Subject Of International Relations Research Articles

Professionally-Oriented English Training of Future International Relations Specialists with the Introduction of Information and Communication Technologies

The current research is aimed at analyzing modern problematicity of professionally-oriented English training of future International Relations specialists with the introduction of information and communication technologies that is vital issue requiring a complex and multilevel consideration; it is a response to the noticeable demand of state and business structures for highly qualified specialists in terms of establishing, developing and bringing to a new level of partnership and communication between subjects of international relations and law with different structures and functions as well. Purpose. The objective of the research is to examine and evaluate the impact of ICT on professionally-oriented English learning styles of the university students majoring in International Relations based on a system of theoretical and research methods. Results. Professionally-oriented English training of future International Relations specialists with the introduction of information and communication technologies is primarily characterized by multifunctionality, efficiency, productivity, intensity, students’ possibility of quick and effective creative self-realization, availability of personal educational trajectory. Learning process, based on distance learning, is multifaceted, mobile and situation-oriented. Learning a foreign language (blended learning, case technology, e-learning, flipped learning, etc.) is a time-consuming process. ICT are viewed as the introduction of a complex of programs for managing learning process at higher education establishments, the creation of a single information and communication learning space (integrated, multifaceted, resource-intensive) for higher education, the development of integrated occupations, project activities, as well as distance learning, network interactions.

Legal problems of functioning of the institute of honorary consul in Ukraine

Problem setting. The Institute of Honorary Consul is intended to carry out its activities in order to expand the relations between States in a variety of spheres, as well as to establish, strengthen and maintain ties in the cultural, economic, political spheres. In view of this, we consider the Institute of Honorable Consul an important link in shaping relations between states, because in the process of globalization, this institute becomes more and more popular. However, we cannot but note the existing number of problems associated with the abuse of the Institute of Honorary Consulations and Immunities, therefore this topic needs further research and definition of ways to avoid such violations by representatives of the Institute of Honorary Consulations in Ukraine. Analysis of recent researches and publications. Problems of consular law Explore a number of scientists whose work is the information foundation of this work. In particular, this works Matyash I.B., Sandrovsky K.K., Blushchenko I.P., Krivachikova Y.S., Gumenyuk B.I., Polonyuk N.V., Timchenko L.D. and other. Target of research is to analyze the legal status of the Honorary Consul, to determine the privileges and immunities of the Honorary Consul, to note the volume of privileges and immunities that abuse honorary consuls and provide recommendations to avoid such violations. Article’s main body. This article exposes legal frameworks of functioning of institute of the honoured consul in Ukraine. A historical division into periods of becoming of institute of the honoured consulate is in-process remembered in Ukraine from the moment of founding the Hetman state. Determination of concept is in-process given the honoured consular public servant(honoured consul) according to Viennese Convention “About the consular relations” of 1963 and Order of foreign of Ukraine Ministry “About claim of Statute about the honoured(nonpermanent) consular public servants of the foreign states in Ukraine and consular establishments that is headed such public servants”. Authors light up the process of engaging in the candidate of position of the honoured consul of the foreign state in Ukraine, that includes: idea of query about a consent to setting in Ukraine of the honoured consul of the foreign state, grant of certificate about his person to Ministry of external matters of Ukraine(farther MFA of Ukraine), report of MFA of Ukraine of the accreditor state about made decision by the message of verbal note, delivery of patent the accreditor state about assigning for position, acceptance of patent of MFA of Ukraine, confession of legal status, receipt of exequatur and certification for confirmation of status of the honoured consul. In the article certain requirements are to the candidate on employment of position of the honoured consul in Ukraine, and also his privilege and імунітети, to that belong: right on establishment of free diplomatic зносин; right freely to move and travel for territories of Ukraine; inviolability of consular archive of the honoured consulate is at terms certain Order of MFA of 2007; In the article marked, that privileges and імунітети it it is been the subject of international relations by considerably narrower, than public servants of consulate : they do not have immunity from an arrest and subpoenaing, however to the honoured consul must belong with corresponding respect. By authors the row of legal problems of functioning of institute of the honoured consulate was certain at Ukraine, to that it was taken: abuse of privileges and імунітетами in part of right on carrying on commercial activity next to consular, that it can be used for the receipt of illegal benefit; inviolability of apartments – gives an opportunity to grow into a shield from searches for all building; to practise upon a right on the use of car with diplomatic numbers; to use diplomatic mail and consular suitcase not on purpose Conclusions and prospects for the development. As a result of a significant distribution of the institute of honorary consuls and despite limited, but rather significant privileges and immunities, honorary consuls may successfully implement their business interests. Examples of possible illegal use of the benefits provided in accordance with the legislation are given above. Therefore, in our opinion, in our opinion, it is expedient to exercise control over the movement of these persons and their activities from the BOW of the rights and accomplishments through the use of modern technical methods – the use of GPRS navigation, etc. And in order to facilitate the load on law enforcement agencies to create a Council of Honorary Consulations under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. And more clearly regulate the legal status of honorary consuls, since recently the tendency to expand the circle of their functional duties and powers. In particular, to provide a separation of business from consular activities to minimize cases of abuse of certificates by its privileges and immunity.

FEATURES OF THE MILITARY-POLITICAL INTERACTION OF THE USSR AND YUGOSLAVIA IN CONNECTION WITH THE PREPARATION FOR THE MEETING ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE (1973–1975)

The article examines the problems of the Soviet-Yugoslav military-political interaction on security and cooperation in Europe. The positions and contradictions between the Soviet and Yugoslav parties on issues of cooperation and security in Europe are analyzed.
 
 The essence of Belgrade’s position on this issue was in interpreting particularly sensitive issues for it: equal responsibility of countries united in opposing military-political blocs for security in Europe, the need to respect the interests of countries outside these blocs, as well as the presence of other powers’ armed forces near the borders of these countries.
 
 Contradictions between Moscow and Belgrade have emerged on the issues of cooperation and security in Europe. Moscow insisted on mainstreaming security problems in the Central Europe, as a possible theater of military operations between NATO and the Warsaw Pact bloc in the future. Yugoslavia, proceeding from its national and military-political interests, advocated the inclusion of security problems in the Southern Europe and the Mediterranean in the agenda of the conference.
 
 Another issue on which there was a discrepancy in the views of the Soviet and Yugoslav leadership was understanding the thesis of peaceful coexistence of states and the scope of its application to various subjects of international relations. Moscow extended this concept to the nature of relations between the West and the East, and the Yugoslavs equated this provision in relation to the right of their way of building socialism in the country, as well as guarantees of national sovereignty in case of attempts to interfere from outside in order to adjust the principles of state and social development of their state.
 
 The desire of Yugoslavia on the eve of the European conference to plot a vector in its conduct in a favorable aspect for it worried Moscow and focused on careful study and timely response to Belgrade’s initiatives.
 
 In the context of the problem of Soviet-Yugoslav cooperation on security issues and cooperation in Europe, the urgent need of Belgrade for Moscow’s help in resolving the crisis in the public and political life of the country is shown as well.

THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF IMPROVEMENT WERE SHOWN IN COOPERATION AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF KYRGYZSTAN

The geopolitical position of Kyrgyzstan, which is far from the sea, its proximity to China, the countries of the Customs Union, mountainous relief, the absence of easily recoverable natural resources presuppose the initially difficult situation of the republic. Our participation as an equal subject of international relations, as well as the interests of the country, necessitate and contribute to the orientation of our state towards the development of our trade cooperation with our neighbors, as well as to be a partner as a country – a transshipment point on the trade routes of the world economy.

Trade treaties of Russian and British empires with Yattishar: historical and legal study

The relations of the Russia and Britain with the self-declared state of Yettishar was a striking example of different approaches of two empires to the states and peoples of the Central Asian regions within so called Great Game, i.e. Russo-English rivalry in the 19th c. The trade treaties of Yattishar with the Russian Empire of 1872 and with the British Empire in 1874 became a legal reflection of these approaches and are of great interest within the context of the historical experience of the legal status of unrecognized states and positions of the rival world powers towards such states. The purpose of the article is a historical-legal analysis of above-mentioned treaties and comparative-legal analysis of them with the similar treaties signed by Russia and England with other Central Asian states during the same period. Author attempts to clarify if treaties of 1872 and 1874 confirmed recognition by both empires of Yettishar as a subject of international relations and how these legal documents reflected confrontation of Russia and England in the region. The study is mainly based on the formal-legal, historical legal and comparative-legal methods. Also author used the methods of legal anthropology and general history. The results of the research to a certain extant correlate with modern approaches in the policy of Russian and western powers in Central Asia in terms of political situation in the region as well as political, legal and cultural traditions of Central Asian states and peoples.

Stages of the formation of treaty law in the history of international law

Problem setting. An international treaty is an agreement between two or more subjects of international relations concerning the establishment, modification or termination of mutual rights and obligations. In modern time an international treaty is the universal and primary source of international law and, at the same time, the law of treaties as a branch of international law occupies a central place in this system. The role of the treaty is constantly increasing, so it is important to study how treaty law was formed in order to understand how it has changed over history, and what factors have influenced the formation of the main branch of international law. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The law of international treaties causes increased attention of lawyers to the study, research and analysis of its main aspects. Among the domestic and foreign scholars who have made a significant contribution to the study of the law of treaties can be distinguished such as V. Butkevich, Y. Brownlie, A. Talalaev, O. Merezhko, O. Nazarenko, F. Martens, V. Shurshalov, I. Lukashuk, O. Zadorozhniy and others. Target of research. Study of international treaty at different stages of formation of international law, analysis and comparison of forms, content, functions and significance of the treaty in different historical periods. Article’s main body. The article is devoted to the development and formation of the basic branch of international law – treaty law. It studies the stages of formation of the institute of treaty law during different periods of history, identifies the features of the treaty at each stage of formation. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The agreement is an important and necessary instrument of interaction and communication between people, it establishes ties between peoples and states, helps to resolve conflicts, that is why the signing of treaties is a significant mechanism for the regulation of human relations since ancient times. In this article we have traced how different historical periods influenced the formation of international treaty law, which events were of key importance for the development of international law in general. Throughout the history of international law, the treaty has undergone a number of transformations of its forms, types and procedures of conclusion. The treaty form of consolidation of international relations is the basis of stability and efficiency of the legal order in international law. At the present time, the law of international treaties is a self-sufficient, developed branch and system of international law. It is the key branch of international law with its institutions, low basic principles, and continues to develop rapidly and irreversibly.

Combating International Terrorism: Modern Challenges and Threats.

Modern counter-terrorist international universal and regional treaties are aimed directly at criminalization and penalization of terrorism, not international terrorism. Their main objective is unification of the term “terrorism” in domestic law. At least it refers to the most common specific types of acts of terrorism and terrorist offences. However this seems to be palliative as terrorism is constantly progressing, keeps modifying in its forms and includes not only acts of terrorism, but also terrorist doctrines and terrorist organizations, new ways of the committing (for example, cyber terrorism), and new ways of finding new recruits (recently – attracting foreign terrorist fighters). International terrorism has become a threat of planetary dimensions. Nowadays there is a constantly evolving system of international counterterrorism cooperation - regulated by norms of international and domestic law joint activities of subjects of international relations and domestic legal relations aimed at securing legal protection of individual, society, state and international community from terrorist crimes.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ИНФОРМАЦИОННОГО ФАКТОРА НА СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ

This study aims to highlight the growing strategic importance that cyberspace is gaining in the dynamics of international politics. After land, sea, air, and outer space, cyberspace is the fifth dimension of conflict. The type of non-military weapons used to fight, as well as the subjects targeted, make civilian systems new centers of gravity to defend against an enemy that most often "operates in the shadows." The international scenario rmation revolution (which contributed to the "democratization of information"), is radically evolving from a unipolar (American-led) to an almost multipolar architecture. The Internet today is an indispensable communication and information network for various legal and illegal subjects of international relations. Social networks (Facebook, Twitter, Telegram) play a very important role in this process. The Internet can also allow manipulation or even destabilization of the international community with the spread of false information (fake news). It is also a field for intelligence activities. Finally, the Internet is becoming the field of a new form of confrontation. Thus, both states and private actors protect themselves from possible cyber attacks by developing cybersecurity. In anticipation of this, states are developing cyberspace strategies and military-digital capabilities. Key words: international relations, information, cyberspace, cybersecurity, territorial integrity, state, subjects of international relations, information warfare

Regional Development Problems at the 11th Session of Unesco General Conference (1960) and the Belorussian SSR

This article based on declassified materials of the Belorussian SSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs analyses the problems of regional development, discussed by UNESCO during the “Year of Africa” and the participation of the Republic representatives in this discussion. The approaches to solving regional problems generated by the Organization in the 1950s are stated. The paper considers the international situation and the preparations for the 11th session of the General Conference. Positions of session participants and its results are characterized in the article. The author holds to the concept of significant actuation of the Belorussian SSR in international organizations of the UN system during the years of the Khrushchev’s Thaw and the conversion of UNESCO by mid-60s into the priority in this area of foreign-policy activities of the Republic. After the signing of the UN Charter in 1945 the Republic became the subject of international relations and international law, but continued to remain the subject of the Soviet federation, which limited its sovereignty and affected its international activities.

Museums of the Soviet Belarus during the Khrushchev’s ‘Thaw’ (1953–1968)

The historical perspective allows us to take a fresh look at a complex and contradictory period in the development of museum affairs in the USSR, which entered into historiography under the name of Khrushchev’s ‘thaw’. Using archival sources that are part of the Ministry of Culture of the Byelorussian SSR record, published statistical data, as well as periodicals, the article attempts to show the growth of the museum network in the BSSR and trace the process of its profile differentiation and museum branch development during this period. Using the specified source base, an analysis of state policy and public initiatives in the field of museum work was carried out. The public discussion of the early 1960s on the role of an artist in the process of museum display design is considered. While listing and analysing museum innovations during the ‘thaw’, the author pays special attention to the legalization of the activities of Belarusian private collectors. The emergence of museum architecture as a material embodiment of socio-cultural ideas about the museum is considered separately. The transformation of Belarusian museums into a subject of international relations in 1953–1968 is presented as an important new trend in their development. Appreciating the positive changes in the life of museums during the ‘thaw’ period, the author points out that it was in those years that the subordination of all activities of Belarusian museums to the tasks of glorifying Soviet society at the expense of other historical periods was finally established at the normative level. All areas of museum activities were filled with ideological content, which reflected the general cultural policy, invariably pursued by the party leadership. The article significantly expands the museological interpretation of the ‘thaw’ era and its role in the expansion, democratization, and professionalization of museum activities.

РОЗВИТОК ТЕОРІЇ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ ДЕРЖАВИ В УКРАЇНІ: СПЕЦИФІКА СТАНОВЛЕННЯ ТА МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ

The article focuses on specifics of the development of the theory of economic security of the state in Ukraine. Firstly, the ecosestate as a discipline in Ukraine is characterized by a high level of fragmentation and disintegration. Indeed, a lot of scientific schools have emerged and are actively developing in the country, each of which has a well-developed methodological base of research and its own system of scientific principles and values. On the one hand, this is its significant advantage, because the scientific knowledge has been upgraded all the time that increases their practical value. On the other hand, existing a lot of absolutely different concepts results in methodological chaos in this discipline. The author presented his own approach to the systematization a large number of Ukrainian scientists’ concepts in order to sort various scientific schools out. This approach is based on the principle of historicism, according to which each concept is valid in the relevant historical period of Ukraine, which is characterized by particular conditions and circumstances. Three periods were identified and every period has been studied scrupulously to find out main factors that cause very specific trends in economic security of the state in Ukraine. Secondly, ecosestate is characterized by a high pace of evolution in Ukraine. The author explains, that is a very important sign of its validity. Ukrainian scientific community of ecosestate has to deal with rapid dynamic of transformation of Ukrainian state, as well as conditions in which it operates. It naturally requires constant verification of scientific knowledge in terms of their compliance with new realities. Thirdly, unlike most countries, where ecosestate is actively developing, Ukraine has its own specific context – a hybrid conflict with another subject of international relations, which continues to be aggressive towards the state. This naturally transforms not only Ukrainian reality, but also Ukrainian scientific community. Based on the considerations outlined in the article the author states, that domestic scientific community has a unique experience, so the methodological achievements of Ukrainian experts in certain aspects more advanced than ones of scientific schools in other countries.

ЧАСТНЫЕ ВОЕННЫЕ КОМПАНИИ КАК ИНСТРУМЕНТ ОСУЩЕСТВЛЕНИЯ СИЛОВОЙ СТРАТЕГИИ ГИБРИДНЫХ ВОЙН

Aim. To study the role of private military companies as a tool for implementing the power strategy of hybrid wars. Methodology. The analysis of private military companies activities as one of the components of hybrid warfare forms reveals the models and specifics of these organizations participation in armed conflicts. The work uses various general scientific methods, as well as comparative and institutional methods, the method of system analysis. Results. The activities of private military companies are a distinctive feature of military conflicts of the XXI century. These structures are an effective tool for implementing foreign policy, as well as an integral part of a set of measures that is used in the hybrid warfare. Cooperation with various subjects of international relations allows private military companies to act as an independent political actor. Three forms of participation of private military companies in hybrid wars are identified and analyzed: the conduct of military operations by the state with the involvement of PMCs; the hiring of PMCs by the state for operations; the assistance of PMCs in the implementation of military operations conducted by other states. Research implications. The results obtained allow us to expand approaches to the consideration of existing problems, create prerequisites for further study of the role of PMCs in the system of international relations.

Evolution of the activities of states as reflected in legal and political Teachings

Evolution of the activities of states as reflected in legal and political Teachings

Content Analysis as a Way to Identify the Geopolitical Orientation of Subjects of International Relations (Using the Example of the Civil War in Yemen)

Any subject of international relations is a potential ally of one of the superpowers. Sometimes traditional analysis does not allow to understand which one. Then a content analysis of the press language can come to the aid of traditional analysis. The language of the press is considered as an expression of collective consciousness, and its features — as an expression of collective unconscious. Collective consciousness and collective unconscious belong to a certain social group. This approach is based on the Marxist, Durkheim and Habermas traditions. A certain media may focus on national interest, or may not, as it may express social group values incompatible with that orientation. If a media that focuses on national interests sympathizes with a subject of international relations, such a subject is a potential ally of the country to which the media belongs, and vice versa. Whether the media sympathizes with a certain subject of international relations is revealed using content analysis.In this study, the Yemeni movement Ansar Alla (Houthis) was chosen as a subject of international relations with an ambiguous geopolitical orientation, the newspaper “Izvestia” which focus on the national interests and the newspaper “Gazeta.ru” which does not focus on the national interests was chosen as a mass media. Using content analysis, it was concluded that “Izvestia” sympathizes with Houthis, and “Gazeta.ru” treats the Houthis negatively. On the basis of the assumption that the language of the press expresses the true interests of the social group, it was concluded that the Houthis are a potential ally of Russia.

VECTOR AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE MODERN WORLD

The article examines the vector and structural changes in the modern world, caused by exogenous and endogenous factors and identified on the basis of determining the countries status taking into account the processes of changing their positions according to the group affiliation (hegemonic countries, applicant countries, «third world» countries, as well as other countries which gravitate to the world vanguard or rearguard ones). The proposed methodology of research into the countries global status is based on a comprehensive approach to the analysis of socio-natural systems, presented as a combination of economic, political, innovative, social and spiritual spheres, as well as the sphere of functioning of institutions and the sphere of human interaction with nature. The k-means clustering and the fuzzy logic apparatus were used to find out the vector and structural changes taking place in a globalized society. The analysis is based on processing the country data by the following indicators: the KOF Globalization Index, the Legatum Prosperity Index, the Global Competitiveness Index, the Global Innovation Index, the Human Development Index, the Fragile States Index, and the Environmental Performance Index (2009—2018). They were selected as the attributes, the set of which allows to distinguish clusters. The countries were clustered according to the components of their socio-natural systems. According to the Index of Global Status of Countries, the place that belongs to the subjects of international relations was estimated and their status was identified. On this basis, the differences in the development of the countries were detected. Significant differences in the positioning of states in the globalized world were objectified. The conditions of the formation of countries global status and the causes of the status dynamics were revealed. The fact of asymmetry, polarization and inequality progression was proved. It was demonstrated that the study of vector and structural changes occurring in the world economic system and globalized society extends the scientific notion about the present day systemic contradiction of the post-industrial and post-capitalist eras of the globalized world being formed.

Migration and the politics of ‘the human’: confronting the privileged subjects of IR

In what ways has migration as a field of scholarship contributed to the discipline of International Relations (IR)? How can migration as a lived experience shed light on international politics as a field of interconnections? And how might migration as a political and analytical force compel IR to confront its privileged subjects? This article addresses these questions by focusing specifically on precarious migration from the Global South to the Global North. It shows how critical scholars refuse the suggestion that such migrations pose a ‘global challenge’ or problem to be resolved, considering instead how contemporary practices of governing migration effectively produce precarity for many people on the move. It also shows how critical works point to longer standing racialised dynamics of colonial violence within which such governing practices are embedded, to emphasise both the limitations of liberal humanitarianism as well as the problematic politics of ‘the human’ that this involves. By building on the insights of anti-racist, indigenous and postcolonial scholarship, critical scholars of migration are well placed to draw attention to the privileging of some subjects over others in the study and practice of international politics. The article argues that engaging IR while rejecting the orthodoxies on which the discipline is built remains critical for such works in order to advance understanding of the silences and violences of contemporary international politics.

The Philosophy of War: Unity in Diversity

The article discusses the diversity of the subject field of the philosophy of war as well as the internal integrity of the discipline, united by the focus on the philosophical understanding of the phenomenon of war. The author shows the role of H. Lloyd, who influenced K. Clausewitz, H. Jomini and their followers’ interpretation of the meaning and content of the subject area of the philosophy of war. In the abundance of specific topics addressed by philosophers of this field, the following topics should be noted: the issue of victory and defeat and their interpretation as well as the issue of historical memory. This problem is projected on contemporaneity and reflects the deep connection between peace and war, the dialectic of their relations. The interpretation of certain military and political events is of real interest in the light of the processes of distortion of historical events that have radically affected the course of history. An analysis of the motives and causes of this process is supposes to reconstruct an objective picture of relations between the subjects of international relations in various periods of history. The author finds answers in already existing concepts that have been developed in our time. It is important to mention the project of the French philosopher Charles Renouvier, who put forward the concept of “uchronia,” which became the starting point for the consideration of historical events in the “subjunctive mood.” This genre of historiosophical fantasy was picked up by famous followers – by the former President of France V. Giscard d’Estaing and others. The article provides eyewitness accounts of historical events (in particular, the campaign of Napoleon in Russia) that are historical facts and help to understand the true state of things. The article demonstrates that the philosophical study of the problem of war is important for understanding the origins and essence of relations arising from the transition between peaceful and military states.

The First World War and emerging of a new regional order in the Balkans: an augmentation of small states' role

The First World War launched a tremendous restructuring of the international system. One of its major outcomes was a transformation of the small states of Central and South-Eastern Europe from objects to subjects of international relations. Having emerged or enlarged their territories in wake of multinational empires’ collapse, the small states became key players on the regional level. Reshaping of the Balkan regional order is of a particular interest to researchers as the Balkan instability triggered destruction of the previous international system. The purpose of the article is to understand how a world conflict, which had broken out in South-Eastern Europe, transformed the region. To do this the author dwells upon three sets of question. The first is the Balkan contribution in the origins of the First World War. The second is an interplay of factors which caused reshaping of the Balkan political space during the war years. The third is a new landscape of the postwar order in South-Eastern Europe. Methodological approaches applied here define new and actual character of this article. The author uses conceptual tools of the theory of international relations to analyze a process of region «building» which took place in circumstances of «tectonic» shifts within the international system in the early decades of the 20th century. Thus, the author applies the analytical model of the regional order as well as key definitions of the theory of international relations – great power, small state (the article focuses on Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria and Greece), principle of self-determination. It is concluded that the regional order emerged in the Balkans in wake of the First World War was a result of multi-dimensional interaction of factors. They are as follows: 1) the military, strategic and foreign policy planning of hostile coalitions of powers (the Entente and the bloc of the Central powers), seeking to win the loyalty of regional allies; 2) demonstrated by the small states understanding that the war had opened a «window of opportunity» to put into life their national interests and programs; 3) the decline of traditional multi-ethnic empires, which had formed political atmosphere in the Balkans. It is stated that a landscape of post-war regional order in the Balkans was determined with cooperation and competition of the local national states in the situation when the multi-ethnic empires had disappeared from the Balkan political space while the architects of the Versailles system – Great Britain and France seemed to be less interested in South-Eastern Europe in after war years. It meant that the new Balkan order enjoyed a relative autonomy compared to the previous one.

Lebanon: An Ordinary “Consociational Democracy” in the Regional Context

Lebanon has a number of features that determine its special position in the region and its importance in the system of relations between the Middle East states. An important role in this is played by the ideological and strategic aspects of world politics in the region in which Lebanon is organically inscribed in both the historical and geopolitical plans. The stability of a country that has passed through a long civil war makes it stand out from a number of states in the region. The author's hypothesis is that the reason for the extraordinary stability — of Lebanese society, the system of state power, political elites, economic ties and foreign policy contacts, despite all the negative regional factors — can be rooted in the consociational principle of making key decisions based, paradoxically, on the notorious political confessionalism. The peculiarities of the Lebanese political model (although they are subject to well-deserved criticism) distinguish it from the multitude of “customary” democracies, bringing together with examples of the unique democratic systems of Europe and other continents. The motley confessional composition of society, along with the historically determined foreign policy guidelines of individual communities, suggested a special informal decision-making mechanism throughout the country — not on the basis of majority power, but on a contractual, compromise principle. Leading theorists of consociationalism often had in mind the Lebanese pattern of democracy in their political studies, and many of their developments are still well applicable for analyzing the functioning of the main state institutions of Lebanon. A theoretical study, along with an analysis of the current regional situation, convince the author of the correctness of the hypothesis put forward. Both in Lebanese history and now, it is the inveterate forms of external influences that forced Lebanese society to balance on the verge of aggravated intercommunal clashes. The combination of external factors served as the beginning and further warmed up the civil war. Heightened relations with Syria by 2005, the Israeli attack in 2006, the gravest threat from jihadi-caliphatists – all these factors have negatively affected intra-civil and inter-group relations. Stereotypical forms of use of religious communities (Shiites, Sunnis, Christians of different denominations, etc.) from the outside and even direct pressure from abroad continue to confront them, imposing ideas on social relations and political participation that are alien to Lebanese. Diversification of political and business contacts of Russia with representatives of different Lebanese communities can serve as a good example of Lebanon’s perception of all the features of its political system as a full subject of international relations.

The national state and the concept of Sub-national groups: (Study in Ibn Khaldun s Al-Assaibya idea Chauvinism)

Ibn Khaldun is considered one of the first who addressed the role of ‘’AL-ASSAIBYA’’ in the cohesion and stability of the society, followed by studies in the fields of sociology and political sociology by linking the social environment with its political engines internally and externally. The purpose of this paper is to link the variables of the local environment of the state with its sociological and socio-cultural components in the fields of comparative policy analysis, especially those that deal with the understanding of the subjects of democracy and political and social development. On the other hand, these socio-cultural dimensions are linked to the subjects of international relations and external environmental issues of the state. Therefore the region of the Middle East –by its political, social, cultural and even historical dimensions- is considered a fertile environment for studying the status of the sub-national group for understanding the interactions among political units , whether at the level of countries or societies or even among members of a single group, whose loyalties are divided according into intellectual or political data, especially in the light of two basic ideas in the approach of Ibn Khaldun: 1- The idea of ‘’AL-ASSAIBYA’’ and its social and political roles in creating a league with a common ‘’Band’’ linked by a kind of social solidarity to face other social entities. 2- the idea of ‘’EL-Wazii’’: which Ibn Khaldun says that he is the ruler according the human nature or the reigning king dominates (here we discuss the idea of the fragility of the national state in the Middle East), in the sense of the existence of an authority that preserves society cohesion and works to strengthen cooperation between its members and curb the aggression of some on Some, Ibn Khaldun says, "….and they needed to do that to the ruler who ruled over them, which is by virtue of the human nature of the omnipotent king domineering." Particular emphasis will be placed on the role played by these groups, both as tools in the hands of the regional powers, or as an important task that has a functional role to form new models in the form and functions of the State in the Middle East. In more detail, sectarianism and ethnicity - or religious fanaticism and ‘’AL-ASSAIBYA’’ in the region - have had a profound impact on the demarcation of the Middle East's political and strategic landscape. For example, after the victory of the Khomeini revolution in 1979 in Iran and the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran by theocratic and populist bases, which triggered a series of reactions adopted by Iran's regional neighborhood. As gathering under a bloc by Gulf states in a single entity to confront the Iranian tide and the danger of exporting the revolution to it, On the other hand, the reactions to Iranian policies have become more violent following the collapse of Saddam Hussein’s regime, deepening Iranian penetration in the region and fueling sectarianism by provoking war and sectarian strife in Iraq and Yemen and reaching Syria, and the role of forging new relations between Iran and the Middle East. Arab and non-Arab countries, especially Turkey. In the midst of this mess, the loyalties to the national state have transcended their traditional frameworks to extend beyond their borders to the benefit of the regional powers. In addition, The concept of a state in the Middle East has been threatened. Today, however, the issue of the State of the community or the state of the group or what Ibn Khaldun has called "the League"’’EL-OUSBAH’’ has become a fact. For example In Syria, one of the solutions was the establishment of the Alawite state in western Syria and the Kurdish state in the north. It is the same approach that has been proposed to settle the Iraqi situation ,since 2003 by dividing it into Shiite, Kurdish and Sunni entities. To Libya by dividing it into three regions according to ethnicities.