Subdivision Of Region Research Articles

Contribution to the macrotectonic subdivision of the border region between Southern Alps and External Dinarides

In the paper the bases for macrotectonic dismembering of the border region between the Southern Alps and the External Dinarides are given. The gravity point lies on problems of establishing the course of the Southalpine thrust border, or the Southalpine front west and east of the Ljubljana basin, and the relationship of the nappe units of the External Dinarides to this border. North of the Periadriatic lineament lie the Eastern Alps. South of the Periadriatic lineament extend the Dinarides that are subdivided into Southern Alps and External and Internal Dinarides. The Southern Alps lie between the Periadriatic lineament and the Southalpine front. A special position in the Southern Alps has the Periadriatic tectonic zone between the Periadriatic lineament and the Sava fault. The Southern Alps are thrusted on the External Dinarides and the Adriatic or Apulian foreland. Both units are declined with respect to the Southern Alps for 30-45° External Dinaric front is forming the border between the Adriatic or Apulian foreland and External Dinarides, and between the External and Internal Dinarides exists a transitional area that is characterized as the domain of migration of the southwestern border of the pelagic development of the Internal Dinarides during the Mesozoic. The Pannonian basin consists of terrains that were formed from parts of the megastructural units of Alps and Dinarides. The Southalpine front passes east of the Ljubljana basin into the Mid-Transdanubian zone.

A conserved mode of head segmentation in arthropods revealed by the expression pattern of Hox genes in a spider.

Chelicerates constitute a basic arthropod group with fossil representatives from as early as the Cambrian period. Embryonic development and the subdivision of the segmented body region into a prosoma and an opisthosoma are very similar in all extant chelicerates. The mode of head segmentation, however, has long been controversial. Although all other arthropod groups show a subdivision of the head region into six segments, the chelicerates are thought to have the first antennal segment missing. To examine this problem on a molecular level, we have compared the expression pattern of Hox genes in the spider Cupiennius salei with the pattern known from insects. Surprisingly, we find that the anterior expression borders of the Hox genes are in the same register and the same relative segmental position as in Drosophila. This contradicts the view that the homologue of the first antennal segment is absent in the spider. Instead, our data suggest that the cheliceral segment is homologous to the first antennal segment and the pedipalpal segment is homologous to the second antennal (or intercalary) segment in arthropods. Our finding implies that chelicerates, myriapods, crustaceans, and insects share a single mode of head segmentation, reinforcing the argument for a monophyletic origin of the arthropods.

Online channel allocation in FDMA networks with reuse constraints

The topology of an FDMA network is modeled by a subdivision of a planar region into hexagonal cells; this defines a graph where every node has at most six neighbors. For channel allocation, every node has a weight that indicates the number of channels that must be assigned to it; the reuse distance defines the minimum distance between nodes that can use the same channel without radio interference. It is known that with reuse distance 2, the number of channels needed and their allocation can be approximated within a factor of 4 3 both offline and online. We describe an online algorithm for the case of reuse distance 3 that achieves an approximation factor of 7 3 .

Multivariate integration on hypercubic and mesh networks

We analyze a class of adaptive algorithms for integration over N-dimensional hyper-rectangular or simplical regions, on distributed systems. An adaptive algorithm attempts to achieve the requested accuracy by refining the subdivision of the integration region, thus allowing for a concentration of subdivisions near singularities. At the subdivision of a region, the error behaves according to a prescribed model, relating the error of the parent region to that of its children. The analysis can also be applied to problems in other areas, as long as the task selection is based on a priority function which behaves according to a suitable model. Using an efficient management of the subregions, we show that an O(p/ log p) speedup can be achieved on a p-processor hypercubic network, such as shuffle exchange, butterfly and hypercube. Furthermore, a speedup of O( p ) can be achieved on a p × p mesh network. We also show that our algorithms compare favorably with well-known dynamic load balancing strategies.

The existence regions of structural modifications in decagonal Al-Co-Ni

A subdivision of the stability region of decagonal Al-Co-Ni quasicrystals into eight different structural modifications is presented for the temperature against composition section along the maximum extension of the decagonal phase. The only methods identifying this subdivision are transmission electron microscopy techniques. Besides two decagonal superstructures (one of which also exists as a high-temperature modification), two variants of the basic decagonal state were observed. Also, a one-dimensionally periodic fivefold quasicrystal (together with its high-temperature superstructure modification) and a one-dimensional quasicrystal are parts of the quasicrystalline stability region. Both have a close structural relationship to the decagonal states. All samples investigated were obtained by quenching from the corresponding temperatures. The eight modifications can be differentiated by a set of attributes, especially by their characteristic diffraction patterns taken with the electron beam parallel to the unique periodic axis.

Probabilities of excess and deficient southwest monsoon rainfall over different meteorological sub-divisions of India

Temporal distribution of southwest monsoon (June –September) rainfall is very useful for the country’s agriculture and food grain production. It contributes more than 75% of India’s annual rainfall. In view of this, an attempt has been made here to understand the performance of the monthly rainfall for June, July, August and September when the seasonal rainfall is reported as excess, deficient or normal. To know the dependence of seasonal rainfall on monthly rainfall, the probabilities of occurrence of excess, deficient and normal monsoon when June, July, August and also June + July and August + September rainfall is reported to be excess or deficient, are worked out using the long homogenous series of 124 years (1871-–1994) data of monthly and seasonal rainfall of 29 meteorological sub-divisions of the plain regions of India.

Structure of the attraction zones of the final states in the presence of dynamical period doubling bifurcations

The structure of the attraction zones of the final states associated with dynamical period doubling bifurcations is investigated. It is found that on the “initial value—transition rate” plane the attraction zones of the two possible final states alternate with each other and that a subdivision of the attraction regions occurs with a decrease in the transition rate. It is shown that the boundaries of the attraction zones are smeared out because of the effect of noise and in this situation the fine structure of the attraction zones is destroyed. As analytical and numerical calculations have shown, the critical value of the noise variance, corresponding to the boundary between the dynamical (or predictable) and stochastic (or unpredictable) modes, has a power-law dependence on the transition rate with a typical exponent value of one. The existence of “noise” invariants is also observed: the integrated (over all initial values) probability of achieving the final state is invariant with respect to the noise level.

Impact of Nucleation Density on Thermal Resistance near Diamond-Substrate Boundaries

Existing theory cannot account for the experimentally-observed thermal boundary resistance between deposited layers and substrates at room temperature. This is due to microstructural disorder in the deposited film within tens of nanometers of the interface. This work develops a model for the resulting thermal resistance near diamond-substrate interfaces, where the best deposition processes continue to yield high concentrations of amorphous inclusions and nanocrystalline material. The model relies on phonon transport theory and a novel subdivision of the near-interfacial region, which shows that the resistance is governed by the number of diamond nucleation sites per unit substrate area, i.e. The nucleation density. The predictions are consistent with experimental data for diamond-silicon interfaces and indicate that the resistance reaches a minimum for a nucleation density near 10{sup 10} cm{sup {minus}2}. This work facilitates the development microstructures that benefit more strongly from the excellent thermal-conduction properties of diamond.

Geographical Variation and Gene Flow in the Eucalyptus Defoliating Beetle Chrysophtharta bimaculata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

1. Management of the eucalyptus defoliating beetle Chrysophtharta bimaculata is considered essential to the economic sustainability of timber production in Tasmanian eucalyptus plantations. This study examined population subdivision and host associations in Chrysophtharta bimaculata. We aimed to identify the spatial scale at which management practices should be implemented, and to aid in the development of long- term management strategies that avoid the build up of resistance to chemical or biological insecticides. 2. Genetic variation and gene flow among C. bimaculata subpopulations was examined using cellulose acetate gel electrophoresis. Subpopulations in central Tasmania were found to exchange relatively large numbers of immigrants, and could not be distinguished from a single large interbreeding population. 3. Restrictions to gene flow not related to geographical distance were observed among northern regional subpopulations. Our results are consistent with gene flow between northern subpopulations occurring primarily via movement into and out of central Tasmania along a limited number of gene flow corridors. We suggest that the clearing of eucalypt ash forests for agriculture in the north-west, north-east and the 'Midlands' region may be partially responsible for the restricted pattern of gene flow observed among northern sites. 4. Adjacent subpopulations collected from different hosts at three locations show no evidence of genetic differentiation. Therefore, significant regional scale population subdivision does not occur on the basis of host species. 5. That moderate to high levels of gene flow occur among beetles from all districts and hosts, implies that resistance build up is unlikely to occur if control agents are used at low levels and against a limited number of subpopulations. However, any increase in the frequency of resistant genotypes at sites where control measures have been implemented implies that resistance is being exported to all other subpopulations. This may be a particular problem in northern regional subpopulations, where reduced immigration may facilitate the local build up of resistance under a significantly less intensive control regime.

The oligotrophic peatlands of Western Siberia-the largest peino-helobiome in the world

The paper summarizes the vegetation pattern of the largest swamp (peat bog) area in the world. The core area covers about 800×1800 km (NS x EW) in West Siberia between the Ural mountains and the river Yenisey. The core area is one gigantic oligotrophic swamp (Peino-Helobiome acc), the new classification suggested in Walter 1976, see also summary in Vegetatio 32, 1976, pp. 75–81. A map of the entire area is presented. Intensive recent field studies were executed by the geobotanical-soil science faculty of the University of Moscow and the first five publication under the editorship of A. I. Popov (1971–1975) are the basis for this paper. The original papers are in Russian, still unavailable for most western scientists. The bog genetics was stratigraphically analyzed. The analysis revealed that the majority of the Northern bogs started in taiga forests. The peat in these areas is now 4–7 m deep. About 60% of the peat consists of the mixed “(Sphagnum) fuscum type” deposit. Peat type profiles are shown in Figure 4. The figure illustrates the different peat deposits in relation to depth as well as to surface pattern of strings and hollows. The surface vegetation shows the pattern typical for many northern peat bogs on very slightly inclined land (\ldAapa\rd bogs in Finland). : parallel strings of peat moss and Pinus trees alternating with hollows filled with rain water and hydrophytic Sphagna (Sph. dusenii, Sph. balticum). A cross section through this vegetation pattern is given in Figure 5. Details of the pattern: strings and hollows are given in Chapter 4 of the paper. The second chapter of this paper deals with regression phenomena in the vegetation development due to excessive water logging caused by the development of the strings. Under such conditions black water lakes are formed which grow in size through the erosive action of wind and waves on the expense of the peat moss surface. Bog development in the middle and northern Taiga zone of the biome are discussed in Section 3. The hydrology of this area is ruled by the seasonal fluctuation of water level. The amplitude of the Ob river amounts to 12 m with the amplitude of the tributaries ranging around 4–6 m. The annual flood is aggravated in spring by huge ice packages. The entire area is for extended periods one great lake which dissects into hundreds of thousands of little lakes during the low water season. In some parts of this area local drainage is responsible for the development of small forest patches. The crown cover in this forest is reported up to 50%; the species composition changes from Pinus sibirica, P. sylvestris, Picea spec. near the drainage creeks to Pinus sylvestris f. willkommii and Betula in the drained upland portions. In this area the general peat bog is eutrophic because of the high influence of the flood. The local development of oligotrophic raised bogs is frequent, however. These bogs are obviously a successional stage in series that leads eventually to a boreal forest. Section 5 deals with the vegetation typology of the entire area. Three different subdivisions of the Helobiome are distinguished, with several regional subdivisions in each. The principle for the biome division is the environmental change from oligotrophic water on the northern lower end of the watershed to the eutrophic water condition further south in the forest steppe zone. In the area of the southern eutrophic biome are forest islands “Ryami” and even the first salt soil patches noticeable especially in the northern steppe zone. This indicates the regional transition to the Halo-Helobiome. Some vegetational and floristic details for the subdivisions are summarized in this chapter.

Mmot1, a new helix-loop-helix transcription factor gene displaying a sharp expression boundary in the embryonic mouse brain.

Several genetic factors have been proven to contribute to the specification of the metencephalic-mesencephalic territory, a process that sets the developmental foundation for prospective morphogenesis of the cerebellum and mesencephalon. However, evidence stemming from genetic and developmental studies performed in man and various model organisms suggests the contribution of many additional factors in determining the fine subdivision and differentiation of these central nervous system regions. In man, the cerebellar ataxias/aplasias represent a large and heterogeneous family of genetic disorders. Here, we describe the identification by differential screening and the characterization of Mmot1, a new gene encoding a DNA-binding protein strikingly similar to the helix-loop-helix factor Ebf/Olf1. Throughout midgestation embryogenesis, Mmot1 is expressed at high levels in the metencephalon, mesencephalon, and sensory neurons of the nasal cavity. In vitro DNA binding data suggest some functional equivalence of Mmot1 and Ebf/Olf1, possibly accounting for the reported lack of olfactory or neural defects in Ebf-/- knockout mutants. The isolation of Mmot1 and of an additional homolog in the mouse genome defines a novel, phylogenetically conserved mammalian family of transcription factor genes of potential relevance in studies of neural development and its aberrations.

Twist-mediated activation of the NK-4 homeobox gene in the visceral mesoderm of Drosophila requires two distinct clusters of E-box regulatory elements.

NK-4, also called msh2 and tinman, encodes a homeodomain transcription factor that is required for the development of the dorsal mesoderm and its derivatives in the Drosophila embryo. Genetic analyses indicate that NK-4 resides downstream of the mesodermal determinant twist, which encodes a basic helix-loop-helix-type transcription factor. However, the regulation of NK-4 by twist remains poorly understood. Using expression assays in cultured cells and transgenic flies, we show that two distinct clusters of E-box regulatory sequences, present upstream of the NK-4 gene, mediate NK-4 expression in the visceral mesoderm. These elements are conserved between the Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila virilis NK-4 genes and serve as binding sites for Twist (E1 cluster) and NK-4 (E2 cluster) proteins. In cultured cells, Twist and NK-4 binding results in activation of NK-4 gene expression. In transgenic animals, the E1 and E2 clusters are functionally connected, and both elements are required for NK-4 activation in cells of the visceral mesoderm and also for NK-4 repression in cells of the somatic musculature. These results demonstrate that NK-4 is a direct transcriptional target for Twist and its own gene product in visceral mesodermal cells, supporting the idea that twist and NK-4 function in the subdivision of the mesoderm during Drosophila embryogenesis.

Algorithm 764: Cubpack++

In this article, software for the numerical approximation of double integrals over a variety of regions is described. The software was written in C++. Classes for a large number of shapes are provided. A global adaptive integration algorithm is used based on transformations and subdivisions of regions.

Intraspecific genetic structure of white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) in northeastern North America as revealed by mitochondrial DNA polymorphism

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were used to study the influence of Pleistocene glaciations on the intraspecific genetic structure and distribution of the white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) in northeastern North America. A total of 312 white sucker from 13 populations, including a population of dwarf ecotypes (Catostomus commersoni utawana), were analysed. An average of 93 fragments per individual and 40 haplotypes were generated by nine restriction endonucleases. Four discrete clades were identified but the majority of the genotypes found (70%) were not associated with any of the clades. The phylogenetic continuity and the geographic admixture of some of the few clades identified are associated with the extensive distribution of the species south of the ice sheets during Pleistocene glaciation events. Hierarchical analysis of the variability in mtDNA revealed a significant regional subdivision to the northwest and southeast of the St. Lawrence drainage system and significant structure at the population level. As the dwarf form exhibited a haplotype identical to that found among normal forms, we tentatively conclude sympatric divergence as the most likely origin of the dwarf and normal ecotypes sampled in the Adirondacks.

14C Chronology of Archaeological Sites in European Russia and Changes in Environmental Processes: A Database Investigation

A large number of 14C dates for archaeological sites in European Russia have been entered into a new database. The database includes >1500 dates for ca. 500 archaeological sites. Because European Russia is a very large area, the database includes subdivisions of territories and regions. We analyzed our 14C dates according to archaeological periods (Paleolithic through Medieval period) and made a comparison with environmental (climatic) parameters. Our database for archaeological sites and monuments offers new possibilities for correlation between the development of ancient cultures and natural-climatic processes.

Valentino: a zebrafish gene required for normal hindbrain segmentation.

Mutational analysis can serve both to identify new genes essential for patterning embryonic development and to determine their functions. Here we describe the identification and phenotypic characterization of alleles of valentino, which we recovered in a genetic screen that sought to identify mutations in the zebrafish that disrupt region-specific gene expression patterns in the embryonic brain. valentino is required for normal hindbrain segmentation and the hindbrain of valentino mutant embryos is shortened by the length of one rhombomere. We demonstrate that valentino is required cell-autonomously in the development of rhombomeres 5 and 6, and propose that valentino functions in the subdivision and expansion of a common precursor region in the presumptive hindbrain into the definitive rhombomeres 5 and 6. These results provide genetic evidence for a two-segment periodicity in the hindbrain and suggest that this periodicity arises sequentially, through the specification and later subdivision of a two-rhombomere unit, or 'protosegment'.

Characterization of subregimes in two-phase slug flow

A new subdivision of the slug flow region, determined on the basis of different flow features, is presented. The characteristic features of each subregime have been shown by diffusional analysis of experimental time series relative to intermittent flow. It is found that, at low values of the mixture velocity, V m = j L + j G, a subregime (elongated bubble with dispersed bubble, EDB) with structural characteristics different from those usually attributed to slug flow (slug, SL) exists. It is demonstrated that the application of slug flow models to the whole slug flow region may lead to errors in the estimation of flow parameters, especially in large-diameter pipes (industrial application). A modification of the existing models for the flow variables (slug translational velocity, slug length and slug void fraction) is proposed in the light of the results obtained and confirmed against present and existing data.

A new FIR filterbank design algorithm using frequency scaling and modulation

Digital filterbanks, an important signal processing tool, are used in a radar signal processor to measure target range and/or velocity [4]. The windowed FFT is the most common radar filterbank. The FFT is a special case of modulated filterbank. Modulated filterbanks subdivide the frequency region by modulating a prototype baseband filter. This baseband filter usually satisfies certain frequency response constraints. Filterbanks used in radar applications are not concerned with reconstruction as are wavelet-based approaches [2], but rather with how well the filters subdivide the frequency region into a prescribed number of equal frequency regions. Wavelets use time decimation or frequency scaling to form filterbanks. This paper focuses on using a wavelet-like scaling approach along with modulation to design a digital filterbank. However, we are not concerned with reconstruction but with the subdivision of the frequency region into a prescribed number of equal segments. It will be shown that this new design algorithm has a frequency response performance comparable to existing techniques but with less computational effort. The performance measures considered are rejection of out of bands signals, uniformity of inband signal gain, and transition width from inband to stopband.

Modelling of three-dimensional nonlinear eddy current problems with conductors in motion by an integral formulation

An integral formulation for the analysis of electromagnetic fields distribution in systems with bodies in motion is presented. This formulation is based on the subdivision of conductive and ferromagnetic regions in elementary volumes in which a uniform distribution of current density J and magnetization M is assumed. By integrating in every volume Ohm's law in term of the magnetic vector potential produced by the conduction and magnetization currents we obtain an equivalent electric network whose lumped parameters vary during every time step interval as the moving parts of the system change their positions. The proposed model has been tested by comparison with analytical solutions.

The contribution of landslides to landscape evolution in Europe

After a review of some analytical and conceptual models of slope evolution with the intervention of mass movements, a proposal is made of a series of indicators for the quantitative description of landscape evolution in relation to mass movements. The ratio between landslide mobilisation rate and downwearing rate is proposed as a quantitative measure of the significance of mass movements in landscape evolution. A subdivision of European regions with respect to their susceptibility to landsliding as a process of landscape evolution is proposed. The role of landsliding for the evolution of landscape in some regions is described. The data presented show that landsliding may in some cases be the main contributor to landscape change.