Subjective Feelings Of Hunger Research Articles

Anticipation of a psychosocial stressor differentially influences ghrelin, cortisol and food intake among emotional and non-emotional eaters

Negative emotions trigger eating in some individuals (emotional eaters) possibly by influencing stress hormones that contribute to eating regulation (e.g., cortisol), or eating-related peptides (e.g., ghrelin) signaling food initiation. The present study assessed whether stressor-elicited cortisol and ghrelin changes would differ between emotional and non-emotional eaters, and whether eating would influence these neuroendocrine responses. Undergraduate women (N=103) who completed measures of emotional eating, were assigned to anticipate either a stressful (public speaking) or non-stressful event. During this period, participants were or were not offered food. Blood samples were taken continuously over a 40-min period to assess changes of cortisol and ghrelin levels, and mood was assessed after the anticipation period. Baseline ghrelin levels were lower in emotional than non-emotional eaters, and this relation was mediated by percent body fat. Ghrelin levels were elevated among women anticipating a stressor, compared to those in the control condition. Additionally, the normal decline of ghrelin following food consumption was not apparent among emotional eaters. Although food intake was not tied to hormone responses, reported hunger was associated with greater food intake for women in the stressor condition. It was suggested that emotional eating coupled with subjective feelings of hunger, might contribute to eating in response to an acute stressor. Additionally, feedback mechanisms controlling the normalization of ghrelin levels might be disturbed in emotional eaters. The similarity of the ghrelin profile of emotional eaters to that of binge eaters and obese individuals, raises the possibility that disturbed ghrelin response might be a risk factor for such conditions.

Appetite, body composition, muscle strength and reaction time following food restriction in sedentary males

Introduction: The effect of food restriction on physiological response still unclear. Reduction in energy intake might affect on appetite, body composition, and physical performance in sedentary males. Therefore, the objective of this research was to investigate the impact of three days food restriction on appetite hormone, body composition, muscle strength, reaction time, subjective feeling of hunger and rating of perceived exertion in young sedentary males.

Meal induced gut hormone secretion is altered in aerobically trained compared to sedentary young healthy males

Postprandial insulin release is lower in healthy aerobically trained (T) compared to untrained (UT) individuals. This may be mediated by a lower release of the two incretin hormones [glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)] in T. The aim of this study was to assess and compare gut hormone response and satiety changes after a liquid meal intake in young, healthy T and UT males. Postprandial gut hormone release and subjective feelings of hunger, satiety, fullness and prospective food consumption were assessed before and frequently for the following 3 h after a 200 ml liquid meal (1,260 kJ and 27, 41 and 32 energy % as protein, carbohydrates and fat, respectively) in ten T and ten UT young, healthy male subjects. The insulin and GIP responses were markedly lower in T than UT and correlated during the first 30 min after the liquid meal. Baseline GLP-1 concentration was higher in T versus UT, but the response in the following 3 h after a liquid meal was similar in T and UT. Satiety measures did not differ between groups throughout the test. It is possible that in aerobically T subjects, a lower GIP release is partly responsible for a lower postprandial incretin stimulated insulin secretion.

Effect of soluble fiber dextrin on postprandial appetite and subsequent food intake in healthy adults

The effect of a newly developed soluble fiber dextrin on subjective appetite, satiety hormone response and food intake was investigated using a double blind, randomized cross‐over study. 41 healthy adults aged 24±4 years with a BMI of 23.4±2.5 kg/m2 ate a lunch meal with a test beverage that contained 0g, 10g or 20g fiber. Appetite questionnaires were completed and plasma samples collected immediately before, and at regular intervals following lunch. A snack was provided 150 minutes after lunch and the amount eaten recorded. Following the snack, subjective appetite was recorded each hour for the remainder of the day and food intake recorded using a food log. The consumption of the different test beverages had no effect on subjective appetite during the first 150 minutes after lunch or on food intake at the snack meal (p>;0.05). However, after leaving the laboratory, subjective feelings of hunger, desire to eat and prospective consumption were significantly lower and fullness significantly higher over the rest of the day following the test beverage containing 20g fiber (p<0.05). Plasma GIP was lower following the test beverage containing 20g fiber (p<0.05), with no effect on plasma GLP‐1, ghrelin, CCK, PYY3–36, insulin or glucose (p>;0.05). These results indicate that soluble fiber dextrin may promote satiety from 3 up to 8.5 hours after consumption.This study was funded by Tate and Lyle Health & Nutrition Sciences.

Effects of a 48-h fast on heart rate variability and cortisol levels in healthy female subjects

The physiological changes that occur during fasting are not completely understood, regardless of the cause for fasting (for example, medical, lifestyle, religious, political or famine). The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a 48-h fast on heart rate variability (HRV) and cortisol levels in healthy young female volunteers. A total of 16 young healthy female volunteers underwent 48 h of total fasting under 24-h medical surveillance. Psychological (subjective feeling of hunger) as well as physiological data (HRV, diurnal cortisol profiles) were measured upon admission (Day 1), and after 24 (Day 2) and 48 h (Day 3) of fasting. There was a measured weight loss from Day 1 to Day 3 that resulted in significant body mass index (BMI) reduction across all subjects (P<0.001). The slope of the diurnal cortisol profile significantly shifted towards lower values from baseline to the end of experiment (P=0.002). HRV during resting showed a significant (P<.001) decrease in standard deviation of the normal-to-normal interval (SDNN) and root mean square of successive differences (RMSSDs) from Day 1 to Day 3 of the experiment, with a small increase after 24 h that did not reach statistical significance. A 48 h of fasting also induced a significant (P<.001) decrease of mean interbeat intervals (IBIs), SDNN, RMSSD and log high-frequency (HF) power during head-up tilt testing. An acute (48 h) total fast induced parasympathetic withdrawal with simultaneous sympathetic activation. These changes appear to reflect stress. Further studies are needed to demonstrate the specificity of these changes to fasting.

Early Oral Refeeding Wisdom in Patients With Mild Acute Pancreatitis

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of early oral refeeding (EORF) in patients with mild acute pancreatitis (AP) and to investigate the optimal duration to commence EORF. A prospective, randomized, controlled trial was conducted in patients with mild AP. Patients with EORF (started oral feeding once they subjectively felt hungry) were compared with patients receiving routine oral refeeding (RORF) for time interval between disease onset and initiation of oral refeeding, total length of hospitalization (LOH), postrefeeding LOH, and adverse gastrointestinal events. There were 75 and 74 patients in the EORF group and the RORF group, respectively, with comparable baseline characteristics. Patients in the EORF group started refeeding significantly earlier than those in the RORF group (4.56 ± 1.53 vs 6.75 ± 2.29 days; P < 0.05). Moreover, patients in the EORF group had significantly shorter total (6.8 ± 2.1 vs 10.4 ± 4.1 days; P < 0.01) and post refeeding LOH (2.24 ± 0.52 vs 3.27 ± 0.61 days; P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in adverse gastrointestinal events between the 2 groups. In patients with mild AP, EORF, with the subjective feeling of hunger, is safe, feasible, and reduces LOH.

Effects of high and low glycemic load meals on energy intake, satiety and hunger in obese Hispanic-American youth

Some short-term pediatric studies have suggested beneficial effects of low glycemic load (LGL) meals on feelings of hunger and on energy intake. However, the effects of LGL diets have not been systematically studied in obese Hispanic children, who stand to benefit from successful interventions. To examine the effects of LGL and high-GL (HGL) meals on appetitive responses and ad libitum energy intake of obese Hispanic youth. A total of 88 obese Hispanic youth aged 7-15 years were enrolled in a community-based obesity intervention program and randomly assigned to consume meals designed as either LGL (n = 45) or HGL (n = 43). After 12 weeks, participants were admitted for a 24-hour metabolic study. Following the morning test meal, subjects serially reported hunger, fullness, and satiety using a visual analog scale. Blood insulin and glucose were measured. After 5 hours, participants were fed another test meal and given a snack platter from which to eat ad libitum. All test food was weighed and the energy, macronutrients, and glycemic load (GL) of consumed foods were calculated. The HGL group had significantly higher insulin (p = 0.0005) and glucose (p = 0.0001) responses to the breakfast meal compared with the LGL group. There were no significant between-group differences in energy consumed from the snack platter (1303 vs. 1368 kcal, p = 0.5), or in the subjective feelings of hunger (p = 0.3), fullness (p = 0.5) or satiety (p = 0.3) between the two groups. Our study provides no evidence that, for obese Hispanic youth, changing the GL of the diet affects short-term hunger, fullness, satiety, or energy intake. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01068197.

Are you hungry? Are you thirsty? – fasting times in elective outpatient pediatric patients

This study assessed the duration of pre-operative fasting in children and its impact on the subjective feeling of hunger and thirst prior to elective outpatient anesthesia. Pediatric fasting guidelines are designed to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents during general anesthesia, and a fasting regimen of 6-8 h for solids, 4 h for breast milk, and 2 h for clear fluids is commonly used. Anecdotal evidence suggests that fasting times are often excessive. A total of 1350 consecutive healthy children aged <16 (median 7.7, range 2-16) presenting for elective dental treatment under general anesthesia were enrolled in this prospective study. On hospital arrival, all children were asked when they last ate or drank and to rate their degree of hunger and thirst. The median (range) fasting times were 12:05 (00:45-21:50) hours and 07:57 (00:05-20:50) hours for solids and fluids, respectively. The majority of children were very hungry or starving (756/1350=56%), but less than a third of all children were very thirsty (361/1350=27%). Duration of solid food fast and severity of hunger correlated for patients fasted from before midnight (r=0.92) but not for food after midnight. No correlation was found for fluid intake and perception of thirst. This study shows that children presenting for elective outpatient surgery are suffering from a considerable amount of pre-operative discomfort because of excessive fasting. Strategies to guarantee minimal fasting at hospital admission are urgently needed.

Gastric emptying rate and perceived hunger after rest and exercise in man

The rate at which ingested fluid is emptied from the stomach is influenced by a number of factors. Exercise at intensities greater than 70% VO2maxhas been shown to reduce gastric emptying rates in healthy individuals,1 but to date, no studies have reported the effects of differing exercise intensities on gastric emptying characteristics after the cessation of exercise. Five males and three females participated in this investigation following prior ethical approval. Each subject undertook a measurement of VO2maxand a familiarisation trial before participating in three randomly assigned experimental trials. These included 30 min of rest, continuous cycling at 33% of peak power obtained during the VO2maxtest (LI) and ten 1-min sprints at peak power separated by rest periods of 2 min (HI). 30 min after completion of rest or exercise, a gastric tube was inserted and the stomach emptied before ingestion of 595 ml of a 5% glucose solution. Stomach volumes were determined at 10-min intervals for 1 h using the double sampling technique.2 3 Subjective feelings of hunger were determined before and after rest or exercise, before drinking and at 10-min intervals after drink ingestion. No differences (p&gt;0.05) in subjective feelings of hunger were observed from pre-exercise or pre-ingestion values at any time during the rest or LI trial. Subjective feelings of hunger were significantly reduced (p=0.005) from pre-exercise values during the HI trial but returned to pre-exercise values before fluid ingestion. Mean±SD half emptying times for the test drink were similar (p=0.999) during the three trials: rest 22±10 min; LI 22±8 min HI 22±7 min. Subjective feelings of hunger in the hour after fluid ingestion were negatively correlated with total stomach volume (R2(rest) −0.655, p=0.110, LI:−0.897, p=0.006, HI−0.833, p=0.02). Previous investigations have observed that gastrointestinal function appears to be affected during high intensity exercise, but the results of the present study show that gastric emptying was not impaired 30 min after high intensity exercise. Perceived feelings of hunger and gastrointestinal function appear to be closely linked.

Liquid and solid carbohydrate foods: comparative effects on glycemic and insulin responses, and satiety

It is speculated that the physical form (liquid or solid) of the food substrate has an independent effect on the body's satiety mechanisms. Using a balanced and controlled design, the objective of the present study was to determine the glycemic response (GR), insulin response (IR) and subjective feelings of satiety to two solid (rice [BR] and spaghetti) and two liquid (orange juice and a sugar-sweetened fruit drink [SSD]) foods. Ten healthy participants consumed volume (576 ml) and carbohydrate (50 g) matched portions of the above test foods following a 12-h fast. Blood samples were obtained for the ensuing 120 min for glucose and insulin determination. The subjects also completed visual analog scales (VAS) providing data on subjective feelings of hunger, fullness and satiety. Although there were some significant differences in the total incremental areas under the curve for the GR and IR to liquids and solids, there were notable distinctions in the pattern of the response curves. The BR and SSD elicited significantly different levels of subjective hunger, fullness and satiety. The VAS ratings for all four treatments were at or below baseline by 30 min post-consumption. There were no associations between the GR/IR and VAS ratings. Although the GR and IR were not different between liquids and solids, their differential response patterns could have an impact on satiety and merits further investigation.

Acute effect of walking on energy intake in overweight/obese women

This study examined the acute effect of a bout of walking on hunger, energy intake, and appetite-regulating hormones [acylated ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)] in 19 overweight/obese women (BMI: 32.5 ± 4.3 kg/m 2). Subjects underwent two experimental testing sessions in a counterbalanced order: exercise and rest. Subjects walked at a moderate-intensity for approximately 40 min or rested for a similar duration. Subjective feelings of hunger were assessed and blood was drawn at 5-time points (pre-, post-, 30-, 60-, 120-min post-testing). Ad libitum energy intake consumed 1–2 h post-exercise/rest was assessed and similar between conditions (mean ± standard deviation; exercise: 551.5 ± 245.1 kcal [2.31 ± 1.0 MJ] vs. rest: 548.7 ± 286.9 kcal [2.29 ± 1.2 MJ]). However, when considering the energy cost of exercise, relative energy intake was significantly lower following exercise (197.8 ± 256.5 kcal [0.83 ± 1.1 MJ]) compared to rest (504.3 ± 290.1 kcal [2.11 ± 1.2 MJ]). GLP-1 was lower in the exercise vs. resting condition while acylated ghrelin and hunger were unaltered by exercise. None of these variables were associated with energy intake. In conclusion, hunger and energy intake were unaltered by a bout of walking suggesting that overweight/obese individuals do not acutely compensate for the energy cost of the exercise bout through increased caloric consumption. This allows for an energy deficit to persist post-exercise, having potentially favorable implications for weight control.

Effect of diets high or low in unavailable and slowly digestible carbohydrates on the pattern of 24-h substrate oxidation and feelings of hunger in humans

The pattern of substrate utilization with diets containing a high or a low proportion of unavailable and slowly digestible carbohydrates may constitute an important factor in the control, time course, and onset of hunger in humans. We tested the hypothesis that isoenergetic diets differing only in their content of unavailable carbohydrates would result in different time courses of total, endogenous, and exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates. Two diets with either a high (H diet) or a low (L diet) content of unavailable carbohydrates were fed to 14 healthy subjects studied during two 24-h periods in a metabolic chamber. Substrate utilization was assessed by whole-body indirect calorimetry. In a subgroup of 8 subjects, endogenous and exogenous carbohydrate oxidation were assessed by prelabeling the body glycogen stores with [(13)C]carbohydrate. Subjective feelings of hunger were estimated with use of visual analogue scales. Total energy expenditure and substrate oxidation did not differ significantly between the 2 diets. However, there was a significant effect of diet (P: = 0.03) on the carbohydrate oxidation pattern: the H diet elicited a lower and delayed rise of postprandial carbohydrate oxidation and was associated with lower hunger feelings than was the L diet. The differences in hunger scores between the 2 diets were significantly associated with the differences in the pattern of carbohydrate oxidation among diets (r = -0.67, P: = 0. 006). Exogenous and endogenous carbohydrate oxidation were not significantly influenced by diet. The pattern of carbohydrate utilization is involved in the modulation of hunger feelings. The greater suppression of hunger after the H diet than after the L diet may be helpful, at least over the short term, in individuals attempting to better control their food intake.

Short-term regulation of food intake in children, young adults and the elderly

The present study investigated the effects of consuming preloads with different macronutrient and energy contents on subsequent intake and subjective feelings of hunger and satiety in children, young adults and the elderly. 30 Children (4-6 y), 33 young adults (18-26 y) and 24 elderly (61-86 y). A 'preload test meal' design was applied. Subjects were given four different strawberry yoghurt preloads that varied in energy and macronutrient content, or no yoghurt. Children, young adults and elderly consumed 200, 340 and 300 g of the preload, respectively. One yoghurt was low-fat, low-carbohydrate and low in energy (the control; 0.7 MJ/500 g serving), one yoghurt was high-fat and medium in energy (71% of energy (en%) of fat; 2 MJ/500 g serving), one yoghurt was high-carbohydrate and medium in energy (87 en% of carbohydrate; 2 MJ/500 g serving) and the fourth yoghurt was high-fat and high-carbohydrate and high in energy (42 en% of fat and 53 en% of carbohydrate; 3 MJ/500 g serving). Ninety minutes after preload consumption, subjects had an attractive ad libitum lunch-buffet. Energy intake at lunch and subjective feelings of hunger and satiety were analysed. The ability to compensate at lunch did not differ among the three age groups. Compared to the no-preload condition, all children, young adults and elderly ate significantly less after the high-fat and high-carbohydrate yoghurt. The energy compensation observed in the children ranged between -21% and 34%, in the young adults between 15% and 44% and in the elderly between 17% and 23%. Hunger responses were clearly different between young adults and the elderly. Compared to the no-preload condition, the young adults showed larger differences in their appetite ratings than the elderly, indicating that the elderly were less sensitive to the energy content of the preload than the young adults. We conclude that the ability to regulate the food intake within a preload 90 min test meal paradigm did not differ among children, young adults and the elderly. This study was funded by the European Commission as part of project FAIR-CT95-0574.

Adaptation to high-fat diets: effects on eating behaviour and plasma cholecystokinin.

Twelve male subjects took part in a study to investigate the effects of overfeeding a high-fat diet (19.17 MJ/d; 58% energy from fat) for 2 weeks on plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) levels, food intake, and subjective feelings of hunger and fullness. Before and after the diet, subjects completed a 2-week weighed dietary inventory, formal measurements of food intake from a pre-selected appetizing evening meal were carried out, and blood samples were taken after a standard breakfast for measurement of CCK. Hunger and fullness were rated on visual analogue scales before and after each of these meals and at evening meals during the diet period. Following the high-fat diet there was a small non-significant increase in food intake from the pre-selected meal (6919 (SE 615) kJ v. 6405 (SE 540) kJ; P = 0.1) and a significant increase in the average daily food consumption measured from the diaries (10.25 (SE 0.49) MJ/d v. 9.59 (SE 0.62) MJ/d; P = 0.05). Corresponding trends of increasing feelings of hunger and declining fullness also occurred over the study period. Plasma CCK responses to the standard breakfast were raised following the diet (1285 (SE 153) v. 897 (SE 78) pM min; 3 h integrated CCK production post v. pre diet; P < 0.01) with the major differences observed at 90 and 120 min following the meal. These results suggest that the increase in food intake may be related to a down-regulation in putative CCK receptors responsible for food intake. Elevated CCK levels might suggest a corresponding down-regulation in CCK receptors responsible for feedback inhibition of CCK release.

Ineffectiveness of ceruletide to reduce food intake and body weight in obese women hospitalized for weight reduction and treated with a restricted diet. A double-blind study

Ceruletide is a synthetic decapeptide closely resembling the 8-carboxy-terminal peptide of cholecystokinin (CCK-8) with which it shares several biological properties. In a double-blind study versus placebo, we evaluated the effects of ceruletide on self-rated hunger and food intake at lunch time, as well as on body weight in 14 obese women hospitalized for weight reduction and on a restricted diet. During two 6-day courses of treatment with ceruletide or placebo, ceruletide 0.3 μg/kg b.wt. or an equivalent volume of its diluent were injected IM at 11.30 a.m., i.e., 30 min before lunch. Feelings of hunger were quantitated, using a visual analogue self-rating scale, prior to the injection of ceruletide or placebo and 30 min thereafter, i.e., just prior to the start of meal ingestion, as well as 2 hr after the start of the meal. Duration and caloric content of food ingested at lunch, as well as morning body weight, were recorded daily. Ceruletide, compared to placebo, did not significantly influence any of the above variables. However, in the first three experimental days, the increase in self-rated hunger from values before the injection to 30 min thereafter was less marked, though not significantly so (0.05< p<0.1), with ceruletide than with placebo. Thus, it appears that ceruletide, under the experimental conditions of the present study, was not effective in enhancing the patients' motivation to lose weight and to further restrict their food intake at lunch time. By contrast, the peptide seemed capable of producing a moderate although transient reduction in the subjective feeling of hunger; however, due to its short duration, this effect seems to be hardly exploitable for therapeutic purposes.

Phenylalanine and aspartame fail to alter feeding behavior, mood and arousal in men

Two experiments were designed to investigate the neurobehavioral effects of phenylalanine (PHE; 0.84, 2.52, 5.04, and 10.08 g) and aspartame (APM; 5.04 and 10.08 g) on energy and macronutrient selection and on subjective feelings of hunger, mood and arousal in normal weight adult males. Neither phenylalanine nor aspartame altered mean energy intakes or macronutrient selection at a lunch begun 60 to 105 min after the amino acids were consumed. During this time, increased ( p<0.05) visual analog scale (VAS) scores for emptiness, rumbling, weakness, degree of hunger and urge to eat were found in both experiments, but no treatment effects or interactions were seen for any variable in either experiment. Plasma PHE levels and ratios to other large neutral amino acids (NAA) rose significantly ( p<0.05) after all treatments except 0.84 g PHE; plasma tyrosine (TYR) levels increased ( p<0.05) only when ⩾2.52 g PHE was given. TYR/NAA ratios were higher ( p<0.05) after 2.52 and 5.04 g PHE, and 10.08 g APM. No relationships were found between food intake and plasma amino acid levels. We conclude that, in normal weight men, PHE and APM, in doses up to 10 g, do not affect short-term energy and macronutrient intakes, or subjective feelings of hunger, mood and arousal.