Subject Matter Research Articles

Provision of sexual health education in secondary schools: A multidisciplinary lens of stakeholders in southern highlands, Tanzania

IntroductionSchool-based sexual health education reduces risky sexual outcomes for in-school adolescents such as unintended premarital pregnancies, unsafe abortions, increased risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV and AIDS, early parenthood, a massive dropout from schools and untimely deaths. Despite the teaching of sexual health education in secondary schools, adolescents in Iringa Region are being exposed to increasing risks of sexual behaviours such as premarital sex, multiple sexual partners, and unprotected sex. This study examines stakeholders’ attitudes and beliefs toward providing sexual health education in secondary schools in Iringa Region, Tanzania. MethodsA qualitative approach under cross-sectional design was used. A purposive sampling technique was applied in selecting the Districts and participants for the study while simple random was used in the selection of schools. The participants were purposively selected depending on their position and knowledge of the subject matter. This study had 50 participants in total, 36 of them were teachers (6 from each school) who participated in focus group discussions (FGDs). After that, in-depth interviews with 14 participants were also conducted including 6 headmasters/mistresses, 6 healthcare professionals and 2 District secondary education officers. All FGDs and in-depth interviews used standardized questions to elicit information. The collected data were audio-recorded through tape recorders, transcribed, and translated into English. An initial coding matrix was developed and refined throughout the coding process. Transcripts were coded and analyzed using the content analysis approach. ResultsFindings from this study revealed all stakeholders having positive attitudes toward the provision of sexual health education in secondary schools. Results also revealed participants in favour of adolescents being taught several topics except for homosexuality. Findings on the appropriate age to start learning sexual health education revealed participants having trouble in fixing the right age, however, they said, at least 5 through 10 years before a child initiates sexual activity. ConclusionThe study concludes that stakeholders in the study areas have a positive attitude towards the provision of sexual health education in secondary schools and want students to be taught a wide range of topics before they initiate sexual activity. It is recommended that age-appropriate comprehensive sexuality education be given to teenagers to provide them with the knowledge they need to make informed decisions about their sexuality. This requires concerted efforts from the school, government and community involvement in the provision of sexual health education to in-school adolescents.

Strategies to strengthen COVID-19 vaccine uptake and improve vaccine equity in U.S. Territories and Freely Associated States during the first six months of vaccine rollout

The eight U.S. territories and freely associated states (TFAS) have historically faced unique social and structural barriers in the implementation of vaccination programs due to geographic remoteness, a high prevalence of socioeconomic disparities, increasing prevalence of natural disasters, limited vaccine providers and clinics, difficulties with procurement and shipping, and difficulty tracking highly mobile populations. In the months leading up to emergency authorizations for the use of COVID-19 vaccines, the TFAS developed tailored vaccination strategies to ensure that key at-risk populations received timely vaccination, and successfully implemented these strategies during the first six months of the vaccine rollout. Subject matter experts supporting the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s COVID-19 Response recognized the unique historical, geographic, social, and cultural dynamics for residents in the TFAS and worked with partners to prevent, detect, and respond to the pandemic in these jurisdictions. As a result of innovative partnerships and vaccine distribution strategies, vaccine equity was improved in the TFAS during the COVID-19 vaccine rollout.

A Popular Topic Detection Method based on Microblog Images and Short Text Information

Popular topic detection is a topic identification by the information of documents posted by users in social networking platforms. In a large body of research literature, most popular topic detection methods identify the distribution of unknown topics by integrating information from documents based on social networking platforms. However, among these popular topic detection methods, most of them have a low accuracy in topic detection due to the short text content and the abundance of useless punctuation marks and emoticons. Image information in short texts has also been overlooked, while this information may contain the real topic matter of the user's posted content. In order to solve the above problems and improve the quality of topic detection, this paper proposes a popular topic detection method based on microblog images and short text information. The method uses an image description model to obtain more information about short texts, identifies hot words by a new word discovery algorithm in the preprocessing stage, and uses a PTM model to improve the quality and effectiveness of topic detection during topic detection and aggregation. The experimental results show that the topic detection method in this paper improves the values of evaluation indicators compared with the other three topic detection methods. In conclusion, the popular topic detection method proposed in this paper can improve the performance of topic detection by integrating microblog images and short text information, and outperforms other topic detection methods selected in this paper.

INTEGRATION OF FRAGMENTATIONS IN VIRGINIA WOOLF'S TO THE LIGHTHOUSE

Modernism, which emerged in the late 19th century and took effect sharply in the early 20th century, paralyzed all previous movements. This movement, offering a new perspective on literature, culture, and politics, rejected the past and supported novelty in an original context. Additionaly, it opened the door to novelty in literature. Literary works were written in a different style, both in content and form. More experimental, non-linear narratives and works examining the inner world of the characters came to the fore instead of simple, superficial, standardized works which were examples of the old tradition. Concepts such as stream of consciousness, fragmentations, deep pessimism, and involving the reader in the text became important details of literature. By using these points, the authors tried to reflect both the period they lived in and their own spiritual lives in the works. The First World War, which broke out at the beginning of the 20th century and profoundly affected the whole world, shaped literature as well. Writers who witnessed the war began to take their subject matters from the war and describe the war’s devastating effects. One of these writers is Virginia Woolf, a pioneer of modern literature. The psychological disorders and a turbulent life experienced by Woolf as well as the chaos of the period had a deep impact on her themes and modes of thinking. The diaries, essays, and novels she wrote bear the traces of the period. In addition, she masterfully reflects the complexity of her inner world in the works. Using the stream of consciousness technique, the analysis of the characters' inner world, and the fragmentation magnificently, Woolf constructs the plot in this regard. Her work To the Lighthouse, written in 1927, is one of the cornerstones of modern literature. There are three parts that make up the book: The Window, Time Passes, and The Lighthouse. What stand out as striking elements in the work are the contrasts, inconsistencies, disagreements and fragmentations among the characters. Fragmentation, an important writing feature of Virginia Woolf, has an imortant place in the novel. But Woolf eliminates the fragmentation of the events and characters. It can be argued that she remarkably reflects integration, which is the opposite of fragmentation. Basically, the purpose of this article is to reflect on examples of integration of fragments and ensuring unity in Woolf's aforementioned work. While doing this, the main characters, side characters and significant events in the novel have been examined and analyzed.

PENGEMBANGAN MATERI PEMBELAJARAN KETERAMPILAN BERBICARA BAHASA INGGRIS DI SMP

This study intends to describe the process of developing learning materials for Junior High School students, especially transactional utterancess through videos, and to provide media for teaching speaking. This development was necessarily done due to the fact that students’ speaking ability was still poor. This was caused by the lack of media which could support the students in dealing with the issue. Therefore, an development of learning materials of English speaking skills was needed in order to reach an effective and innovative goal. This study follow these five stages. The stages are need anlysis, designing product, production, validation, try out and packing the product. The result of evaluation from the media expert is 81,3%, and subject matter is 84,4%. Based on the small group try out that is done to ten students are 81,4%, while the big group try out that is done to twenty students are 87,5%. There `s an increasing of students` speaking ability that`s shown by the test. The increasing is about 17,55% at small group try out and 22,25% at the big group try out. So It can be said that the product is proper as a media in teaching speaking. In the other hand the use of this English development product in teaching speaking can increase student`s speaking ability. Keyword: development, learning material, speaking skill.

Tchaikovsky, Onegin, and the Art of Characterization

Tchaikovsky enjoyed composing Yevgeni Onegin. He expressed his fulfillment in a famous letter to Sergey Taneyev. What could his enthusiasm convey about the content of the project? Music criticism has taken Tchaikovsky’s words as proof for the thesis that the opera is connected to autobiographical circumstances. In this mode of thinking, the quality of Tchaikovsky’s music is the result of the composer’s identification with the subject matter. Despite the objection of several Tchaikovsky scholars, the autobiographical paradigm remains very much alive in the reception of Tchaikovsky’s music. As an alternative, Tchaikovsky scholarship has explored a hermeneutical approach that would link his music to its context in Russian society and culture. In this paper, I present another possible reaction to Tchaikovsky’s statement: an exploration of the composer’s approach to musical characterization. Analysis of some key scenes reveals that the definition of characters and situations by musical means is more precise than standard interpretations of the opera would concede. This discovery may lead to a new assessment of characterization as a critical tool to refine the definition of Tchaikovsky’s position in European music history. The method may be applied to examples outside his operatic output, such as Serenade for Strings and the Fifth Symphony.

Podcasts as supplementary tools in enhancing teaching-learning in the 21st century literature from the Philippines and the world

This research aimed to determine the mastery level of learners in 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World before and after the implementation of podcasts. The study titled "Podcasts as Supplementary Tools in Enhancing Teaching-Learning in 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World" is considered a quasi-experimental research design. This design utilizes methods and procedures to collect data in a study structured similarly to an experiment. Specifically, the study employed the one-group pretest-posttest design. This study employed a probability sampling technique. The respondents of the study were Grade 11 students in the academic track of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM). They encountered 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World as a subject matter available in the university, which is the only literature-related subject that STEM students are taking. The researchers used a pretest and posttest to collect the quantitative data needed for the study. After collecting data from the respondents, the researchers analyzed the quantitative data using statistical methods. The study revealed that the majority of students studying 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World improved their mastery level after using podcasts as supplementary tools in addition to the reading materials provided by their adviser. The students showed engagement and mastery in answering the tests based on the results presented, as there was an increased or significant difference between the pretest and posttest results. It was further found that the podcasts are effective. However, as cited in the scope and limitations of the study, it only investigates the development and evaluation of podcasts as an educational tool, as well as their potential to supplement traditional classroom teaching. Podcasts were not meant to replace lectures but to complement them. Furthermore, the null hypothesis was rejected. Therefore, a significant difference exists between the mastery level of students before and after the implementation of podcasts as supplementary tools. Lastly, this implies that for any instructional materials or teaching approaches to be implemented inside the classroom, their relevance and meaningful connections should be considered to engage the students more and thus promote lifelong learning.

IoT applications in asset management: A review of accounting and tracking techniques

In the digital age, the confluence of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies with asset management practices heralds a transformative era, promising unprecedented efficiency and strategic advantage. This paper delves into the intricacies of this integration, exploring the evolution, challenges, and potential of IoT in reshaping asset management paradigms. With a keen aim to elucidate the transformative impact of IoT and navigate the complexities of its integration into asset management systems, the study adopts a qualitative research methodology, underpinned by a systematic literature review. This approach enables a comprehensive exploration of the subject matter, ensuring a nuanced understanding of the IoT's potential and pitfalls within the asset management domain. The findings illuminate a landscape where IoT applications significantly enhance asset utilization rates, underscored by empirical success stories and quantifiable improvements in operational efficiency. However, the journey reveals barriers—technical, organizational, and cultural—that impede seamless IoT adoption. Addressing these challenges, the paper offers strategic recommendations, emphasizing the need for strategic alignment, inter-organisational collaboration, and robust data management strategies to overcome integration hurdles. Conclusively, the study not only achieves its aim of highlighting the potential of IoT in asset management but also charts a course for future endeavors in this field. It posits that the strategic integration of IoT technologies stands as a cornerstone for the next generation of asset management practices, promising a future marked by enhanced efficiency, economic viability, and strategic agility. The recommendations provided serve as a compass for organizations embarking on the IoT integration journey, guiding them towards a horizon of transformative potential.

Design of Training to Improve Teacher Competence In Implementing the Integrative Curriculum at Xaverius Catholic School Tanjung Karang

The integrative curriculum in Catholic schools has different characteristics from the curriculum in general. In the education system, more specifically in educational institutions (schools), ideally teachers have the required competencies in order to carry out their duties and functions properly and responsibly. Challenges in the implementation of the Integrative Curriculum pose various challenges for teachers, such as the incorporation of Catholic values with general subject matter, the use of appropriate learning methods, and comprehensive evaluation. This research will review several literature studies as a reference for researchers in designing interactive curriculum implementation in Catholic schools to improve teacher competence. This research uses the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method. The SLR method is used to identify, review, evaluate, and interpret all available research with the topic area of the phenomenon of interest, with specific relevant research questions. The results of the study concluded that developing a training design is an important step to improve teacher competence in implementing an integrative curriculum. The improved competencies include an understanding of Catholic teachings, skills to integrate these values in learning, and the ability to use relevant learning methods

Definition of Implanted Neurological Device Abandonment: A Systematic Review and Consensus Statement.

Establishing a formal definition for neurological device abandonment has the potential to reduce or to prevent the occurrence of this abandonment. To perform a systematic review of the literature and develop an expert consensus definition for neurological device abandonment. After a Royal Society Summit on Neural Interfaces (September 13-14, 2023), a systematic English language review using PubMed was undertaken to investigate extant definitions of neurological device abandonment. Articles were reviewed for relevance to neurological device abandonment in the setting of deep brain, vagal nerve, and spinal cord stimulation. This review was followed by the convening of an expert consensus group of physicians, scientists, ethicists, and stakeholders. The group summarized findings, added subject matter experience, and applied relevant ethics concepts to propose a current operational definition of neurological device abandonment. Data collection, study, and consensus development were done between September 13, 2023, and February 1, 2024. The PubMed search revealed 734 total articles, and after review, 7 articles were found to address neurological device abandonment. The expert consensus group addressed findings as germane to neurological device abandonment and added personal experience and additional relevant peer-reviewed articles, addressed stakeholders' respective responsibilities, and operationally defined abandonment in the context of implantable neurotechnological devices. The group further addressed whether clinical trial failure or shelving of devices would constitute or be associated with abandonment as defined. Referential to these domains and dimensions, the group proposed a standardized definition for abandonment of active implantable neurotechnological devices. This study's consensus statement suggests that the definition for neurological device abandonment should entail failure to provide fundamental aspects of patient consent; fulfill reasonable responsibility for medical, technical, or financial support prior to the end of the device's labeled lifetime; and address any or all immediate needs that may result in safety concerns or device ineffectiveness and that the definition of abandonment associated with the failure of a research trial should be contingent on specific circumstances.

The Legal Certainty Of Waarmerking In Notarized Sale And Purchase Agreements: A Case Analysis Of Civil Proceedings (Case Research: District Court Decision No. 354/PDT.G/2019/PN.SDA)

The purpose of this research is to determine The Legal Certainty of Waarmerking in Notarized Sale and Purchase Agreements: A Case Analysis of Civil Proceedings (Case research: District Court Decision No. 354/Pdt.G/2019/PN.Sda). The research employed in this research is normative research, drawing from literature studies. Data collection techniques involve an extensive literature review. The outcomes indicate that a waarmerking agreement possesses robust legal evidentiary authority in civil cases, contingent upon the parties acknowledging the signatures within the agreement. This is attributed to the fact that the function of waarmerking deeds under the hand primarily ensures the accuracy of the date in the registration of deeds under the hand in a dedicated book within the notary office. In the Sidoarjo court decision, the waarmerking of the binding agreement of sale and purchase, once waarmerked, is deemed valid and binding for both parties by the judge. However, it is noteworthy that the binding agreement of sale and purchase, serving as the foundation for the lawsuit, fails to meet the essential criteria for a valid agreement concerning the specification of "a certain thing." The subject matter pledged in the agreement has undergone a transfer of ownership to a different entity. Consequently, the binding agreement of sale and purchase in the Sidoarjo Court's civil cases lacks legal evidentiary force, as it is deemed to fall short of meeting the essential requisites of the agreement. This situation introduces legal uncertainty for other parties currently exercising control over the land and building.

PENGEMBANGAN MULTIMEDIA PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INGGRIS UNTUK SISWA KELAS X MENGENAI TEKS NEWS ITEM

This article is based on the development research that aims to develop multimedia of learning English which is attractive and effective for grade X Students about news item text. The development of the multimedia for learning English uses Lee and Owens model. The procedure of developing the multimedia covers four steps. They are: 1) need analysis and assessment, 2) designing multimedia learning, 3) developing and implementing the multimedia, and 4) evaluating the multimedia. The data of this research are compiled any sources i.e. validation result of leaning design expert, subject matter expert and learning media expert. It is also from students as treatment subjects and English lesson teacher. The treatment subjects are 39 students consisting of 3 students for personal treatment, 5 students for small group treatment and 31 students for field treatment. The results of the research show that: 1) developing the Macromedia Flash based multimedia of English learning for Class X was assessed by validators as learning media which is in good category and it is suitable to use. 2) the treatment subjects, students and English teacher gave response and conclusion that the multimedia is attractive for learning English, shown from the result of personal treatment subjects’ questionnaire of 88.7%, the result of small group treatment subjects’ questionnaire of 64.4% and the result of field treatment subjects’ questionnaire of 84.2%, therefore, the average of total treatment subjects’ questionnaire is 79.7%, then 3) this multimedia can be used effectively to achieve learning competencies, proven by the result of increasing score gained by the students in pre-test and post-test which is 72.03%. Keyword: development research, multimedia of learning English, news item text

Navigating the Virtual Realm of Hate: Analysis of Policies Combating Online Hate Speech in the Italian-European Context

The aim of this article is to conduct an in-depth analysis of the effectiveness of policies to counter online hate speech on social platforms. This analysis is approached through an interdisciplinary approach that combines sociological and legal perspectives to provide a non-partisan understanding of the phenomenon. The research consists of two phases: the first phase provides a general framework for the subject under examination, attempting to clearly delineate – on a definitional level – hate speech, emphasising its growing relevance in contemporary social dynamics; the second phase, focuses on an examination of the European value and regulatory framework, with particular reference to the civil law remedies that can be used in the Italian legal system to counteract the spread of online hate speech. This methodology makes it possible to identify the countervailing tools to which private individuals can resort in order to meet the requirements of justice and fairness. In this sense, the article aims to offer a broad overview of the subject matter, providing a contribution to the academic debate and to the understanding of the challenges related to the fight against online hate speech on social networks.

Expression of Kidney White Rats Diabetes Mellitus after Therapy of Sinom Ethyl Acetate Fraction Mixed Lime and Honey

This study aims to prove that the administration of the ethyl acetate fraction sinom mixture of lime and honey (SCJM) can improve the histological structure of the kidney of Spraque Dawley rats (SD) diabetic were divided into six groups with four replications each. The K1 group as a positive control was not given a sample, the K2 group was given a sample dose of 50 mg/kg BW, the K3 group was given a sample dose of 100 mg/kg BW, and the K4 group was given a sample dose of 150 mg/kg BW, the K5 group was given an extract dose of 200 mg/kg BW, and positive control group K6 which was carried out for 21 days. The rats were then sacrificed and the kidney organs were taken for histopathological preparation with Hematoxylin Eosin (HE) staining. The results showed that there was fatty degeneration and necrosis of the kidneys. Kruskal Wallis test results from all treatments showed p = 0.001 for both fatty degeneration and necrosis (p<0.05).abstract is written along 100-200 words with a single space. Abstract content must explain the subject matter discussed in the article, the method used, the results or findings and conclusions

Propagation of best practices in value and supply chain management: Demand forecasting and planning

This paper is a discussion article that focuses on the propagation of best practices in value and supply chain management. Specifically, the article discusses the application of prudent demand analysis and forecasting techniques as tools for effective and efficient business management. The use of quantitative models such as time-series and econometric methods in forecasting prices, sales and demand volumes have formed the subject matter of the paper. The expeditious adoption of the techniques presented herein can equip the entrepreneur or manager with essential knowledge of future demand conditions that can be extremely useful when planning production schedules, inventory control, advertising campaigns, output in future periods, and investment, among other things. The ultimate expected impacts would be to facilitate the enhancement of economic and financial profitability, sustainability and other micro-economic and socio-economic performance variables.

PENGEMBANGAN BAHAN AJAR IPS TERPADU BERKARAKTER SMP KELAS VII SEMESTER I

The use of instructional materials in the learning process in the classroom is paramount for teaching materials is one of the factors that affect the improvement of the quality of learning. Similarly, in the study of Social Sciences (IPS) in the Junior High School (SMP) has some problems, such as: its not integrated teaching materials or teaching social studies mostly still carried out separately. Research aims: (1) describe the product development process of teaching materials such as books of Social Sciences (IPS) integrated characterless, (2) describe the use of an integrated social studies teaching material characterless. Models development of teaching materials using the model of Dick and Carey (1994), while the steps are: (1) set a goal of learning, (2) analysis of learning, (3) identify the child's abilities and characteristics of students, (4) formulate specific goals, (5) developing test items, (6) develop learning strategies, (7) develop and choose the subject matter, (8) to design and conduct formative evaluation, (9) revise the learning. The average acquisition individual trials on the effectiveness of instructional materials is 79%, a small group test the effectiveness of teaching materials is 84.2%. Student pretest value reached 52.5% at the posttest value of 100% or the overall student has achieved the minimum completeness criteria (KKM). While to a large group of placement test, which means 80% proven effective teaching materials. Assessment of two (2) social studies teachers to gain teaching materials with an average value of 87%, as well as to aspects of the content material is very good quality is obtained with a percentage of 86% and design aspects with the percentage 76%. Based on the results of product testing can be concluded that the development of teaching materials based IPS Integrated Character Education classes VII Semester is fit for use and has a level of effectiveness and attractiveness, these teaching materials students can use independently. Keyword: Teaching Material, Integrated Social Science Characterless

파견교사의 수학체험센터 운영 경험에 관한 내러티브 탐구

Objectives The purpose of this study is to analyze the meaning of dispatched teachers’ experiences of operating a Math Experience Center and explore the implications of these findings for their perceptions and practices as teachers. Methods This study conducted a narrative inquiry to vividly capture the changes in the life and qualities of teachers through the experience of operating the mathematics experience center of dispatched teachers and to comprehensively understand them. In-depth interviews were conducted three times each for two secondary school mathematics teachers with more than one year of experience working at the mathematics experience center, and field texts were collected by visiting the center in person. Starting with the teaching experience that chose dispatched work, the research results were presented by categorizing them into teachers, dispatched teachers, and individual areas based on spatiality and relationship. Results Through the operation of the Math Experience Center, the dispatched teachers experienced a change in their perception of themselves and growth as ‘education professionals’ by improving their subject expertise. These experiences led to, first, a role shift from a ‘made teacher’ to a ‘making teacher’ while searching for a direction for mathematics education; second, an attitude shift from a ‘teacher who teaches’ to a ‘teacher who learns and strives’ while recognizing the subjectivity of status; and third, an identity growth from a ‘subject matter expert’ to an ‘education expert’ through relationship formation and changes in the work environment. Conclusions This study confirmed that the educational achievements gained by teachers through subjective status and challenges in the new educational environment change their perception of themselves and activate target behaviors, contributing to the improvement of teachers' professionalism and educational practice.

ANALISIS PROBLEMATIKA PEMBELAJARAN MATEMATIKA SEKOLAH MENENGAH PERTAMA

This research aims to describe problems in mathematics learning and their solutions at Kawali 1 State Junior High School. The research method used in this research is a qualitative. The research subjects were six students from class IX and two mathematics teachers at SMP Negeri 1 Kawali who taught in class IX. The research instruments used in this research were observation, questionnaires and interviews. The learning problems that have been widely researched are problems related to students, even though teachers also need to be researched, so the advantage of this research is describing mathematics learning problems for students and teachers. The results of this research show the problems of mathematics learning at SMP Negeri 1 Kawali, namely that teachers are less innovative and creative when learning, less mature understanding of mathematical concepts, low ability of students to think creatively in mathematics, and low motivation of students. An alternative solution to this problem is that teachers must continue to learn or upgrade their knowledge regarding teaching styles, methods and learning media, teachers must be able to provide scaffolding, teachers must be able to train and hone students' creative thinking skills with learning that raises everyday problems that arise. non-routine, and the teacher must provide guidance and a psychological approach and the teacher must be clever in choosing suitable learning media in conveying Mathematics subject matter.

Cross-cultural instructional design: A framework for multilingual and interdisciplinary education

This review paper presents a comprehensive framework for cross-cultural instructional design, aiming to seamlessly integrate multilingual education with interdisciplinary teaching approaches. With globalization fostering diverse classroom demographics, educators face the challenge of creating inclusive learning environments that cater to students from various cultural and linguistic backgrounds. Recognizing the importance of addressing cultural and linguistic diversity in education, this framework explores strategies for curriculum designers to incorporate these elements into lesson plans and learning materials effectively. Drawing upon insights from both the humanities and STEM fields, the review elucidates how educators can harness cultural and linguistic diversity to enrich students' learning experiences. By infusing cross-cultural perspectives into educational content, curriculum designers can foster critical thinking, creativity, and global awareness among learners. The paper emphasizes the inherent benefits of exposing students to diverse cultural viewpoints, thereby promoting a more holistic understanding of the subject matter. Furthermore, the review discusses best practices for creating culturally responsive educational content that resonates with learners from diverse backgrounds. It advocates for the development of instructional materials that not only accommodate linguistic variations but also celebrate cultural nuances. Through the incorporation of authentic cultural artifacts, texts, and examples, educators can cultivate a deeper appreciation for cultural diversity while enhancing students' engagement and learning outcomes. Overall, this review underscores the significance of adopting a cross-cultural instructional design framework in contemporary education. By embracing cultural and linguistic diversity as integral components of the learning process, educators can empower students to navigate an increasingly interconnected world with sensitivity, empathy, and proficiency. This framework serves as a roadmap for educators seeking to create inclusive learning environments that foster cross-cultural understanding and collaboration.

AN ANALYSIS OF GRAND NARRATIVES IN JEANETTE WINTERSON’S ORANGES ARE NOT THE ONLY FRUIT

Jeanette Winterson, one of the most significant writers of the 21st century, touches on various topics in her Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit. One of the subject matters that stands out is the novel’s criticism of grand narratives through its main heroine, Jeanette. The question of grand narratives, touched upon and re-evaluated by postmodernism, has a substantial place in the narration of the novel. The ideologies, determined and limited by society as grand narratives, reject pluralism and differences. They defend a single ideology and undermine differences. The grand narratives examined under the subject of religion in this article determine social norms and lead them. Winterson’s Jeanette is a character who tries to assume a different identity in a society where grand narratives are unshakably implemented and close the door to different ideologies. This article examines Jeanette’s experiences and rebellion in a society surrounded by grand narratives. The study aims to show how the church and church society adhere to grand narratives and how the main character overturns established ideologies.