Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale Research Articles

Psychometric evaluation and validation of the Hungarian version of the Physical Activity Affect Scale (PAAS-H)

Background: Feelings and emotions during sports and exercise determine commitment, adherence, and enjoyment of the activity. The Physical Activity Affect Scale (PAAS) combined two earlier instruments, the Exercise-Induced Feelings Inventory and the Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale, to investigate affective states generally characterizing post-exercise feelings based on the circumplex model of affect. Therefore, the PAAS measures positive affect, negative affect, fatigue, and tranquility on a five-point Likert scale having only 12 items. Aim: Its ease of administration and interpretation renders the PAAS a valuable tool in both research and practice, but it is unavailable to Hungarian scholars and sports and exercise professionals due to the lack of adaptation. Hence, this work aimed to develop and validate the Hungarian version of the PAAS. Methods: Three hundred sixty-two recreational exercisers (64.1% women), aged from 18 to 62 (mean of age: 27.0 [SD = 10.0]) years completed the questionnaires before and during their exercise (briefly interrupting activity). Measures: PAAS was used to measure positive affect, negative affect, fatigue and tranquility aspects of internal affective experience. Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) was utilized to assess the actual mood state, consisting of positive affect and negative affect subscales. Arousal was measured with Felt Arousal Scale (FAS), while the pleasure–displeasure affective valence was assessed with the Feeling Scale (FS). Results: A confirmatory factor analysis indicated good fit of the four-factor model. The results also revealed configural, metric, and scalar measurement invariance between sexes. The internal reliabilities of the scales varied between (Cronbach’s α) .73 and .85 before and during exercise. PAAS scales largely showed the expected associations with other measures of positive and negative affect and activation. The lowest association was between Tranquility (PAAS) and Felt arousal (r = .14), followed by Tranquility and Feeling (r = .27). Feeling and Felt arousal correlated negatively with Fatigue (PAAS, r = –.42 and r = –.44), as well as with the Negative affect (PAAS, r = –.61 and r = –.40). Positive affect from PAAS (PAAS PA) had a positive correlation with Feeling and Felt arousal (r = .64, r = .54). PAAS PA and Positive affect from PANAS (PANAS PA) correlated strongly (r = .77), similar to the Negative affect from both inventories (r = .78; p < .01 for all cases). Conclusion: Therefore, the Hungarian PAAS could assess exercise-induced affect in a reliable and valid way in recreational exercisers. However, its validity in competitive sports remains to be tested.

The effect of subjective exercise experience on anxiety disorder in university freshmen: the chain-mediated role of self-efficacy and interpersonal relationship.

Anxiety disorder is a significant concern in the context of mental health among university students. This study aimed to examine the impact of subjective exercise experience on anxiety disorder in freshmen and verify the mediating role of self-efficacy and interpersonal relationships between them. A total of 1,308 Chinese freshmen underwent an investigation using the Subjective Exercise Experience Scale (SEES), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), and Interpersonal Relationship Comprehensive Diagnostic Scale (IRIDS). The outcomes of this study are as follows: (1) Boys exhibited marginally greater performance in physical activity assessments compared to girls while displaying somewhat lower scores than girls in measures of anxiety disorders, self-efficacy, and interpersonal relationship tests. Of these, 63.39% were diagnosed with mild anxiety, 51.73% were diagnosed with moderate anxiety, and 10% were diagnosed with severe anxiety; (2) The subjective exercise experience had a significant negative correlation with an anxiety disorder (r = -0.36, p < 0.01), and the subjective exercise experience had a direct negative impact on anxiety disorder (β = -0.112, t = -11.776, p < 0.01). Furthermore, subjective exercise experience positively predicted self-efficacy (β = 0.125, t = 13.236, p < 0.01) and interpersonal relationship (β = 0.395, t = 12.359, p < 0.01). Self-efficacy had a substantial impact on interpersonal relationships (β = 0.724, t = 12.172, p < 0.01) and anxiety disorders (β = -0.148, t = -8.387, p < 0.01). Interpersonal relationships had a significant positive predictive effect on anxiety disorder (β = -0.081, t = -10.441, p < 0.01); (3) Self-efficacy and interpersonal relationships were identified as important mediators between subjective exercise experience and anxiety disorder. The intermediary effect accounted for 18.84% of the total effect. Specifically, subjective exercise had a direct impact on anxiety disorders through self-efficacy mediators (2.90%), interpersonal mediators (1.45%), and self-efficacy and interpersonal chain mediators (14.49%). Subjective exercise experience has a significant positive predictive effect on university students' self-efficacy, interpersonal relationships, and anxiety disorder. Moreover, self-efficacy and interpersonal interactions serve as intermediaries between subjective exercise experiences and anxiety disorders. These findings have immense importance in advancing the mental well-being of freshmen and serve as a theoretical foundation for formulating intervention strategies. However, the study had certain limitations, such as the specificity of the sample and the use of self-reported data. Further research could enhance the sample size and utilize various assessment techniques to validate these findings.

The influence of control beliefs on the cardiovascular fitness of college students: the chain mediating effect of subjective exercise experience and exercise adherence

PurposeLack of adequate physical exercise is the main reason for the frequent occurrence of health problems among Chinese college students. The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of control beliefs on cardiovascular fitness among college students and the mediating role of subjective exercise experience and exercise adherence in it.MethodsThe Control Belief Scale, the Subjective Exercise Experience Scale (SEES), and the Exercise Adherence Scale were used to investigate 1854 freshmen and sophomores in Nantong and Suzhou, China. Cardiovascular fitness data for college students from the National Student Physical Health Standard and SPSS 23.0 statistical analysis software were used to carry out statistics and analyses on the questionnaires. Correlation analysis, regression analysis, and mediation models were used to assess control beliefs, subjective exercise experiences, exercise adherence, and cardiovascular fitness.ResultsThe control belief of college students was directly related to cardiovascular fitness (effect value: 0.121), the mediating effect through subjective exercise experience was not significant, indirectly related through the mediating effect of exercise adherence (effect value: 0.101), and indirectly related through the mediating effect of subjective exercise experience and exercise adherence (effect value: 0. 019). The positive prediction effect of control belief on cardiovascular fitness of college students was significant (β = 0.267, P < 0.001), and the positive prediction effect of control belief on cardiovascular fitness of college students was still significant (β = 0.121, P < 0.01) after adding the intermediary variables (subjective exercise experience and exercise adherence).ConclusionsThe cardiovascular fitness of college students was not only directly affected by control beliefs but also affected by the chain mediating effect of subjective exercise experience and exercise adherence. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the control beliefs, subjective exercise experiences, and exercise adherence of college students to improve their cardiovascular fitness level and enhance their physical health.

The Effect of Fitness Apps Usage Intensity on Exercise Adherence Among Chinese College Students: Testing a Moderated Mediation Model.

With the rapid development of media network technology, college students' exercise is influenced by the use of fitness apps. How to improve the impact of fitness apps on college students' exercise is a current research hotspot. The purpose of this study was to explore the influence mechanism of fitness apps usage intensity (FAUI) on college students' exercise adherence. A large sample of Chinese college students (N=1300) completed measures by using the FAUI Scale, Subjective Exercise Experience Scale, Control Beliefs Scale and Exercise Adherence Scale. SPSS22.0 and Hayes PROCESS macro for SPSS were used to conduct statistical analysis. (1) FAUI was positively associated with exercise adherence (p< 0.01); (2) Subjective exercise experience (p<0.01) mediated the relationship between FAUI and exercise adherence; (3) Control beliefs (p<0.01) moderated the relationship between FAUI and exercise adherence as well as subjective exercise experience and exercise adherence. The findings reveal the correlation between FAUI and exercise adherence. Furthermore, this study is important in investigating how FAUI is related to exercise adherence in Chinese college students. The results suggest that college students' subjective exercise experience and control beliefs may be prime targets for prevention and intervention programs. Thus, this study explored "how" and "when" FAUI may enhance college students' exercise adherence.

A latent profile analysis of subjective exercise experiences among physically vulnerable college students and psychiatric symptoms correlates during three phases of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan, China.

Physical activity among college students since the COVID-19 pandemic was well studied; however, subjective exercise experience and the emotional response toward physical exercise received less attention. The present study used latent profile analysis (LPA) to explore the latent class of subjective exercise experience among physically vulnerable college students who scored 59 points or less in tests under the National Student Physical Health Standard. Three non-duplicated samples at different stages of the COVID-19 pandemic were collected in March 2020 (N = 127), March 2021 (N = 118), and November 2021 (N = 206) respectively. Psychometrically validated scales, namely, Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale (SEES), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) were used to measure subjective exercise experience, anxiety symptoms, and depressive symptoms. LPA revealed a 3-class solution for the subjective exercise experience of physically unfit students, namely, the "negative experience group" (30.82%), the "fatigue group" (41.91%), and the "positive experience group" (27.27%). Multinomial regression showed that probable anxiety [odds ratio (OR) = 0.12] was associated with the overall negative exercise experience while probable depression (OR = 0.19) was associated with psychological fatigue. Women (OR = 0.496) were more likely to experience overall negative exercise experience, and the outbreak of the COVID- 19 (OR = 2.14) pandemic influenced the psychological distress of the subjective exercise experience compared with the other two phases in the post-COVID- 19 era. Our findings provided significant implications for physical education targeting university students that interventions should be tailored differently for three profiles of the subjective exercise experience.

College students' exercise experience and aggression during COVID-19: A chain mediating model.

This study aimed to explore to how exercise experience affects the aggression of college students and the mediating effects of mood and exercise attitude in COVID-19. A questionnaire survey [The Subjective Exercise Experience Scale (SEES); Profile of Mood State (POMS); Exercise Attitude Scale; and Aggression Questionnaire (AQ)] was conducted among 1,006 college students. Exercise experience had a significant effect on aggression. The direct effect of exercise well-being was not significant, but indirectly affected the aggression through independent mediation and chain mediation of mood and exercise attitude. The direct effect of exercise distress was not significant, but indirectly affected the aggression through independent mediation and chain mediation of mood and exercise attitude. Mood and exercise attitude are powerful factors to alleviate the impact of exercise experience on aggression during the pandemic. Actively adjusting the mood and exercise attitude from a cognitive perspective may be an effective way to promote college students' physical exercise and reduce aggression.

Modifiable Maternal Factors and Their Relationship to Postpartum Depression.

The purpose of the study was to examine how modifiable maternal factors (body mass index (BMI), household income, fatigue, sleep, breastfeeding status, diet, and physical activity) relate to postpartum depression (PPD) at 6 and 12 months postpartum. Participants (n = 26) participated in two study visits (6 and 12 months postpartum) where vitals, weight, body composition (skinfold anthropometrics), and physical activity levels (Actigraph GTX9 accelerometer) were assessed. Validated instruments (BRUMS-32, Subjective Exercise Experience Scale, Pittsburg Sleep Quality index, NIH breastfeeding survey, NIH Dietary History Questionnaire, and Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale) assessed lifestyle and demographic factors of interest. PPD at six months was correlated to PPD at 12 months (r = 0.926, p < 0.001). At six months postpartum, PPD was positively correlated to BMI (r = 0.473, p = 0.020) and fatigue (r = 0.701, p < 0.001), and negatively correlated to household income (r = −0.442, p = 0.035). Mothers who were breastfeeding had lower PPD scores (breastfeeding 3.9 ± 3.5 vs. not breastfeeding 7.6 ± 4.8, p = 0.048). At 12 months, PPD was positively correlated to sleep scores (where a higher score indicates poorer sleep quality) (r = 0.752, p < 0.001) and fatigue (r = 0.680, p = 0.004). When analyzed collectively via regression analyses, household income and fatigue appeared to be the strongest predictors of PPD at six months postpartum.

Validation study of the Persian version of the subjective exercise experiences scale (SEES) in Iranian adult individuals

BackgroundSubjective exercise experiences scale (SEES) is a 12-item questionnaire assessing global psychological responses to exercise, with three constructs including positive well-Being (PWB), psychological distress (PD), and fatigue (FAT). The present study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of the SEES questionnaire in the Iranian population. MethodThis cross-sectional psychometric study was conducted on 138 adults immediately after 30 min of walking. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was evaluated with Cronbach's alpha coefficient. To assess the test-retest reliability, 38 of the participants were requested to fill in the questionnaire again after a week. The test-retest reliability was analyzed using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). The concurrent validity was examined through the correlation matrix between the domains of SEES and SF12. Principle component analysis was performed to determine the factor loading of the measured variables. IBM SPSS statistics 24 was used for all calculations. ResultsCronbach's alpha was 0.82, 0.82, and 0.81 for the PWB, PD, and FAT, respectively. The ICC value was acceptable for all subscales (ICC for PWB, PD, and FAT were 0.83, 0.88, and 0.74 respectively). There was a weak to moderate correlation between the SEES and SF-12 subclasses. Factor analysis confirmed the three-factor structure of the instrument, explaining 67.21% of the observed variance. Item 3 didn't fit in well with the three constructs and was deleted from the Persian version of the SEES. ConclusionsThe Persian version of the SEES is a valid and reliable instrument to evaluate the psychological response to the exercise stimulus.

The Relationship between Social Support and Exercise Adherence among Chinese College Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Effects of Subjective Exercise Experience and Commitment.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between social support and exercise adherence among Chinese college students during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the mediating effects of subjective exercise experience and commitment in the relationship, in order to provide a reference for improving exercise adherence among Chinese college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Perceived Available Support in Sport Questionnaire, Subjective Exercise Experience Scale, Exercise Commitment Scale, and Exercise Adherence Scale were administered to 459 eligible college students in Jinan, Shandong Province, through convenience sampling. Results showed that social support positively predicted exercise adherence among college students. The separate and joint mediating effects of subjective exercise experience and commitment between social support and college students’ exercise adherence were significant. This study demonstrated that social support can positively predict exercise adherence among college students. In addition, subjective exercise experience and commitment played mediation roles between social support and college students’ exercise adherence, both separately and jointly. Therefore, enhancing social support and improving the level of subjective exercise experience and exercise commitment among college students may be an effective strategy for improving exercise adherence among Chinese college students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Effect of Subjective Exercise Experience on Exercise Behavior and Amount of Exercise in Children and Adolescents: The Mediating Effect of Exercise Commitment.

Purpose: To explore the influencing factors that restrict the exercise behavior of children and adolescents, investigate the effect of subjective exercise experience on exercise behavior, and reveal the mediating effect of exercise commitment between subjective exercise experience and exercise behavior so as to promote children and adolescents to maintain good health exercise habits and improve their physical and mental health. Methods: The Subjective Exercise Experience Scale (SEES), Exercise Commitment Scale (ECC), and Physical Exercise Rating Scale (PARS-3) were used to conduct a questionnaire survey on 600 children and adolescents in Chongqing, China, and SPSS21.0 and AMOS21.0 statistical analysis software was used to carry out statistics and analyses on the questionnaires. Results: (1) Among children and adolescents, boys’ exercise commitment and exercise behavior were significantly higher than girls’, and there was no significant gender difference in subjective exercise experience. The exercise behavior of children and adolescents aged 9–12 was significantly higher than that of children and adolescents aged 13–15, and there was no significant age difference in subjective exercise experience and exercise commitment. (2) There was a significant correlation between the subjective exercise experience, exercise commitment, and exercise behavior of children and adolescents, and subjective exercise experience could directly and positively predict exercise commitment (β = 0.63) and exercise behavior (β = 0.57)—exercise commitment could also directly and positively predict exercise behavior (β = 0.52). (3) The exercise commitment of children and adolescents has a partial mediating effect between subjective exercise experience and exercise behavior (accounting for 37.50% of the total effect), and has a mediating effect between different exercise amounts, with the strongest mediating effect being on high exercise amount (32.10% of the total effect). Conclusions: The exercise behavior of children and adolescents was not only directly affected by subjective exercise experience, but also affected by the mediating effect of exercise commitment, and maintaining a good exercise experience and commitment was an effective way to effectively improve exercise behavior and amount of exercise in children and adolescents.

P02-15 Green exercise for well-being: an exploration of psychological responses to physical activity in outdoor and indoor environments

BackgroundThere is an emerging body of knowledge regarding benefits of outdoor activity on well-being, restoration and mood enhancement. This pre-post study explored psychological outcomes in groups carrying out exercise classes in outdoor and indoor settings.An aim looks to environment in group classes for physical activity programs for population health.Research Questions: (1) What are the psychological outcomes after a green exercise session (2) Is there a difference in psychological scores between indoor and outdoor exercise programs?MethodsTwo groups of subjects undertaking similar exercises for one hour, in two settings: a fitness studio (N = 19) and a city park (N = 15), subjects completed the Subjective Exercise Experience Scale (SEES) prior to and post classes.Paired t-tests for dependent groups identified differences in the three categories of SEES, computed by IMB SPSS Statistics 20.ResultsExercise in each group improved scores of psychological well-being.Independent samples t-test showed the outdoor group reported higher psychological well-being markers in the pre-survey. Statistically significant difference for “awful” with indoor (M = 2.8421, SD=1.64192) and outdoor (M = 1.7333, SD=.96115); conditions t(32)=2.32, p=.027. Paired samples t-test showed weak statistical significance for improved values for psychological well-being (M = 5.36, SD=1.24) and decreased values for psychological distress (M = 1.08, SD=1.87) in the indoor group pre to post.There were no statistically significant differences between pre and post survey data, the outdoor environment did not garner higher response scores than the indoor group. Limitations included relatively small sample size, difference in age between outdoor and studio participants, as well as a hot summer in Germany, which may have impacted the perceived well-being scores.ConclusionsExercise is beneficial to psychological well-being, regardless of environment. The study did not provide evidence that green exercises elicited greater psychological responses, likely due to study limitations. The outdoor cohort, 50-70 years of age, demonstrated a heightened interest in outdoor programs. Indoor exercise classes should be encouraged as it decreases distress. Green exercise could foster anticipation of a more positive experience yet weather could impact mood outcomes. Intensity, hydration and shade should be prioritized. Future green exercise studies should include objective measures such as age and weather conditions.

Acceptability and feasibility of public square dancing for community senior citizens with mild cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms: A pilot study

ObjectivesTo explore the acceptability and feasibility of public square dancing among community residents with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and depressive symptoms. MethodsThis mixed-method study consisted of a quantitative and a qualitative phase. From January to July 2018, a total of 241 community-dwelling senior citizens who complained of memory loss in one community in the Haidian District in Beijing were approached and screened, and 41 qualified for the study. Among them, 35 senior citizens participated in the public square dancing intervention. By the end of the three-month follow-up, 31 senior citizens completed the whole study. The Subjective Exercise Experience Scale (SEES) was used to survey senior citizens at the end of the three-month public square dancing intervention and follow-up to measure the participants’ subjective exercise experience. Then 15 senior citizens were interviewed to collect attitudes, opinions, and suggestions related to the intervention. ResultsDuring the intervention, 90.6% of senior citizens met the requirement for defined hours. All senior citizens continued to dance at the three-month follow-up, and 32.3% met the requirement for defined hours. The scores of psychological well-being (11.03 ± 2.82 vs. 14.87 ± 3.93, P < 0.001) and fatigue (11.00 [8.00, 12.00] vs. 14.00 [9.00, 18.00], P < 0.001) increased at the end of the three-month follow-up. Qualitative research results extracted four major themes: increased confidence and a sense of accomplishment; easy to learn, close to real life, and sense of belonging; promotes physical and mental health; future expectations include music selection, reduced weather disruption, and self-organizing workouts. ConclusionPublic square dancing proved to be an acceptable, viable, and valuable intervention for MCI residents with depressive symptoms, which could be carried out by nursing staff in the community. Future studies should consider the appropriate population, intensity, and frequency of public square dancing and its effect on specific cognitive functions.

Affective Responses during High-Intensity Interval Exercise Compared with Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise in Inactive Women.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of an acute bout of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) on affective responses in inactive women. Thirty women with normal body mass index (BMI) and 30 women with BMI ≥ 24 kg/m2 participated in the study. All participants completed a graded exercise test and performed two exercise sessions (HIIE and MICE) in random order. Affective responses were assessed during and after each exercise session, using the rating of perceived exertion (RPE), Self-Assessment-Manikin (SAM), and Subjective Exercise Experience Scale (SEES). The results showed that the RPE scores were significantly higher in HIIE than in MICE. HIIE resulted in significantly lower pleasure scores using the SAM while arousal and dominance scores were significantly higher with HIIE compared to MICE. Positive well-being scores using the SEES were significantly lower with HIIE and both psychological distress and fatigue scores were significantly higher with HIIE. The results showed that affective responses with MICE were more positive than with HIIE, but no differences were found between normal and overweight/obese women. Based on these results, MICE may be a more acceptable exercise program for inactive women regardless of their weight status.

GYMNASTICS, GREEK TRADITIONAL DANCE AND TENNIS AS LEISURE-TIME PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES: WHICH ONE TRIGGERS THE MOST POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESPONSES?

Participating in leisure-time physical activity (PA) is thought to positively associate withmental health. The aim of the present study was to investigate the acute psychologicalresponses of adults who take part in different types of leisure-time PA (gymnastics; Greektraditional dance; tennis). A total of 277 adults, aged 18-65 years (M= 35.9, SD= 12.76years), taking part in Greek traditional dance (n=89), gymnastics (n=88), or tennis (n=100)volunteered to participate. In order for potential changes in participants’ positive well-being,psychological distress and perceived fatigue to be examined, the Subjective ExerciseExperiences Scale (SEES) was administered before and after a session of the aforementionedprogrammes. The 3 (group [gymnastics vs Greek traditional dance vs tennis]) X 2 (time [pretestvs post-test) analyses of variance that were performed on the SEES subscales (positivewell-being; psychological distress; fatigue) revealed practically significant improvements inthe positive well-being for all participants (p&lt;.001, η2=.25) and statistically significantinteractions (though not of practical importance) between group and time in positive wellbeing(p&lt;.001, η2=.068), psychological distress (p&lt;.05, η2=.02) and fatigue (p&lt;.05,η2=.033), with participants in gymnastics presenting the most optimal results, followed bythose of Greek traditional dance. Although further research is needed to fully understand thefeatures of a PA/exercise that lead to the greatest boost in people’s well-being, taking intoaccount the growing prevalence of mental health disorders in our society, encouraging adultsto join in a leisure-time PA/exercise programme seems imperative for their (psychological)health benefit.

Reliability and Construct Validity of the Malay Version of Subjective Experience Exercise Scale (SEES) Among Smokers

SEES is an instrument used to examine the affective state of exercise associated with mood. This study was aimed to determine the psychometric properties of Malay version. The original scale underwent forward and backward translation, cognitive debriefing and field testing. The psychometric properties were evaluated based on reliability and construct validity among 152 smokers. The translated SEES had shown satisfied reliability with Cronbach alpha of 0.80, 0.73 and 0.73 and a significant positive correlation with Profile of Mood Scale (POMS). The current study provides psychometric evidence for an appropriate, reliable and valid tool for SEES Malay version. Keywords: Translation validation; Subjective Exercise Experience Scale; Construct validity eISSN: 2398-4287© 2020. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bsby e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning &amp; Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5iSI3.2572

Effects of Circuit Training Program on Quality of Life of Children with Hemophilia

Introduction: Circuit trainingaddresses both the components of exercise i.e. strength and aerobic which can be administered to participants in a playful manner. As the large number of children will have to gather at one place for the intervention, so it will be beneficial for the therapist also to conduct the session by incorporating them into small groups. Very few have shown the effects of circuit training in hemophilia Therefore it becomes necessary to provide an exercise regimen to children which will be interesting to perform in order to improve their general fitness level. Methodology: Forty nine participants were selected and screened and were allocated into 7 groups. The intervention was given for 4 weeks period, once a day for 7min with 50 sec for exercise and 10 sec to move from one station to the next. Pre and Post parameters were assessed forVAS for fatigue and Subjective Exercise Experience Scale. Results: Data was analyzed using Graph-Pad InStat software version-trial version 3.03. The statistical measures utilized were mean, standard deviation and test of significance such as Paired‘t’ test to analyze the data. The results were concluded to be statistically significant with p <0.05 and highly significant with p < 0.01. Conclusion: The present study concludes that the circuit training is effective in hemophilic children as its multipronged approach improves various body systems

ACUTE EFFECTS OF EXERGAMING ON URBAN MIDDLE SCHOOL CHILDREN'S AFFECTION BETWEEN SMALL-GROUP AND WHOLE-CLASS SETTINGS

PURPOSE: With the goal of developing effective exergaming programs at school sites, the present study investigated the differences in urban middle school children’s situational feeling states between small-group and whole-class settings. METHODS: Forty-seven participants (25 females; MBMI = 24.3 kg/m2, SD = 3.1) completed two separate 15-minute exergaming sessions on the same day: (1) Xbox One Kinect Just Dance in a small-group (n = 3-4) setting; and (2) Xbox One Kinect Just Dance in a whole-class (n = 23-24) setting. Participants’ affection and emotional states were measured by the established Exercise-Induced Feeling Inventory (EFI) and Subjective Exercise Experience Scale (SEES). The 15-item EPI (5-point Likert scale ranged 0-4) included four constructs: positive affect, negative affect, fatigue, and tranquility, and the 12-item SEES (7-point Likert scale ranged 1-7) with included three constructs: positive well-being, psychological distress, and fatigue. Dependent t-tests were used to detect mean differences for all outcomes between the two exergaming sessions, with the significance level being set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Dependent t-test indicated significant differences on children’s negative affect between two sessions (t = -1.77, p < 0.05, Cohen’s d = 0.32). The lower mean score referred to less feeling of negative affect. Participants in small-group exergaming session (M = 0.20, SD = 0.44) experienced less negative affect in comparison to the whole-class session (M = 0.43, SD = 0.95). However, there was no significant difference in other feeling outcomes between two sessions. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicated urban middle school children playing exergaming in small-group setting may experience fewer negative feelings such as crummy, discouraged, and miserable compared to the whole-class setting. Notably, there was no significant differences for other outcomes between two sessions. Future longitudinal studies are needed to examine long-term affection and emotional effects of exergaming across various settings.

Effects of Circuit Training Program on Quality of Life of Children with Hemophilia

Circuit trainingaddresses both the components of exercise i.e. strength and aerobic which can be administered to participants in a playful manner. As the large number of children will have to gather at one place for the intervention, so it will be beneficial for the therapist also to conduct the session by incorporating them into small groups. Very few have shown the effects of circuit training in hemophilia Therefore it becomes necessary to provide an exercise regimen to children which will be interesting to perform in order to improve their general fitness level. Methodology: Forty nine participants were selected and screened and were allocated into 7 groups. The intervention was given for 4 weeks period, once a day for 7min with 50 sec for exercise and 10 sec to move from one station to the next. Pre and Post parameters were assessed forVAS for fatigue and Subjective Exercise Experience Scale. Results: Data was analyzed using Graph-Pad InStat software version-trial version 3.03. The statistical measures utilized were mean, standard deviation and test of significance such as Paired‘t’ test to analyze the data. The results were concluded to be statistically significant with p &lt;0.05 and highly significant with p &lt; 0.01. Conclusion: The present study concludes that the circuit training is effective in hemophilic children as its multipronged approach improves various body systems.

Acute Effects of Intermittent Physical Activity on Perceptions of Exercise-Related Fatigue in Children.

To investigate the acute effects of intermittent activity performed at varying intensities on the perceptions of exercise-related fatigue in children. A total of 30 children completed 4 experimental conditions in random order, which consisted of 8 hours of sitting interrupted with 20 two-minute low-, moderate-, or high-intensity activity breaks or 20 two-minute sedentary breaks. The perceptions of exercise-related fatigue were determined via the Subjective Exercise Experience Scale at the beginning (0 breaks), middle (after 10 breaks), and end (after 20 breaks) of each condition. The average heart rate was significantly higher with increasing exercise intensity (sedentary: 89.6 ± 1.2beats/min, low: 114.6 ± 1.8beats/min, moderate: 147.2 ± 1.8beats/min, and high: 172.3 ± 1.8beats/min, P < .0001). There was no significant main effect of condition (sedentary: -0.5 ± 0.6, low: -1.0 ± 0.7, moderate: -0.2 ± 0.5, and high: -0.6 ± 1.2; P = .86) and time (10-0 breaks: -0.7 ± 0.5 and 20-0 breaks: -0.5 ± 0.5; P = .45), nor time by condition interaction (P = .99) on change in exercise-related fatigue. Incorporating intermittent activity into physical activity programs may help to reduce barriers to regular exercise by minimizing perceptions of exercise-related fatigue in children.

Effect of acute high-intensity interval cycling while viewing a virtual natural scene on mood and eating behavior in men: A randomized pilot trial

Summary Background and aim This study examined the effect of using virtual reality glasses during high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on mood and eating behaviour in men. Methods Twenty-three healthy young men (age 20.5 ± 1.2 years, BMI 22.1 ± 3.4 kg/m2, VO2peak 34.6 ± 6.5 ml/kg/min) participated in the study. Augmented green environment virtual reality while performing HIIE (VR) compared with HIIE (CON) at 90 %VO2peak were performed for 20 min. Mood was assessed using the Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale (SEES), which consists of three domains including positive well-being, psychological distress, and fatigue. Eating behaviour was assessed and included appetite sensations, food preferences, and food intake. Results Results showed that there was no significant differences between VR and CON on mood and eating behaviour. The interaction of preference (implicit wanting) for high fat food showed a tendency to increase from pre-post VR compared to CON (P = 0.052). A secondary analysis of tertiles of the three domains of SEES showed no interaction effect of VR vs CON on appetite sensations. However, there was a general group effects of psychological distress on desire to eat (P = 0.049). Conclusions In conclusion, VR-augmented HIIE did not have a differential effect on mood or eating behaviour compared to HIIE alone, except a potential negative impact on fat preference. Psychological distress may lead to greater desire to eat during VR-augmented HIIE.