Subjective Feeling Of Well-being Research Articles

The Concept of Recovery – a Contribution to the Development of Community Mental Health Services

Mental health, along with physical and social well-being, constitutes the general health of an individual, and it is considered that there is no health without mental health. According to the dual model of mental health, the mental state of an individual does not depend solely on the presence of a diagnosis of mental illness, but also on the subjective feeling of well-being. This means that a person with a mental disorder or illness can have good mental health and vice versa. New approaches in the protection of mental health and the treatment of people with mental illnesses are based on the principles of empowerment, recovery, social inclusion, human rights, multidisciplinarity and multisectoral cooperation. The aim of this paper is to present the concept of recovery of people with mental health problems, starting from a holistic understanding of mental health. Recovery is understood as a process that involves an individual who has hope and is aimed at overcoming psychological suffering, but also experts who shape and conduct their professional procedures with the aim of creating conditions for increasing the well-being and productivity of the individual. Also, the approach to recovery is incorporated into the development and organization of modern Community mental health care services. Under this aspect, the paper will present the development of psychiatric care and Community mental health services on the example of Centers for mental health in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Despite the knowledge and clear documents that focus on mental health care and support services for everyone in the community, there are significant challenges in implementing that type of mental health care system.

Cultural Differences in an Artificial Representation of the Human Emotional Brain System: A Deep Learning Study

Cultural differences between countries are customarily calculated by comparing mean scores on multiple dimensions, which ignores heterogeneity within societies. This article proposes a fundamentally new way of measuring cultural differences by evaluating the functioning of the emotional brain—that is, by comparing how people think, rather than what they think. Deep learning as a supervised machine learning technique is used to mathematically represent the emotional brain of the Volksgeist (“folk spirit”) with a complex system of nonlinear combinations of value priorities, opinions, and other factors with subjective feelings of well-being. Cross-validating how well one Volksgeist's artificial brain fits another country provides a novel measure for emotional cultural differences, which also considers heterogeneity within a society. This measure is conceptually and statistically unrelated to the Kogut–Singh index calculated from mean scores on cultural dimensions. However, it shows good face validity and supports international marketing and business theory as a negative and highly significant predictor for bilateral trade flows within Europe, using a classic gravity model.

Attendance at sporting events and sports participation: analysis of the relationship with subjective wellbeing between level groups, men and women

The objectives of the study were to determine the existence of differences in the levels of subjective well-being in individuals with different levels of sports participation, attendance at sporting events, and between men and women. This investigation was focused on subjective well-being, a relevant and meaningful perspective from which we can understand the well-being of the sports consumer, as a sport can affect the psychological state through hedonic experiences (eg, joy, excitement, anxiety) resulting from attendance at sporting events and sports participation. Gaps in the literature expressed in divergent results regarding subjective well-being were found between individuals who have no interest in sport and spectators and those who follow sport through the media (Inoue et al, 2017; Kim & James, 2019; Kim et al., 2017; Mutz, 2019). On the other hand, inconsistency was found in the results of several investigations concerning the effects of sports participation on subjective well-being. A convenience sample of 374 adult individuals was selected. To assess the research questions about the existence of significant differences, a series of Student t-tests were performed using the groups of individuals: 1) reduced levels of sports participation and attendance at sporting events; 2) high levels of sporting participation and attendance at sporting events, and; 3) men and women. The results showed that individuals with higher and lower attendance at sporting events did not show significant differences in the levels of subjective well-being, either in the group of men or women. Individuals with a higher frequency of sports participation manifested significantly higher feelings of subjective well-being than individuals with a lower frequency of sports participation. This conclusion is very relevant because it confirms the strong role that sports participation plays in promoting individuals' subjective well-being. The recommendations are aimed at legitimizing and appealing to a stronger investment by decision-makers in public policies for the population's sports participation because higher levels of sports participation lead to higher levels of subjective well-being. Public investments in hosting and organizing sporting events, with a view to stimulating assistance and the hedonic dimension, should be well evaluated.

Experiences of Playing Volt Hockey With Focus on Well-Being According to Positive Emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, Achievement: An Interview Study.

Volt hockey is a team sport developed for persons with physical disabilities, but its influence on well-being is unknown. Elements of well-being have been described as positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and achievement constituting a theoretical framework referred to as PERMA. The purpose of this study was to describe how well-being according to PERMA is reflected in the experiences of playing volt hockey. Data were collected through focus group and individual interviews including 21 players. A deductive analysis was conducted using the elements in PERMA as preexisting main categories with an additional main category, named resources needed. Findings showed that all five elements constituting well-being according to PERMA were reflected in the experiences of playing volt hockey. In addition, players emphasized the importance of having the resources needed to play volt hockey. In conclusion, having the opportunity to enjoy playing volt hockey enabled the players to flourish and experience feelings of subjective well-being.

“You've Got a Friend in Me”—An Exploratory Study on Greek Parents’ Views on Their Children's Friendships at the Preschool Setting

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to find out if educational activities about friendship can lead to children's well-being, socialization and adaptation in the preschool setting according to parents’ perceptions. It is generally accepted that there are strong links between subjective feelings of well-being and companionship (family solidarity and friendship). We gain happiness through our relationships with other people. The relationships in the early years of human life are significant in the development of a healthy and happy human being. A qualitative study using educational activities such as pretend play, drawings and a friend's party among parents, children and teachers was applied. Fifty-two Greek pre-school kids participated in the project. After the 2-month implementation project, 25 semi-structured interviews were carried out with volunteering parents whose children participated. Each was recorded and then transcribed verbatim. Ethical considerations included confidentiality, possibility to withdraw items and approval of both parents and municipal authorities. Interviews revealed that activities dedicated to friendship at the beginning of the school year, could direct to bonding among children, shorter adaptation period and a positive parents’ attitude toward school and staff. Although parents were not actively involved in this curriculum, they were able to recognize changes on their children's well-being and adjustment. The importance of this educational program is highlighted in happy bonding among all and in involving parents in school life.

Effect of Receiving Sessions about Sleep Hygiene Practices on Quality of Sleep Pattern, Insomnia and Academic Achievement among Nursing Students with Primary Dysmenorrhea

Background: Obtaining healthy sleep is important for both physical and mental health, improving productivity and overall quality of life, especially, among girls with primary Dysmenorrhea. Aim of the study: This study aimed to explore the effect of sleep hygiene practices on quality of sleep pattern, insomnia and academic achievement among nursing students with primary Dysmenorrhea Design: Quasi-experimental research design. Sample: A purposive sample of 106 female nursing students. Setting: This study was carried out at Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt, from March 2021 to May 2021. Tools: Data was collected through six tools, basic data structured interview schedule, Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Insomnia Severity Index, Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE), Flourishing Scale and Sleep hygiene practices questionnaire. Results: This study reported highly statistically significant differences between the study and control groups after intervention in terms of sleep quality, severity of insomnia, subjective feelings of well-being and ill-being, psychological well-being, academic achievement and sleep hygiene practices (P=<0.0001). Conclusion: this study concluded that receiving sessions about sleep hygiene practices has a greater significant impact on experiencing good sleep quality, less insomnia, more positive feelings of well-being and less negative feelings of ill-being, more psychological wellbeing, better academic achievement, and better sleep hygiene practices among nursing students with primary dysmenorrhea.

More than nature: Linkages between well-being and greenspace influenced by a combination of elements of nature and non-nature in a New York City urban park

This study examines the association between the elements of an urban greenspace and users’ subjective well-being (SWB). In addition to the urgency of addressing climate change, co-benefits such as health and well-being are stimulating increasing investment in urban green infrastructure. Previous studies have established a link between SWB and urban greenspace and identified connectedness to nature (CTN) as one contributor to this effect. Few studies, however, have examined the interactions of park elements as they contribute to CTN and SWB. The current work evaluates the relative importance of various elements of an urban greenspace for individuals’ feelings of SWB and CTN. Possible determinants are investigated through mixed-methods analysis using data from a rating task and interviews conducted with park users in Washington Square Park, NYC. Findings indicate (1) trees are the most important element of nature contributing to a majority of participants’ SWB and CTN, and (2) that for the majority of participants, SWB derives from both elements of nature and non-nature. Results also suggest that a majority of park users are responding to their experience of the park as a whole; this experience is identified as para-urban—characterized by occurring in a space set apart from the rest of the city.

Inclusive tourism as a method for rehabilitation and restoration of human well-being

The aim of the research is to study the impact of inclusive tourism on the subjective assessment of the well-being level of tourists with disabilities and tourists without disabilities. The article deals with the issues of the conceptual apparatus of inclusive tourism, the peculiarities of its organization in Russia, taking into account foreign experience. Moreover, the study highlights the issues of inclusive tourism that have an impact on human well-being. Based on a sociological survey, the attitude to inclusive tourism as a way of influencing the subjective feeling of well-being in people with disabilities and in people without functional impairments is analyzed. The results of the study show that people with disabilities not only visit exhibitions and theaters, but also travel around Russia and other countries. It is concluded that there are positive shifts of respondents towards the implementation of the idea of inclusive tourism, since there is a direct relationship between the number of travels and the well-being of respondents. It is emphasized that a wide questionnaire survey, discussion of inclusive tours is already influencing the formation of a new level of consciousness of all participants in the tourism market and even at this stage creates new opportunities for the formation of human well-being.

P0833SYMPTOM BURDEN IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE : A CASE FOR STARTING KIDNEY SUPPORTIVE CARE CLINIC

Abstract Background and Aims Chronic Kidney Disease(CKD) is associated with a huge symptom burden which increases with progression and leads to depreciation in Quality of life both directly and indirectly through effects on functional status, health perception, and feelings of subjective well-being. Dialysis therapy does not completely improve symptoms. We studied supportive care needs of patients with CKD through assessment of symptoms using translated version of Integrated Palliative Care Outcome Scale (IPOS- Renal) in a single tertiary health setting. Method Patients with chronic Kidney disease having creatinine clearance less than 60 ml/min/m2 were surveyed using IPOS Renal modified translated to vernacular language by forward- backward method. Translated version was approved by independent translator. Symptoms were classified into domains and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Scores were compared for those on maintenance hemodialysis with predialysis CKD patients. Results Of 184 patients, 128(69.6%) were receiving twice weekly hemodialysis, mean age was 52 years (range 20-82 year), 140(76%) were male. Average duration of dialysis was 4 years, 87 (46.9%) reported pain of which 39/87(45%) had moderate to severe pain. Other symptoms over past one week were dyspnea in 59(33.6%), Fatigue in 117(69.4%), Nausea in 53(33.6%), Vomiting in 36(20.9%), Anorexia in 90(42.4%), Constipation in 50(35.3%), Dry mouth/soreness in 62(36.4%), increased drowsiness in 63(46.6%), poor mobility in 87(55.8%), Itching in 69(39.3%), Disturbed sleep in 83(48.6%), Restless leg in75(43.6%), Skin related problems in 47(28.6%). Five patients reported presence of other severe symptoms. In Psychosocial domain 138(79.8%) patients and 126(72.8 %) family members expressed anxiety related to their disease or treatment of which one third had persistent anxiety, 140(81.6%) felt depressed and among them 58(42%) felt it most of the time or always and 145(88.6%) felt that they were not at peace, 59(35%) felt they did not have enough information about their disease and treatment and 79(47%) reported that they had unaddressed financial or personal problems, 124(77.2 %) felt they had to spend significant amount of time in healthcare facility. Patients on dialysis had significantly higher symptoms burden and Psychosocial needs. Conclusion CKD patients face high physical and psychosocial burden which is unaddressed in present clinical care and increases with stage. Tools such as iPOS renal are required to assess need of supportive care in CKD. Kidney supportive care clinic may be required to address this unmet need.

Role of naturopathy and yoga therapy on subjective well-being and prevention of non-communicable diseases

Background: National Health Policy 2017 recognizes the need to nurture Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy (AYUSH) system of medicine through the development of infrastructural facilities of teaching institutions, improving quality control of drugs, capacity building of institutions and professionals. It also recognizes the need for building research and public health skills for preventive and promotive health care. Linking AYUSH systems with Accredited Social Health Activists and Village Health Sanitation and Nutrition Committee would be an important plank of this policy. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to determine patients’ subjective feeling of well-being and outcomes after naturopathy treatment. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted among inpatients (IP) of a naturopathy center in the field practice area of an Rural Health Training Centre attached to the Department of Community Medicine in a Medical College, Navi Mumbai. Questionnaires were distributed for 3 months to all the IP who were willing to participate and give their feedback at discharge. A total of 64 subjects responded. They were personally interviewed, their history and presenting complaints were listed, clinical examination was done, positive findings were noted, details of treatment and advice given were enumerated. Obtained data were tabulated in MS Excel and analyzed using SPSS software. Patients received normal care from the respective therapists and no intervention was done from our side. Permission from the Institutional Review Board for conducting the study was taken. Results: Systolic blood pressure before and after therapy was compared, there was a difference of mean reduction in 4 mmHg with P = 0.00. Significant reduction in weight was noticed among overweight and obese people taking the therapy. A strong positive correlation was seen when quantity of weight reduction was correlated with initial Body Mass Index (BMI). The correlation constant was 0.811 with a significance level of 0.00. Conclusion: Naturopathy therapy as well as yoga practice results in a broad range of outcomes from physical and emotional change through to wider benefits involving the patients’ lifestyle, outlook, and attitude toward their health.

The Impact of the State on the Quality of an Economic System: A Cross-Country Analysis

The paper discusses the role of the state in shaping an economic system which is, in line with the welfare economics approach, capable of performing socially important functions and achieving socially desirable results. We describe this system through a set of indexes: the IHDI, the World Happiness Index, and the Satisfaction of Life index. The characteris-tics of the state are analyzed using a set of variables which describe both the quantitative (government size, various types of governmental expenditures, and regulatory burden) and qualitative (institutional setup and property rights protection) aspects of its functioning. The study examines the “old” and “new” member states of the European Union, the post-communist countries of Eastern Europe and Asia, and the economies of Latin America. The main conclusion of the research is that the institutional quality of the state seems to be the most important for creation of a socially effective economic system, while the level of state interventionism plays, at most, a secondary and often negligible role. Geographical differentiation is also discovered, as well as the lack of a direct correlation between the characteristics of an economic system and the subjective feeling of well-being. These re-sults may corroborate the neo-institutionalist hypothesis that noneconomic factors, such as historical, institutional, cultural, and even genetic factors, may play an important role in making the economic system capable to perform its tasks; this remains an area for future research.

Correction to: Natural born cynics? The role of personality characteristics in consumer skepticism of corporate social responsibility behaviors

Due to an unfortunate oversight an error occured in the paragraph ‘Personality characteristics and CSR skepticism‘. The paragraph should be read as follows: Although scholars have evaluated the relationship between consumer attributions and CSR skepticism, little is specifically known about the degree to which CSR messaging factors are influenced by individual personality traits. This question is worth pursuing because it allows for assessment of the degree to which individuals may be naturally suspicious of CSR efforts. Considered broadly, prior research suggests that personality factors may impact a number of variables involved in the effective communication of socially responsible corporate initiatives, including the degree to which stakeholders are open to relational formation (Shaver and Brennan 1992), feelings of subjective well-being among audience members (Hayes and Joseph 2003), and ethical leadership behaviors undertaken by brand managers (Walumbwa and Schaubroeck 2009). The authors apologise for this error.

The complex interplay between gastrointestinal and psychiatric symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome: A longitudinal assessment.

The aims of this study were to better define the relationship between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and psychiatric disorders and to examine the efficacy of paroxetine in the treatment of IBS patients. One hundred fifty subjects with diagnosis of IBS (Roma III criteria) and relative sub-classification (constipated, diarrhea, and mixed) were assessed for psychopathological features and gastrointestinal symptoms using IBS Symptom Severity Score and were consecutively enrolled. Fifty patients assumed paroxetine for 16weeks and were longitudinally evaluated. The entire sample had a moderate/severe gastrointestinal symptomatology (IBS-SSS 285.1±98.6). The IBS subtypes were diarrhea (47.3%), constipated (32%), and mixed (20.7%). Panic disorder was found in 17.4% and major depressive episode in 14.7%. More than 50% of the patients showed "psychopathological features." This group showed more severe gastrointestinal symptoms and worse quality of life than the group without any psychiatric comorbidity (44%). Psychiatric patients also showed a significant impairment of physical state, subjective feeling of well-being, and leisure activities when compared with no psychiatric patients. When the IBS-SSS>300 group was subgrouped in psychiatric (67.2%) and no psychiatric (32.8%), we found significant differences in all clinician-administered and self-reported scales with more severe psychopathological features in psychiatric group (P<0.01). Among the patients treated with paroxetine, 34 (68%) completed the longitudinal evaluation showing a significant improvement of both psychiatric and gastrointestinal symptoms. This study confirms a high presence of psychiatric comorbidities, emphasizing the need for psychiatric screening in all patients with IBS; moreover, the longitudinal evaluation of patients treated with paroxetine showed a significant improvement of both psychiatric and gastrointestinal symptoms.

Influence of preoperative life satisfaction on recovery and outcomes after colorectal cancer surgery - a prospective pilot study

BackgroundColorectal surgery has an important impact on a patient’s quality of life, and postoperative rehabilitation shows large variations. To enhance the understanding of recovery after colorectal cancer, health-related quality of life has become a standard outcome measurement for clinical care and research. Therefore, we aimed to correlate the influence of preoperative global life satisfaction on subjective feelings of well-being with clinical outcomes after colorectal surgery.MethodsIn this pilot study of consecutive colorectal surgery patients, various dimensions of feelings of preoperative life satisfaction were assessed using a self-rated scale, which was validated in French. Both objective (length of stay and complications) and subjective (pain, subjective well-being and quality of sleep) indicators of recovery were evaluated daily during each patient’s hospital stay.ResultsA total of 112 patients were included. The results showed a negative relationship between life satisfaction and postoperative complications and a significant negative correlation with the length of stay. Moreover, a significant positive correlation between life satisfaction and the combined subjective indicators of recovery was observed.ConclusionWe have shown the importance of positive preoperative mental states and global life satisfaction as characteristics that are associated with an improved recovery after colorectal surgery. Therefore, patients with a good level of life satisfaction may be better able to face the consequences of colorectal surgery, which is a relevant parameter in supportive cancer care.

Анализ факторов формирования благосостояния, качества жизни и счастья персонала современных организаций, на примере научно-педагогических работников российских высших учебных заведений

The article is devoted to the investigation of happiness level, well-being and life quality of scientific pedagogical staff (SPS). The paper identifies the main factors that influence at the objective and subjective sense of SPS happiness, explores different approaches to the research of well-being and life quality of individuals and society in general, detects the features of professional SPS activity. This article is also performs the impact of professionally significant factors on the subjective feeling of well-being and life quality satisfaction by SPS. The profile of happy SPS was composed as well. Analysis of well-being and quality of life was based on a survey of income, health, social capital, and other factors that are included in the category of happiness. The study allowed to establish the relationship between the factors of well-being and motivation factors of the SPS.

Examining the Quality of Life of Farmers with Disabilities: The Ohio AgrAbility Study.

Quality of life is a broad concept that presents a challenge to measure as a scientific category. Quality of life encompasses a broad range of variables based on an individual's expression of life satisfaction, perceptions, values, feelings of subjective well-being, and happiness. This study identified and examined factors that influenced the quality of life of Ohio farmers with disabilities who were enrolled in the Ohio AgrAbility Program (OAP) (n = 55) and participated in this study (60% response rate). A 34-item questionnaire was created. The sample of OAP farmers reported stress many days a week, had a negative outlook on life, and were less satisfied with their overall quality of life because of their health. The OAP participants reported external factors, such as cost of equipment, financial pressures, and input costs, as having a negative effect on their quality of life. The participants also reported that they were not satisfied with the amount of vacation time (60.6%), managing farm work and family life (54.6%), overall health (55%), and quality of life (27%). The results showed a significant difference between the OAP participants' overall quality of life and the following variables: gender, net cash income, outlook on life, health, stress, farm work, managing farm and family, social activities, and emotional support for farmers with disabilities. The findings of this exploratory study allowed farmers to identify factors that they perceived as important to their quality of life. Moreover, the results may be helpful for stakeholders to better understand the needs of farmers with disabilities and provide appropriate educational and other services to enhance their quality of life.

Health-related quality of life in patients with pediatric onset of end-stage renal disease: state of the art and recommendations for clinical practice.

Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is increasingly recognized as a key outcome in both clinical and research settings in the pediatric population with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). This review aims to: (1) summarize the current knowledge on HRQoL and socioprofessional outcomes and (2) provide strategies for incorporation of HRQoL assessment into clinical practice. Studies report that pediatric patients with ESRD have significantly lower HRQoL scores compared with children with other chronic diseases. Patients treated by dialysis are at particularly high risk for impaired HRQoL. Furthermore, patients more often have impaired neurocognitive functioning and lower academic achievement. Important determinants of impaired HRQoL include medical factors (i.e., receiving dialysis, disabling comorbidities, cosmetic side effects, stunted growth), sociodemographic factors (i.e., female gender, non-Western background) and psychosocial factors (i.e., noneffective coping strategies). Contrary to the situation in childhood, adult survivors of pediatric ESRD report a normal mental HRQoL. Despite this subjective feeling of well-being, these patients have on average experienced significantly more difficulties in completing their education, developing intimate relationships, and securing employment. Several medical and psychosocial strategies may potentially improve HRQoL in children with ESRD. Regular assessment of HRQoL and neurocognitive functioning in order to identify areas in which therapies and interventions may be required should be part of standard clinical care.

Training and de-training effects: one year follow-up of a 3-month resistance exercise program in the pre-frail elderly

Background: Frailty is a fairly common biological syndrome in the elderly. Older adults (OAs) can be classified as in non-frail, pre-frail, and frail status. They may transition between levels of frailty according to their physical condition or after interventions. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to understand the training and detraining effects of a 3-month resistance exercise interventions in the pre-frail OAs. Methods: OAs from retirement communities and elderly congregation homes aged over 65 yearswere recruited.About 150 OAs were screened, among them, 107 pre-frail were invited, 78 agreed and 70 completed the program. After a consent form, each participant went through a series of comprehensive geriatric assessment, including basic data, health and lifestyle questionnaire, cognitive and depressive status, physical fitness tests (grip strength, knee extension strength, 30 sec sit-to-stand, arm-curl test, timed up and go, 5-meter walking time, 6minute walking distance, functional reach, one leg stand time, chair sit-and-reach, and reaction time) frailty level, quality of life (SF-36) and also monitoring of baseline activity level for 1 week by a pedometer. Then, they were randomly assigned into muscle resistance training and control groups. OAs in exercise groups participated 30min/session, 3 times/week exercise training for 3 months and were followed up at 6th m and 12th m. Generalized Estimation Equation (GEE) with 4 within (time) and 2 between (group) factors was applied for data analyses. Results: There were no significant differences of basic characteristic data between 2 groups. The results showed that compared with the control groups, resistance training group showed significant improvement in 30 sec sit-to-stand, arm-curl test, 5-meter walking speed and GDS scores at the conclusion of training. Some of the positive effects in the training group could maintain but some showed decline at the 6th month follow up (F/U), however, most revealed significantly decline at the 12thmonth F/U.The deteriorations of themotor function are evenmore obvious in the control group with some interaction effects. Besides, many older adults in resistance training group reported subjective feeling of wellbeing and getting fitter. Some also expressed the eager to continue the exercise program. Conclusion(s):A3-monthmuscle resistance training program has significant beneficial effects on upper and lower extremities muscle strength and endurance, gait speed and emotional status in the pre-frail OAs. However, there are detraining effects at the 6th months and almost returns to baseline at the 12th months. Compared with the training group, the control group revealed more significantly deteriorations especially at the 12th month F/U. Implications: A 3-month muscle resistance training program is feasible and effectiveness for the pre-frail OAs in improving both motor and emotional functions. However, there are de-training effects. Therefore, regular exercise is strongly recommended for the pre-frail OAs to maintain or even improve their functions.

Prevalence and Its Correlates of Restless Legs Syndrome in Outpatients with Bipolar Disorders

Objective Thisstudy was to assess the prevalence and its correlates of restless legs syndrome(RLS) in outpatients with bipolar disorder. Method A total of 100clinical stabilized bipolar outpatients were examined. The presence of RLS andits severity were assessed using the International Restless Legs Sydrome StudyGroup (IRLSSG) diagnostic criteria. Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI), Spielberg's StateAnxiety Inventory (STAI-X-1), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Koreanversion Drug Attitude Inventory (KDAI-10), Subjective Well-Beings under NeurolepticTreatment Scale-Short Form(SWN-K) and Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) wereused to evaluate the depressive symptomatology, level of anxiety, subjectivequality of sleep, subjective feeling of well-being, drug attitude, presence ofakathisia, respectively. Results Of the 100 bipolar outpatients,7 (7%) were met to full criteria of IRLSSG and 36 (36%) have at least one ofthe 4 IRLSSG criterion. Because of relatively small sample size, non-parametricanalysis were done to compare the characteristics among 3 groups (full-RLS, 1≥positiveRLS-symptom and Non-RLS). There were no significant differences in sex, age, and other sociodemographic and clinical data among 3 groups. BDI, STAI-X-1 andPSQI are tended to be impaired in RLS and 1≥positive RLS-symptomgroups. Conclusion This is the first preliminarystudy for studying the prevalence and its correlates of RLS in bipolardisorder. The results shows that RLS was relatively smaller presentin bipolar disorder than schizophrenia. Sametendencies shown in schizophrenic patients were found that bipolar patientswith RLS had more depressive symptoms, state anxiety and poor subjective sleepquality.

HEART AND KIDNEY PATIENTS

The prevalence of chronic diseases is exceptionally high (37.9%) among theadult population of Pakistan. Social support could play a significant role in shaping the copingstrategies and determining the subjective wellbeing of chronically ill patients. Objectives:This research documents the correlation patterns of social support with coping strategiesand subjective well-being among Heart and Kidney Patients. Methods: The primary data wascollected from four major hospitals in Lahore by using purposive sampling method. For thecollection of quantitative data, a hospital-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted with275 admitted patients (131-heart and 144-kidney) 184 male and 91 female (20 to 110 yearsof age) by using a structured interview schedule. Pearson Product-moment Correlation andMultiple Regression Analysis were performed on the data set. Results: Strongest correlationwas found between emotional and informational social support (r=.853). Instrumental socialsupport also indicates strong relationship with the emotional social support (r=.838). Therewas a moderate positive correlation (r=.339) between behavioral coping, emotional socialsupport and informational social support (r=.424). Data show a negative relationship betweenphysical coping and subjective well-being (r=.381). Results of the study suggest that emotional(β=.230) and informational (β=.217) social support affect the patients’ ability to actively engagein behavioral and physical coping for the subjective well-being; however, physical copingindicated negative effects (β=-.225) on the subjective feelings of well-being. Conclusions: Astrong correlations among four types of social support exists and behavioral coping has thestrongest impact on the subjective well-being (β=.629).