Topics In Psychology Research Articles

ChatGPT is a Breakthrough in Science and Education but Fails a Test in Sports and Exercise Psychology

Released less than fve months ago, ChatGPT became the center of attention of scholars worldwide. This artifcial intelligence (AI) language model has over 100 million subscribers worldwide, generating many discussions concerning its accuracy, advantages, and threats to science and education. Its accuracy in law, linguistics, mathematics, and medicine has already been evaluated. Most results suggest that ChatGPT could generate a passing grade in these domains. However, its performance in sports science and psychology has yet to be tested. The large amount of information in this general area may yield more accurate performance. Still, specifc subjects in the feld, with controversial research fndings, can lead to signifcant errors, which teachers and researchers could quickly spot. In this study, ChatGPT was tested on its accuracy on exercise addiction, a sports science and psychology subject associated with more than 1,000 publications. ChatGPT gave several correct answers to 20 questions but failed the test with 45%. Its performance was like in other already tested subjects. However, when prompted to write a general introductory editorial on AI’s role in sports, ChatGPT performed well. Plagiarism detectors could not identify the AI-originated text, but AI detectors did. Therefore, it can be concluded that the system does a relatively good job on general issues but needs further development in more specifc areas. Students and scholars cannot rely on ChatGPT to do their job. Still, future versions could yield dilemmas of originality since the system does not provide information for its source(s) of information. Keywords: artifcial intelligence; computers, information; language model; plagiarism.

Teachers' Teaching Style as Perceived by Students and its Influence on Students' Level of Self-Regulation and Motivation in Learning Psychology

The emergence of COVID-19 resulted from educational institutions to adapt flexible mode of learning. In this type of modality, teacher’s teaching styles is one of the crucial factors that may influence the student’s motivation in learning. This quantitative descriptive-correlation study investigated both the students’ perception on what type of teaching style their teachers have and students’ level of motivation in learning Psychology subjects. Data was collected from 349 students taking BS Psychology from Dalubhasaan ng Lungsod ng San Pablo, a locally funded college in the City of San Pablo, Philippines. Results shows that as perceived by the students, 86% of their teachers used learner-centered approach while the remaining 14% used teacher-centered approach. Participation in the learning process is the most common approach used by teachers for specific teaching styles, followed by personalizing experience, relating to experience, and climate building, in that order. Students' motivation to learn psychology was found to be high to very high, as was their self-regulation level. Learner-centered, participation in the learning process, personalizing experience, relating to experience, and climate building was found to have low positive correlation to intrinsic motivation and task value but have negligible correlation to extrinsic motivation and self-regulation.

Grotesque Faces and Masks of Sherwood Anderson's Characters

The purpose of the presented publication is critical analysis, interpretation and connotative searches of the novels of a great American writer Sherwood Anderson. From this point of view, the work discusses Anderson's short, plotless novels and their composition. Writer's writing style, environment, criticism of the era, crisis of culture and art, philosophical and psychological topics are shown as well. The architectonics of Sh. Anderson's novels is solid, concise and capacious. They contain the most important fragments of human existence, sometimes the entire history. Sh. Anderson comprehends present time, difficult existential environment with all intensity. Anderson's protagonist characters compete with time, era, degraded system and authoritarian regime. They are characters out of the time stream. The writer's tragic faces and masks create the reality of the era. Capitalist values ​​and worldview destroy and enslave people with high ideal principles and values. Anderson's characters are victims of violence, harsh realities of capitalism, and pressures of society. They are most worried about the scarcity of human resources and the lack of humanity. A complete disaster of Anderson's characters is caused due to idleness and loneliness. The characters, who are broken from life, talk to us about the unbearable reality. All these are convulsions of an intolerant epoch. Discursive thinking, connotative searches, interpretation, meditations, multi-dimensionality of thought, critical analysis, judgment, confrontation, understanding of metaphors and symbols, methodological searches follow the presented texts.

The Third Gender in a Third World Country: Major Concerns and the "AIIMS Initiative".

With a population dividend of around 1.3 billion, India is the largest democracy in the world that encompasses "unity in diversity". The kaleidoscope of thesocio-cultural fabric comprises the transgender populationtoo, which has a historical context dating back millennia and also plays a vital role asdescribed in Hindu scriptures. The Indian transgender person's community shows a variety of gender identities and sexual orientations, which is unlikely from the West, forming a culturally unique gender group. In India, transgender persons were recognised as the 'third gender' in 2014. The third gender population of India is marginalised to a great extent in every sector. Often, transgender persons have been the subjects of sociology, psychology, and health issues. There was a dearth of data regarding their major health problems including bone health, which has not been reported in India and elsewhere before this study.Through a prospective cross-sectional study design, we aimed to determine the current health status of transgender persons with a special emphasis on bone health. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis.The preliminary results of the study show poor bone health in the transgender population of India. The majority of transgender persons have low bone mineral density (BMD) at a much youngage, even before the achievement of their peak bone mass.The health status of the transgender population inIndia ispoor overall. Transgender persons have many impediments to optimal healthcare that requires holistic care.This study presents the current health challenges of the transgender population with a special emphasis on their bone health status as 'AIIMS initiative'. Thisstudy also shows transgender persons human rights needs to be explicitly discussed. The stakeholders of social policies require an urgent attention to unfold the major concerns encompassing transgender persons.

لێكچواندنی شه‌راب و پێكهاته‌كانی له‌ ده‌قه ‌شیعرییه‌كانی حافز و مەلای جزیریدا

Comparison is one of the psychological subjects that most of the classical poets, to decorate the poetic taste and give poetry, decorated their poetic texts with this art, this art belongs to the science of explanation Kurdish Kurdish, as one of the most prominent pillars of classical Kurdish literature is considered the old stage, the use of such arts not only ignored, but very carefully and more intensively and artistically with a background of rhetoric has strengthened and more effective. They have divided poetry into imaginary structures, using them as satisfied in examples, have been able to present poetry in his poems, by taking the idea of this kind of art in some of their predecessors to promote their poetry and make fewer inventions in this field. First of all, what is questionable in this study is how they used the analogies and compositions of wine. The most important historical relationship reflected in the poet's poems. In the first part, we have focused on the art of comparison from the perspective of text poetry. Keywords: Mullah Jaziri and Hafiz Shirazi, explanation, analogy, wine, wine components.

Courage, Honour, and Phlegm: A Study of Eighteenth‐Century Military Writers' Descriptions of Soldiers' Combat Emotions and Motivation

AbstractThis article will aim to cover military writers' comments upon the psychological, emotional, and motivational aspects of soldiers in the eighteenth century. In recent years, there has been a positive re‐evaluation of the Ancien Régime soldier compared with that of the later citizen soldier of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. This article seeks to add to this re‐appraisal by introducing a literature element to the discussion, highlighting and analysing the many passages writers wrote on these psychological topics, such as the fear of death in combat, the world of honour governing the soldier, and nationalistic differences in temperament.

Constructive Cognitive Assessment of Learning in a Course on the Computational Cognition in Psychology Students

<p style="text-align: justify;">Learning evaluation is a complex task, and this study illustrates the Constructive Assessment of Learning as a complementary alternative to evaluate the computational cognition schema construction. The authors designed a mental representational task under the Chronometric Constructive Cognitive Learning Evaluation Model. Control and experimental groups performed a conceptual definition task based on the Natural Semantic Network technique (NSN). They defined ten target concepts related to computational cognition theory, using verbs, nouns, and adjectives as definers. Afterward, the participants rated the conceptual quality of each definer one by one, on a scale of one to ten; the higher the rating, the greater the quality of the definer to define the target concept. The results indicate that the NSN technique was sensitive to measuring and discriminating cognitive changes in knowledge structures produced by the specific learning of computational cognition theory. In contrast, the learning of broad psychology subjects produced general cognitive changes without organization related to the specific learning of the evaluated course. Data showed more sophisticated cognitive change patterns on the evaluated schema in the experimental group than in the control group. The findings of this study suggest that cognitive assessment techniques can be helpful in the formative assessment of learning and provide clear indicators of students' knowledge management skills.</p>

Architecture on the couch: A transdisciplinary exploration of buildings as psychological subjects

This essay radically re-conceptualises architecture as a psycho-social subject entwined with the psychology of its creators and inhabitants. Seeking to understand the psychology of architecture, it discusses innovative, transdisciplinary, practice-based methods derived from psycho-social studies, psychoanalysis, and conceptual art, to explore the consciousness and unconsciousness of buildings. It then tests those methods on a case-study example – Oscar Niemeyer’s Communist Party headquarters in Paris – to speculate how psychological profiling may lead to a deeper understanding of the entangled human/non-human relations within a building, while also revealing potentials for therapeutic adaptation or reuse. The essay’s principal contribution is the re-conceptualisation of architecture as having profound and active psychological dimensions – the awareness and management of which potentially impacts upon liveability and lifespan – aided by a set of methods with which to reveal those psychological dimensions. It thus expands the scope for processes of architectural practice and contributes to transdisciplinarity within conceptual art.

영화 <파이트 클럽> 주인공의 정신질환과 극복과정

Jack, the protagonist of <Fight Club>, suffers from insomnia, and is tired of his daily routine in a capitalist society. After encountering his own alter ego, Tyler Durden, he founds the Fight Club in order to start a violent revolution in attempt to mock and resist the materialistic world.
 Jacques Lacan establishes three stages in human psyche: the Imaginary, Symbolic and the Real. Each stage explains the mechanics of human desires. Most of us experience the Imaginary, then transition to the Symbolic stage. However, incomplete separation of oneself from the Imaginary in transition to the Symbolic causes paraphilia, and absence of any separation from the Imaginary inflicts one with psychosis. <Fight Club> shows Jack’s psychological journey that travels from paraphilia, psychosis and all the way to entering the Real. Particularly, by portraying Tyler Durden and Marla Singer as two opposite forces around Jack, the film alludes to the stark contrast between the traits of psychosis and the Real. Furthermore, as a commercial movie from Hollywood, the film successfully packages its plot and characters into the three act structure and heroism, prevalent in Hollywood action movies, making its psychological theme more accessible to general audiences.

Combining a Direct and Indirect Training Approach for Cross-Domain Competences: The Case of the Course “Pedagogy for Psychotherapists”

In psychology programs, students should acquire both domain-specific knowledge and cross-domain competences important for later practice (e.g., multiple document literacy). Typically, such competences are trained directly in courses explicitly devoted to them or indirectly in courses on psychological topics that require them without systematically teaching and training them (e.g., when reading multiple texts about a topic). To exploit the advantages of both direct and indirect training approaches, we combined them in a new psychology course in which students were taught domain-specific knowledge on pedagogy and psychotherapy, and they were trained in the competence facets of (a) epistemic beliefs, (b) multiple document literacy, and (c) argumentative thinking. The direct training took a tried-and-tested example-based learning approach. A central element of the indirect training consisted of course assessments requiring the application of these three competences to the contents about pedagogy and psychotherapy. The combined training approach led to significant increases in declarative knowledge, advanced epistemic beliefs, and greater self-efficacy in implementing strategies relating to multiple document literacy and argumentative thinking. This approach can be adapted to accommodate different psychological content areas or different cross-domain competences.

An everlasting love: The relationship of happiness and meaning.

Happiness is of great importance to people. Although happiness constitutes a central theme in psychology, the absence of a unifying theory and inconsistent terminology undermine scientific progress. The present article goes beyond attempting to define "types of happiness" or its contributing factors and addresses the role of happiness (i.e., embodied positive emotional patterns) as a function of a dynamic multisystem (i.e., an individual) and its relationship to meaning (i.e., ongoing bidirectional cognitive processes). As a dynamic multisystem, a person strives for stability as they move in physical space, and during their development, across time (i.e., dynamic balance). A primary requirement for dynamic balance is maintaining consistency by connecting the cognitive system to behavior. In psychological terms, such a connection is facilitated by meaning. The model suggests that happiness serves as a marker of a person's consistency and meaningful interpretations of their lived experience. The model points to a new research direction.

Consciousness, Memory, and the Human Self: Commentary on "Consciousness as a Memory System" by Budson et al (2022).

Philosophical theories have attempted to shed light on the intricate relationships between consciousness and memory since long before this became a major theme in psychology and neuroscience. In the December 2022 issue of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology , Budson, Richman, and Kensinger (2022) introduced a comprehensive theoretical framework pertaining to the origins of consciousness in relation to the memory system, its implications on our real-time perception of the world, and the neuroanatomical correlates underlying these phenomena. Throughout their paper, Budson et al (2022) focus on their theory's explanatory value regarding several clinical syndromes and experimental findings. In this commentary, we first summarize the theory presented by Budson and colleagues (2022). Then, we suggest a complementary approach of studying the relationships between consciousness and memory through the concept of the human self and its protracted representation through time (so-called mental time travel). Finally, we elaborate on Budson and colleagues' (2022) neuroanatomical explanation to their theory and suggest that adding the concepts of brain networks and cortical gradients may contribute to their theory's interpretability.

Editorial—The truth is out there: The psychology of conspiracy theories and how to counter them

Editorial—The truth is out there: The psychology of conspiracy theories and how to counter them

Gamification: ¿pedagogical resource to raise reading comprehension levels in university students?

The objective of this study was to determine the possibility of using the gamification technique as a potential contributor to the development of reading comprehension levels in students of the first and second semesters of the Faculty of Philosophy, Letters and Educational Sciences of the University of Guayaquil, during the cycle II year 2021-2022. Its approach was qualitative, and the applied methodology was descriptive. The main tools used for data collection were the questionnaire and the survey. The chosen population was made up of 164 students, 66 men and 98 women between 19 and 35 years of age, from the first and second semesters, in online classes, Psychology subject. Localized theoretical references advise the use of gamification for multiple purposes in university classrooms. The results referring to the process of reading comprehension by the students showed serious difficulties in their reading skills. On the other hand, a favorable predisposition to the use of the gamification technique was detected in them.

Hermeneutics, Neuroscience and Psychiatry

Hermeneutics, Neuroscience and Psychiatry Michael T. H. Wong, MBBS, MD, MA, MDiv, PhD, FRCPsych, FRANZCP, FHKAM (bio) Hermeneutic practice in mental health has been a theme in Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology (PPP) since its very beginnings. In this essay I argue that hermeneutics, the theory and practice of interpretation, promotes therapeutic interaction between mental health professionals, patients and their family. Why does this patient present in such a way at this particular point in time? The distressing symptoms are there. The changes in behavior are obvious. Impairments of functions are hurting. A mental illness clearly runs in the family. There were early losses of loved ones, physical abuse at home, bullying by peers and self-medication with drugs and alcohol. Three in four adults with a mental illness first experienced that before they turned 24. The brain goes through major reorganization during adolescence and early adulthood. If synaptic pruning went wrong, psychoses emerged. When stresses activated the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis the elevated cortisol level impacted the size and function of the hippocampus and amygdala in the genetically vulnerable; anxiety, depression, bipolar, and personality disorders developed. The patient needs a voice/language to describe all these experiences and events and the psychiatrist needs a discourse to make sense of them. Eisenberg laments the swings between "brainlessness" and "mindlessness" in psychiatry. Engel argues for a "biopsychosocial" discourse. The major challenge for psychiatry is how to organize clinical information of different nature (categories, dimensions, narratives; i.e., objective vs. subjective, personal vs. interpersonal) into a coherent and comprehensible account for us all. Mental illnesses are not only neuropsychiatric spectrum disorders but also dysfunctions of social relationship and environmental/ecological adaptation. Psychiatry as a clinical neuroscience per se lacks the semantics to address the rich interactions between the physical, psychological, social, cultural, and spiritual in the illness experience of our patients. Explanation in the diagnostic formulation (objective scientific discourse on cause and effect) and understanding in the patient narrative (subjective ordinary everyday discourse on significance and meaning) are irreducible to each other (Wong, 2018). They instead interact with one another to achieve an integrative formulation, not through merging different discourses into a single assertion/monologue but via the dialectic/dialogue of "explaining more in order to understand better," as Ricoeur puts it, and between "the whole and the parts," as Schleiermacher highlights. This "therapeutic hermeneutic circle" of "explanation vs understanding" and "the whole vs the parts" includes symptoms behavior function and life events. It correlates between bio-psychosociocultural-spiritual dimensions/perspectives and does not reduce them to any particular/single [End Page 13] stance. The whole integrates the parts and the parts enrich the whole. It explains but does not explain away. It understands through an articulation of meaning and significance. This discourse is a multilayered (bio-psycho-social-cultural-spiritual) personal narrative that formulates diagnosis and care in a correlative (linking different voices/discourses) and non-reductive (no particular voice/discourse is prejudiced against) manner that is comprehensible to us all (Wong, 2021). PPP will be an excellent forum for discussing clinical hermeneutics in the future. In this digital era of social media and virtual reality, hermeneutics has the never-ending task to tackle the unprecedented challenges to meaning illness and health posed by polarizing discourses. Michael T. H. Wong Michael T.H. Wong, MBBS, MD, MA, MDiv, PhD, FRCPsych, FRANZCP, FHKAM, is Hon Clinical Professor, Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China. Michael is Chair, Section of Philosophy & Humanities in Psychiatry, World Psychiatric Association. He is an Organizational Partner & International Lead with The Collaborating Centre for Values-Based Practice in Health and Social Care, St Catherine's College Oxford. He is Advisor to the Chinese Health Foundation of Australia. References Wong M. T. H. (2018). Ricoeur and the third discourse of the person: From philosophy and neuroscience to psychiatry and theology. London: Lexington Books. Google Scholar Wong, M. T. H. (2021). Values, meanings, hermeneutics and mental health. In Stoyanov, D., Fulford, K. M. W. F., Stanghellini, G., Van Staden, W., & Wong, M. TH. (Eds.), International perspectives in values-based mental health practice: Case studies and commentaries (pp. 341–349...

A comparative study on depression, anxiety and stress among different level of professional badminton players of Madhya Pradesh

Introduction: Depression, anxiety, and stress are the most explored subjects in sports psychology. Various research looked into DAS and its levels in various subjects, games, and sports. We investigated the DAS among different levels of professional badminton players in this study. Aim of Study: The aim of the study is to assess depression, anxiety and stress among professional Badminton players, who represent the state in national tournaments. Material and Methods: For this study the researcher selects thirty (30) players from each group i.e., senior, junior and sub-junior level of Madhya Pradesh. Total no of subject is ninety (N=90). For the current study equal number of subjects were selected randomly from three groups of badminton players. Depression Anxiety and Stress scale (DASS) was used to measure the negative emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress. The descriptive statistics and analysis of variance (One-way Anova) was used for comparing means and for further analysis of data LSD as POST HOC test was used. For this study level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: The mean and standard deviation of three levels of Badminton players, for Depression 12.73±3.81, 16.33±6.74, and 18.93±8.89, for Anxiety are 14.70±4.97, 17.87±6.65, and 21.10±7.96, and for Stress are 14.67±4.60, 16.40±5.65, and 21.17±7.43 respectively. F- value is statistically significant as calculated F-values for Depression (F=6.27; 2,87 df) > tabulated F-value (F=3.09; 2,87 df), for Anxiety (F=6.96; 2,87 df) > tabulated F value (F=3.09; 2,87 df) and for Stress (F=9.42; 2,87 df) > tabulated F-value (F=3.09; 2,87 df). Post hoc test result reveals that there was significant difference found in between senior and junior level, senior and sub-junior level Badminton players depression, and in between senior and sub-junior level Badminton players anxiety, and in between senior and sub-junior level, junior and sub-junior level Badminton players’ stress. Conclusions: There was no significant difference found in between junior and sub-junior level Badminton players depression, and in between senior and junior, junior and sub-junior level Badminton players anxiety, and in between senior and junior level Badminton players’ stress.

Seeing Horror through the Lens of Health: Embodying Dissociative Identity Disorder in The Babadook.

This essay analyzes the representation of dissociative identity disorder in Jennifer Kent's debut feature, The Babadook (2014). Although the film's exploration of psychological themes such as maternal ambivalence, grief, and repression have already been widely discussed in the critical literature, I argue that such readings tend to mitigate the embodied nature of the suffering that Kent's film depicts. Using Arthur Frank's concept of chaos stories as well as Edward Branigan's work on film narrative, I show how The Babadook provides a valuable, fictional example of how dissociative identity disorder can be depicted in cinematic language. Through Kent's use of internal and external focalization, amongst other filmic techniques, the film promotes an ethic of witnessing whereby spectators can actively see the disorienting impact the protagonist's suffering has on her life. In this way, The Babadook gives health care practitioners insight into the complexity of her subjectivized illness experience.

Meetings and Congresses

Meetings and Congresses

Abstract P511: Physical Activity, Medical, and Mental Health Outcomes of a Pilot Multilevel Intervention for People With Metabolic Syndrome

Background/Objectives: This pilot randomized controlled trial aimed to help people with metabolic syndrome increase physical activity and well-being. Intervening on lifestyle behaviors such as physical activity, can improve metabolic syndrome outcomes. Methods: Primary care patients with metabolic syndrome were recruited from clinics across our hospital system. Eligibility criteria were: <150 minutes/week of moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), having ≥2 of 5 metabolic syndrome criteria, and not having cardiovascular disease or diabetes, as this was a prevention study. The multilevel intervention (MAPP) included 8-weekly 60-minute group sessions, physical activity self-monitoring/goal setting using Fitbits, physical activity/motivational interviewing (MI) topics, positive psychology (PP) topics, a weekly group walk prior to COVID, and neighborhood walkability assessments. Participants were randomized to an immediate or waitlist control group. They wore an Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometer for one week before beginning and after the last session (8-weeks). We obtained pre-post weight measurements. Mean baseline to 8-week individual difference results were compared between groups using t-tests with unequal variances. Results: Sixty-four participants enrolled, with 32 randomized to each arm; 51 provided complete follow-up data, and 63% (10/16) of the groups were conducted virtually (post-COVID). Most (92%; 59/64) were non-Hispanic White, 69% (44/64) were female, and mean age was 60. Average daily physical activity did not increase significantly by objective measures. The estimated change in mean difference for sedentary time decreased for the intervention group compared to the control group by 46.8 minutes/day (CI: -47.5-141.1; d= 0.28). Light physical activity increased by an average of 21.0 minutes/day (CI: -13.9-55.9; d= 0.34), steps/day increased by 376.6 (CI: -949.6-1702.9; d =0.16), and moderate-vigorous physical activity increased by 4.1 minutes/day (CI: -4.5-12.8; d=0.27). The estimated change in mean weight was significant: 8.4 pounds lost for the intervention group compared to the control group (CI: -13.5-3.2; p =.002; d =0.92). Discussion: This 8-week randomized controlled trial of a multilevel physical activity PP-MI intervention was associated with small to medium effect sizes for changes in physical activity, and a significant decrease in weight, despite weight not being an intervention target. Changes of this magnitude are associated with reduced cardiovascular disease risk and mortality. These findings are all in expected directions, producing signals even amidst different modalities and COVID-19-related disruptions. We plan to test this in a larger efficacy trial with broader reach and implementation.

Death Education for Palliative Psychology: The Impact of a Death Education Course for Italian University Students.

The present study investigated the effects of a hybrid online course on a group of Italian Master's degree students involved in a European Erasmus+ project. The course was composed of nine modules about death education, palliative psychology and the use of creative arts therapies-such as psychodrama, intermodal psychodrama and photovoice-in the end-of-life-field. The project involved 64 students in the experimental group (who attended the course) and 56 students as the control group. Both groups completed an online questionnaire before and after the delivery of the course and 10 students from the experimental group participated in a focus group at the end of the course. The quantitative analysis revealed that the experimental group students showed lesser levels of perception of death as annihilation, fear of the death and death avoidance, while they increased their levels of death acceptance, creative self-efficacy and attitude toward the care of the dying. Qualitative analysis identified three main themes: the positive impact of the course on death education and end-of-life care; the role of art therapies on death and end-of-life care; and the unhelpful facets of the course. Overall, this intervention changed the perception and the feelings of the students regarding the themes of death and palliative psychology and increased their creative self-efficacy and their interest in working in an end-of-life field.