treatment of Muslim patients in their own practice were requested. The content of the notes were evaluated using MAXQDA and were clustered in the categories of "language", "company", "violence", "men"/"women", "psychosomatic medicine", "compliance", "understanding of illness", "physical examination" and "head scarf". The ideas listed show that the majority of interviewed general practitioners regarded the treatment of Muslim patients as difficult. They associate Muslim patients with communication problems, a different type of disease understanding and a fear of contact, which hampers the examination situation. Less frequently, positive associations and unproblematic examination situations were noted. Due to a lack of knowledge about cultural and religious contexts Muslim patients are often described by using stereotypes. This underlines the necessity to foster intercultural competences and self-reflection in daily practice and its systematic inclusion in medical education.

Exploring identity and aging: Auto-photography and narratives of low income older adults

This study focused on meanings of health, housing, independence and aging among low-income adults age 55 and older who live in, or are on a waiting list for, publicly subsidized rental housing. The purpose was to learn how low-income older adults perceive their independence and health, and how their place of residence contributes to these perceptions, as well as related perceptions of self. Qualitative data were collected using in-person narrative interviews with 45 individuals and a second photo elicitation interview with 31 of these persons. Themes describe how disrupted identities influence subjective thoughts about the aging process, housing, health, and finances, the process of clinicalization, and place identities. These findings highlight the relationship between housing status, dignity, and shifting identities as older adults experience the aging process in a low-income context. This study expands the current scholarship on the relationship between environment and aging as well as our understanding of poverty among older persons. These topics are relevant for new policies and programs to support the aging in place of older persons in subsidized housing. Understanding the life worlds of those who live in or have applied to this form of housing will be instrumental in developing such strategies.

Top 10 Research Questions Related to Children Physical Activity Motivation

Physical activity is critical to healthy development of children. It is well documented that helping children develop and sustain a physically active lifestyle requires children to become motivated. Many studies have been conducted in the past 2.5 decades on determinants and correlates for children and adolescents' physical activity motivation. The findings have informed researchers and practitioners about motivation sources for children and effective strategies to motivate children in given physical activity settings. Built on the extensive knowledge base and theoretical platforms formed by these research studies, the purpose of this article is to take a look at the current research landscape and provide subjective thoughts about what we still need to know about children's physical activity motivation. The product of this subjective thinking process rendered 10 potential questions for future research on children's physical activity motivation in both in-school and out-of-school settings. These topics encompass those focusing on children's physical activity motivation as a mental dispositional process, those conceptualizing the motivation as an outcome of person–environment interactions, and those attempting to dissect the motivation as an outcome of social–cultural influences and educational policies. It is hoped that the topics can serve researchers interested in children's physical activity motivation as starting blocks from which they can extend their conceptual thinking and identify research questions that are personally meaningful. It is also hoped that the list of potential questions can be helpful to researchers in accomplishing the imperative and significant mission to motivate children to be physically active in the 21st century and beyond.

Evaluating the Core Capabilities for Strategic Outsourcing Decisions at Aviation Maintenance Industry

There are a lot of studies on outsourcing and its strategic influence to sustainable growth in the organizations, but little is known about how the subjective thoughts for strategic outsourcing decisions transformed to objective criteria. This study examines a model that evaluates the core capabilities for strategic outsourcing decision. The aim of this study is to evaluate the core competencies of the aviation maintenance centers for strategic outsourcing. AHP method, which is more of a selection tool and is appropriate in decision making situations, where both quantitative and qualitative criteria have to be considered, is used while evaluating the core capabilities. The criteria, such as flight operation effectiveness, flight safety, technological feature, cost effectiveness, usage quantity, procuring sufficiency and work force, are included in the model. The research data were collected from three aviation maintenance centers which are the primary logistics and maintenance centers for aviation industry. The results indicate that at technological level, machining and composite technologies; at product group level, structural parts on aero planes and brake system parts are core competence logistics parts for these aviation maintenance centers.

Subjective Experience of Thought Overactivation in Mood Disorders: Beyond Racing and Crowded Thoughts

Background: Racing thoughts, crowded thoughts and flight of ideas are frequent symptoms in mood disorders, but the underlying subjective experience of overactivation of thought processes remains poorly documented. Methods: Qualitative analysis of audiotaped interviews explored subjective experience of thought overactivation in patients with mood disorders (sample 1, n = 45). Quantitative analysis considered the properties of a newly developed rating scale in sample 1, in an additional sample of patients with mood disorders (sample 2, n = 37) and in healthy subjects (sample 3, n = 38). Results: Qualitative analysis of individual interviews revealed that 5 conceptual categories characterized thought overactivation: sequential thought flow, overstimulation, competition for resource allocation, unexpected/unexplained onset, and association with mood and emotions. A principal component analysis of the initial 16-item rating scale indicated that a single component explained 55.9% of the variance, with major and exclusive contributions from 9 items, which were retained in the final 9-item Subjective Thought Overactivation Questionnaire (STOQ; Cronbach's α = 0.95). Total score correlated significantly with activation, depression and perceived conflict subscales of the Internal State Scale (ISS; r_s = 0.57-0.66, p < 0.001). It was associated with decreased well-being (ISS; r_s = -0.48, p = 0.001) and increased state anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; r_s = 0.60, p < 0.001). The STOQ score was significantly higher in patients than in healthy subjects. It allowed distinguishing between ISS mood states, with the highest median score in mixed states. Limitations: Sample size, representativeness, possible bias in qualitative analysis, and quality of expert consensus. Conclusions: Qualitative analysis of clinical interviews, together with a new short rating scale, contributed to a documentation of subjective thought overactivation, an important but often undetected feature in mood disorders.

Harnessing Anesthesia and Brain Imaging for the Study of Human Consciousness

Philosophers have been trying to solve the mind-body problem for hundreds of years. Consciousness is the core of this problem: How do subjective conscious sensations, perceptions, feelings, and thoughts arise out of objective physical brain activities? How is this subjective conscious world in causal interaction with the objective sensory and motor mechanisms of the brain and the body? Although we witness the seamless interaction of the mental and the physical worlds in our everyday lives, no scientific theory can yet fully describe or explain it. The hard problem of consciousness, the question why and how any brain activity should be accompanied by any subjective experiences at all, remains a mystery and a challenge for modern science. Anesthesia offers a unique and safe way to directly manipulate the state of consciousness and can, thus, be used as a tool in consciousness research. With neuroimaging, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) performed at different states of consciousness, it is possible to visualize the state-related changes and pinpoint the brain structures or neural mechanisms related to changes in consciousness. With these tools, neurosciences now show promise in disentangling the eternal enigma of human consciousness. In this article, we will review the recent advancements in the field.

Review Essay: Henry James and Modernism

Review Essay:Henry James and Modernism Charles Hatten Timo Müller . The Self as Object in Modernist Fiction: James, Joyce, Hemingway. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2010. 301 pp. 44.00 EUR. (paperback). Maud Ellmann . The Nets of Modernism: Henry James, Virginia Woolf, James Joyce, and Sigmund Freud. New York: Cambridge UP, 2010. 238 pp. $84.00 (cloth), $29.00 (paperback). If the age of high theory is over, its reverberations are everywhere evident in the two volumes under consideration, which draw on considerable theoretical acumen to situate Anglo-American modernism in psychic and cultural contexts. These volumes by Timo Müller and Maud Ellmann have much else in common: both conduct thoughtful examinations of the work, primarily the fiction, of several major modernist writers and pay particular attention in their readings to what Ellmann calls "the tangled nature of the self, caught in the nets of intersubjectivity and intertextuality" (1). Müller's project is particularly programmatic in its intentions: he situates the works of James, Joyce, and Hemingway in relation to what he sees as the decline in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries of stable and hierarchical sources of identity and their replacement by "the new conception of the self as relational and inherently unstable" (12). Arguing that this new conception of the self is visible particularly early in literature, he invokes the concept of literary field as theorized by Pierre Bourdieu to suggest that in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the field of high literature developed a new degree or autonomy, or at least self-conscious [End Page 200] independence from other social fields, with Flaubert and Baudelaire as crucial precursors of this trend. Thus he writes, "the beginnings of modernism, and of the literary field as an autonomous formation, are to be found around the turn of the twentieth century" (12). Henry James, in this schema, is the pioneer in Anglo-American fiction who promulgates the notion of literature as autonomous, while Joyce and Hemingway, responding to James and later developments in modernism, such as the innovative literary strategies of Eliot and Pound, manifest literary modernism in its full flowering. Müller's original contribution to this not entirely unfamiliar narrative is to emphasize the importance in the work of these writers of "self-writing" and, in particular, the aspiration toward a quasi-objective examination of characters, who, it is argued, often reflect aspects of the author's self: "there is a powerful strand in modernist fiction that does away with the identifactory self of the nineteenth century and installs in its stead the self-as-object, analyzed more or less scientifically through a detached, objective narration and situated, explored, and validated only in its relations to other selves" (14). Of course, Müller knows that many modernist texts are notable for using narrative strategies that foreground the subjectivity of characters, sometimes to a dizzying degree, but he insists that this produces an effect upon the reader that is conducive to an objective examination of what is represented: "the unmediated rendering of the characters' subjective thoughts and perspectives requires an analytical reader and makes the text as a whole more objective" (20). But the nature of the author's examination of the self through his writing is hardly unconstrained. Indeed, Müller suggests that frequently the subtext of the author's self-writing is his effort to position himself in relation to the literary field itself, to indicate a posture or a position-taking for his own creative efforts in relation to the options available in the literary field. The theoretical framework Müller painstakingly outlines is certainly thought-provoking and raises issues germane to the very essence of the modernist achievement. In his discussion of Henry James, Müller sees his work as developing a growing awareness of the relational and unstable nature of the modern self and of stable access to knowledge, exploring these novel modern selves through the various literary experiments of the middle period, and finally developing in the late fiction a fully developed response "which proposes and applies an objective conception of the self as the answer to the [modernist] epistemic shift" (94). Like many critics of...

Anti-individualism and rationality

Anti-individualists, which hold that subject's thoughts are not wholly individuated by her intrinsic states, are accused of undermining subject?s ability to reason well and that they do not capture correctly the epistemic position of a thinking subject. These accusations are based on anti-individualist's rejection of transparency of thought content which allows that otherwise rational subjects may fail to make valid inferences, may have contradictory beliefs, and may make invalid inferences. By distinguishing between two kinds of anti-individualism, Fregean and non-Fregean, Jessica Brown (2004) argues that while Fregean anti-individualism better fits our intuitions about rationality it introduces an unavoidable internal friction between the endorsement of Frege's principle of content difference and rejection of transparency of difference of content, which renders it untenable. In his 2008 paper Sanford Goldberg tries to motivate these two principles on different grounds, thus providing an account of anti-individualism which is completely compatible with Frege's principle which should secure subject's rationality. We critically assess these claims to conclude that attempts to reconcile traditional notion of rationality and antiindividualism by way of saving validity of Frege's principle fail in their intentions.

Striking a Balance between Science and Arts: Mass Media Dilemma in Reporting Health and Environmental Issues

Not many people realize that the mass media carry two significant values in their content. One is the value of arts that very much represents the subjective thoughts; and the other is the value of science, which emphasizes precision, accuracy and accountability. Both values reside in the content of the mass media that very much become a precursor and inspiration for government and society to achieve their goals. Nevertheless, both are contradictory in nature. From the general semanticist point of view the words of science could bring objectivity of the mass media to achievable heights. Whilst the words of arts, which are emotion laden yet exhilarating, could lead to human prejudices or perhaps human enlightenment. Although extremely subjective in nature, the arts denote the artistic creation of man that without them, the mass media could hardly persist. On the other hand, news and information of scientific in nature such as pollution, natural catastrophes, diseases and medical discoveries as well as environmental disturbances highlighted by the mass media are seldom being disputed. Hence, based on a content analysis study of four Malaysian mainstream newspapers, this paper will dwell into the plight of the Malaysian print media in trying to create a balance between arts and science especially in communicating health and environmental issues. From a general semantics perspective, the paper will also look at the use and misuse of words by print media practitioners in imparting arts and science messages.

Von der Eitelkeit der Einbildungskraft. Die ästhetische Sendung des jungen Goethe im Spiegel von "Faust II." (review)

Reviewed by: Von der Eitelkeit der Einbildungskraft. Die ästhetische Sendung des jungen Goethe im Spiegel von "Faust II." Victor Fusilero Von der Eitelkeit der Einbildungskraft. Die ästhetische Sendung des jungen Goethe im Spiegel von "Faust II." By Christian Sbrilli. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2010. Pp. 326. Paper €48.00. ISBN 978-3826043727. Christian Sbrilli's Von der Eitelkeit der Einbildungskraft: Die ästhetische Sendung des jungen Goethe im Spiegel von "Faust II" examines how Goethe's view of the artist changed from that presented in his earlier works to that in Faust II. Sbrilli reads Faust II not only as a dramatized conversation between Goethe and his younger self, but also as a record of his own artistic development and his earlier attempts to overcome bouts of hypochondria through the recuperative power of aesthetic creativity. Finally, Sbrilli reads the figure of Faust against those of Prometheus and Wilhelm Meister. Sbrilli begins by noting that the figure of the subject who achieves self-emancipation vis-à-vis objective reality is an important theme in the works of Goethe and his contemporaries. Possessed by the desire to dramatize reality, writers fixated on representing the sovereignty of the subject over and against external reality were in danger of falling victim to the boundlessness of their own subjective thoughts and, consequently, to melancholy and hypochondria. In a conversation with Friedrich Riemer (May 3, 1814), Goethe defines hypochondria as a "sinking into one's own subjectivity" and, indeed, as "the universal sickness of the present time" (conversation with Eckermann, Jan. 28, 1826). Goethe's letters during his work on Die Leiden des jungen Werthers show the young author conversing with the silhouettes on the walls of his Frankfurt apartment and how his later engagement with the epistolary novel form grew out of this solitary predisposition and the desire to fashion a conversational partner and an idealized self. In this regard, Prometheus figures in Goethe's early works as an important example of the power of creative genius and art. If literature is a means of coping with life (Lebensbewältigung), then the roles of the imagination and the beautiful that come into play can serve as a therapeutic against hypochondria. [End Page 159] In Dichtung und Wahrheit, Goethe describes how his arrival in Leipzig was marked by bouts of hypochondria, a tendency that had begun during childhood. According to Christian Wilhelm Hufeland—a Kant specialist as well as Goethe's family doctor—hypochondria arises when the individual subjectifies all things. Consequently, Hufeland believed that the best cure for this condition was the objectification of oneself, and it is through art, especially literature, that the individual can best achieve this. With the revaluation of sensuality (Sinnlichkeit) in the eighteenth century, the aesthetic came to be recognized as being equally as important as the religious or the spiritual, and literature and poetry rose in stature as a mediator of the divine. Both Goethe and Faust find a solution to their existential suffering in the sensual beauty of artistic creation. It is through Mephisto—the possessor of alchemical, religious, and aesthetic knowledge—that Faust comes into contact with sensuality. But in Sbrilli's interpretation, Faust represents an earlier faith that Goethe had in the power of art and the artist. In contrast to Faust, the figure of Wilhelm Meister—the aspiring dramatist who gives up his dream profession in favor of becoming a surgeon—represents the older writer's abandonment of this belief in the recuperative power of the aesthetic. Sbrilli puts forward an interesting reading of Goethe's theory of the creative genius and of the power of the beautiful and their roots in Goethe's own biography. Although Sbrilli places too much emphasis on the biographical origin of Goethe's aesthetic theories, his connections are nevertheless intriguing and thought-provoking. By presenting a strong knowledge of the secondary literature, of eighteenth-century discussions surrounding hypochondria, and of the critical debate on the organizational structure (or lack thereof) in Faust II, Sbrilli weaves a compelling argument for a more nuanced interpretation of Faust II and how Wilhelm Meister—and not Faust—represented Goethe's view of art and the artist in his final years. Victor Fusilero Los Angeles...

Walter Benjamin: an introduction to his work and thought

Seven decades after his death, German Jewish writer, philosopher, and literary critic (1892-1940) continues to fascinate and influence. Here Uwe Steiner offers a comprehensive and sophisticated introduction to the oeuvre of this intriguing theorist. Acknowledged only by a small circle of intellectuals during his lifetime, is now a major figure whose work is essential to an understanding of modernity. Steiner traces the development of Benjamin's thought chronologically through his writings on philosophy, literature, history, politics, the media, art, photography, cinema, technology, and theology. Walter Benjamin reveals the essential coherence of its subject's thinking while also analyzing the controversial or puzzling facets of Benjamin's work. That coherence, Steiner contends, can best be appreciated by placing in his proper context as a member of the German philosophical tradition and a participant in contemporary intellectual debates. As Benjamin's writing attracts more and more readers in the English-speaking world, Walter Benjamin will be a valuable guide to this fascinating body of work.

The Ties That Bind: Maternal-Infant Interactions and the Neural Circuitry of Postpartum Depression

The Ties That Bind: Maternal-Infant Interactions and the Neural Circuitry of Postpartum Depression

Twenty-Five Years of Airway Research: Personal Thoughts

The airway research presented for 25 years annually at the Transatlantic Airway Conferences is impressive! The imaginative Conference design, the quality of speakers, and the generosity of the sponsor are outstanding. The breadth of the Conferences is too broad for an objective review here. Instead, I offer some subjective thoughts by one who has observed the evolution of modern pulmonology. Pulmonology came late as a specialty. The National Institutes of Health deserves credit for recognizing the increasing importance of lung disease through its funded grants and changing the designation to the Heart and Lung Institute. The combined effect of enthusiastic young investigators and an increasing commitment from what was to become the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute provided us pulmonologists with a jump start. Here, I note the importance of the emergence of modern biology in shaping evolving airway research, and our special opportunities because of accessible anatomic features of airways. My presentation of opportunities here in immunology and in signaling may be the result of individual prejudice! Cystic fibrosis was chosen for discussion because of the importance of cloning the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator gene and the limited novel therapies thus far, with a plea for new ideas. The gene was (brilliantly) cloned 2 decades ago, but insights that give rise to novel life-saving therapies are still lacking. I finish with accolades to those who seek to learn from a variety of sources, including artists; I am proud and grateful that I became an early convert from cardiology to pulmonology. It continues to be an exciting experience.

Leveraging diversity through a psychological perspective on managing innovation in a diverse workplace

In the current paper, several (social psychological) theories and empirical studies explaining people's behaviour in innovative and changing environments will be discussed. Based on social psychological theory and empirical studies, it is argued that for an organisation to be open, its members need to do more than just what is in their job descriptions. To understand why people behave in voluntary, discretionary behaviours that are important to the effectiveness of organisations, even though they are not clearly specified or strictly required, it is necessary to focus on the subjective feelings and thoughts. It is concluded that when striving for sustainable innovation, attitudes and values, fairness and justice-based evaluations and issues of identity need to be considered.

Surf's up: social network services and analyses

Social network utilities have become worldwide phenomena that continue to attract scores of Internet enthusiasts. For example, there is the notion of the blogosphere, which is characterized by communal determination to share information and viewpoints. Weblogs are written as personal diaries that sometimes combine subjective thoughts with journalistic reporting. Capabilities of individual authors range from private novices to professional correspondents. Entries usually focus on specific topics and may contain hyperlinks to other relevant resources.

A new way of reflecting in nursing: the Peshkin Approach

A new way of reflecting in nursing: the Peshkin Approach. This paper is a report of a new approach to reflection in nursing and demonstrates its positive outcomes for student learning in clinical practice. Reflection is a popular educational tool in nursing and most traditional reflective models take an incident as the starting point. We have developed a new approach that focuses on subjective thoughts and feelings. We were inspired by the work of Peshkin and his focus on the 'subjective I'. For this reason, we have termed this new way of reflecting 'The Peshkin Approach'. Eight nursing students kept a reflective diary during a 6-week clinical placement in 2008. The focus was on recording their thoughts and feelings. They analysed the diary entries using a systematic approach. The aim was to identify aspects of their subjectivity influencing them in clinical practice. Through analysis of journal entries, the students became aware of the subjective I's that were influencing their experiences. They found the advantages of the approach to be twofold: increased self-awareness and enhanced learning. Maintaining a reflective journal that focuses on subjectivity can enhance the clinical experiences of nursing students. We advocate this new approach as complementary to more traditional forms of reflection and argue for its incorporation into nurse education programmes. In comparison to traditional reflective models that we have used, the Peshkin Approach to Reflection has significant advantages in terms of promoting student learning in clinical practice. We hope the approach can be critiqued and developed further by those interested in enhancing nurse education.

Using the OPHI-II to Support People With Mental Illness in Their Recovery

Occupational therapists working in mental health settings are increasingly interested in ensuring that their practice supports people living with mental illness in their recovery. Recovery-oriented practice values the lived experience of individuals. Occupational therapists who seek to understand clients' lived experience require means to access their personal stories and aspirations. This article illustrates how such narrative data gathered through the Occupational Performance History Interview (OPHI-II) can be used to understand and support clients on their recovery journeys. The Model of Human Occupation is used to analyze and understand themes in the client's narrative. Reflections of the client and occupational therapist who completed the interview demonstrate how appreciating the subjective experience and volitional thoughts and feelings of a client can facilitate recovery-oriented practice.

Challenging the Myth: Directional Atherectomy—A Reply

‘‘Challenging the myth’’ is a new column we have introduced to stimulate discussions among our readers to give their ideas and thoughts about controversial principles and issues. The content of these short commentaries will be influenced by individual and sometimes subjective thoughts and conclusions. However, these opinions should not be published without the opportunity for others to give an alternative view if they so wish. Therefore, we also intend to create space in the journal where authors can provide opposing viewpoints. Jim Reekers starts this series by challenging the myth of atherectomy and points out that there was never any proof that atherectomy works better than balloon angioplasty, neither in cohort series nor in randomized trials, and I have to agree that he is right. Nevertheless, we need atherectomy. Many interventional radiologists missed the old Simpson atherectomy catheter when it disappeared because there was no better tool for debulking eccentric calcified plaques, especially from the popliteal artery in the P2 segment. Therefore, despite the fact that no statistical benefit was proven over PTA, atherectomy is a valuable and helpful tool although it is not required on a frequent basis. Clearly, this should be the approach regarding how we should view the new atherectomy device, i.e., as a tool and not as miraculous new weapon. It might be a mistake to advertise the device as something revolutionary that will drastically change long-term results in peripheral angioplasty. However, the new atherectomy device is a helpful new instrument that is much more versatile than the old Simpson device. The new atherectomy device is useful to remove organized as well as fresh thrombus. The device works on calcified material (although not as well as the Simpson device), and it can debulk eccentric plaques from small arteries without a significant risk of dissection. It is also useful to remove dissections after balloon angioplasty, which otherwise require stent implantation. It can be used on tight and fibrous lesions, such as anastomotic strictures in bypasses, and helps to clean restenosed stents by removing neointimal tissue (not officially, but I swear it works). It is therefore a useful tool especially in delicate areas, such as close to the groin or in the popliteal artery. Professor Reekers is correct in that there is no proof that the device creates better follow-up results than angioplasty alone, although in the registry there was some interest in the fact that diabetic patients had improved patency compared with diabetic patients treated with alternative techniques. However, all of this remains to be proven in a randomized trial. I know that Professor Reekers loves cooking to a great degree. He would love to have such a new multifunctional tool in his kitchen to help him out in technically challenging situations. This is exactly the way I am looking at this new device. If it proves to be better than angioplasty, that’s great. If it fails, I would not be surprised, but I would still like the device as a valuable tool in particular acute situations. Professor Reekers says myths in interventional radiology sometimes are challenged twice. However, he forgets the example of femoral stenting, which was abandoned once but has definitely changed our approach to femoral disease in a second run after the introduction of nitinol stents. D. Vorwerk (&) Department of Radiology, Klinikum Ingolstadt, Krumenauerstrasse 25, Ingolstadt 85049, Germany e-mail: dierk.vorwerk@klinikum-ingolstadt.de

Keeping the goal in mind: Prefrontal contributions to spatial navigation

Keeping the goal in mind: Prefrontal contributions to spatial navigation

The Asymptotic estimations to efficiency of the algorithm многокритериального choice route in гетерогенной network

The Considered problem to optimum routing in гетерогенной network by method of the analysis hierarchy Saati. The Relations advantage are founded on result of the measurements, estimation to validity and subjective thoughts about condition of the network. They Are Given comparative estimations to accuracy, stability and asymptotic convergence algorithm searching for of the decision