Land Subdivision Research Articles

The impact of regulations on the typo-morphological transformation of residential buildings in Tehran

The typo-morphology of residential buildings in Tehran has changed tremendously from the introduction of the first building and urban regulations in the 1950s. This paper explores the role of these regulations in typo-morphological changes, how the internal arrangement and building form of residential architecture were shaped, and the nature and extent of how the layouts were influenced by building and urban regulations. A morphological and typological analysis of residential buildings was carried out and validated by in-depth interviews. The regulations with the greatest effect on typo-morphological changes include the land subdivision system, the occupancy level code, parking regulations, staircase and elevator requirements and daylight access such as patio spaces. This research also identifies issues for policy-makers to consider in any review of the building and urban regulations and their enforcement in the design process.

The impact of regulations on the typo-morphological transformation of residential buildings in Tehran

The typo-morphology of residential buildings in Tehran has changed tremendously from the introduction of the first building and urban regulations in the 1950s. This paper explores the role of these regulations in typo-morphological changes, how the internal arrangement and building form of residential architecture were shaped, and the nature and extent of how the layouts were influenced by building and urban regulations. A morphological and typological analysis of residential buildings was carried out and validated by in-depth interviews. The regulations with the greatest effect on typo-morphological changes include the land subdivision system, the occupancy level code, parking regulations, staircase and elevator requirements and daylight access such as patio spaces. This research also identifies issues for policy-makers to consider in any review of the building and urban regulations and their enforcement in the design process.

Assessing Interactions between Agriculture, Livestock Grazing and Wildlife Conservation Land Uses: A Historical Example from East Africa

Despite mobile livestock grazing being widely recognized as one of the most viable and sustainable land uses for semi-arid savanna, which can deliver clear wildlife conservation benefits, the levels of pastoral sedentarization and transitions to agricultural livelihoods continue to rise in many pastoral communities across the world. Using questionnaire interviews with community elders, our study assessed changing trends in livestock grazing, wildlife conservation, and sedentarization levels from the 1960s to the present day across three savannas in southern Kenya. Our study identified the drivers of land uses and land subdivision and the implications of land use change on savanna ecology. Over the last half century, there has been a 30% decline in livestock grazing land in southern Kenya due to the expansion of land for agriculture and wildlife conservation. Despite the decline, livestock grazing remains the preferred land use in subdivided and privatized lands. Pastoralist land used for wildlife conservation was perceived to be higher (30%) in southwestern Kenya compared to southeastern Kenya (16%), despite their geographical proximity. These historical insights provide useful lessons for maintaining space for wildlife, diversifying livelihoods, and increasing the resilience of pastoralists in the process of transitioning from traditional subsistence to market economies and the threats of social and ecological dislocation.

Bi-temporal foundation for LADM v2: Fusing event and state based modelling of Land administration data 2D and 3D

The prime purpose of Cadastral data – whether in the form of maps, survey plans or notes, or a digital database is the definitive demarcation of the extent of properties – and can be seen primarily as a decision support facility (“Can a structure be built here?”, “Where can I build a fence?”, “Should I buy this property”?). There are, however many additional uses for which this information has been applied – such as a base for the recording of assets such as light poles, underground cables, etc. and as a history of the pattern of land use and subdivision. Although secondary, these uses are important, and should be adequately supported including the historic information.It is a fact that the determination of cadastral boundaries can only be carried out to a certain accuracy, and that that accuracy has been improving over time. Older surveys had been carried out with limited positional control, and using equipment with a low intrinsic accuracy by modern standards, although they correctly represent the topology between properties. As a result, later surveys provide an opportunity to improve the positioning of existing boundaries data without disturbing the topology of the existing data. In addition, engineering works such as road building, can provide a source of high accuracy position data that can be applied to improve low accuracy existing data.This argues that the accuracy of boundaries should be improved in the historic record of the cadastre – after all we would like to see our historic parcels in the position we now know them to have been, so that they are comparable with current boundaries. Likewise, we need to correct inaccuracies in the attributes of the spatial objects and the topology between them (e.g. which spatial units are adjacent to or near a given object).On the other hand, we must not lose sight of the decision-making side of the requirements – so that a past decision can be reviewed in relation to the data as it existed then. If the current knowledge in the database of today is used to review old decisions, they may seem irrational.Data custodians are well aware of this issue, using terms like “update” to indicate a “real-world” change, while using “upgrade” to indicate an improvement of the database representation not accompanied with a change “on the ground”; however database software has not carried this knowledge through – resulting in its loss.This argues for a database with bi-temporal history – where our current best knowledge of the history of the cadastre is recorded, and that history is corrected and maintained, while our past knowledge of the data also recorded as an audit trail (so that we can ask questions like “what did we in 2017 think the definition of this property was in 1994?”). This is realized via two types of time: database (or system) time and real world (or valid) time.The different historic records, combined with changes of datum, can lead to confusion in terminology – where words such as “point”, “position”, “boundary” become overloaded. This paper is intended to provoke discussion of terminology to clear up this confusion, and potentially to assist with an extension of the temporal model as input for the revision of LADM to accommodate bi-temporality.

To the analysis of the flora of water bodies and watercourses of the city of Tobolsk (Tyumen region) and cities of the Vyatka-Kama Cis-Urals

The flora of water bodies and watercourses of the city of Tobolsk is composed of 266 species of macrophytes, including both higher plants and macroalgae. This indicator is higher than the number of macrophyte species in the previously studied cities of the Vyatka-Kama Cis-Urals, while the ratio of ecological groups remains the same. The taxonomic richness and ecological diversity of the hydrophilic component of urban floras depends on a number of factors: 1) the presence and diversity within the urban landscape of habitats inhabited by aquatic and semi-aquatic plants; 2) the position of the city’s territory in the system of regional land subdivisions within the physical-geographical country; 3) the age of the city. The composition of macrophytes is not affected by the size of the urban area and the geographical position of the city within a region.

Explaining land size demand among potential emerging farmers in South Africa: what does it mean for land redistribution policy?

ABSTRACT The South African land redistribution is stalling, and frustration in both citizens and politicians has gained momentum in recent years. Among its numerous recommendations, the Advisory Panel on Land Reform and Agriculture, appointed by the presidency to ease the frustration, has recommended research to better understand the beneficiaries of land redistribution. Using a sample of 469 potential emerging farmers randomly selected and surveyed from three provinces, this article endeavours to understand factors affecting land size demand of commercial-oriented smallholders, who are the prime beneficiaries of land redistribution. Existing studies report a small land size demand from smallholders and have advocated that land reform farms should be subdivided to meet this demand despite the Land Subdivision Act of 1970, which prohibits subdivision of farmland. This repeated request implies that the government has done little so far to subdivide land reform farms. Results from the ordinary least squares regression of the present study show that mostly socio-economic variables, followed by ‘currently owned arable land’ and ‘risk attitude’, statistically explain land demand of potential land reform beneficiaries. Considering the farm subdivision debate, the results of this study substantiate the argument of subdividing farms because smallholders demand a land size that meets their working capabilities and their willingness to accept the associated risk.

Influence of the hierarchical structure of land use on metals, nutrients and organochlorine pesticides in urban river sediments

Land use management plays a key role in mitigating urban river pollution. Past research has addressed how primary land uses influence river water and sediment quality, but has given limited attention to the subdivision of primary land uses to a secondary level, limiting the accurate identification of potential sources of pollutants. The current study, using Bayesian Networks, investigated how the hierarchical structure of land use can be employed to accurately characterise the pollution of sediments in two rivers in China and Australia. It was found that the primary land uses are a weak determinant of potential sources of metals, nutrients, and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). However, secondary land uses provide higher accuracy in determining pollutant sources. The study highlighted that the lack of data to enable the subdivision of land uses can constrain informed decision making for the mitigation of urban water pollution.

Contributions of Partnerships to Conservation and Development: Insights from Amboseli

For several decades, both academics and practitioners have fiercely debated how to reconcile conservation and development objectives. In Sub-Saharan Africa, efforts to align biodiversity conservation and livelihood goals have triggered a shift from pure protected area approaches to a hybrid scenario, including diverse partnership arrangements, that consider livelihood needs of communities neighboring protected areas. These partnerships often include tourism to provide income and jobs. The future of the Amboseli landscape in Kenya has been an integral part of these debates, since it has faced long-lasting conservation and development challenges. Many initiatives, often in the form of partnership arrangements, have tried to address these challenges. By using the Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF) and a set of indicators to measure the contributions to conservation, we examine two of these partnerships—the Amboseli Ecosystem Trust (AET) and Big Life Foundation (BLF)—with the aim of understanding the extent to which they contribute to addressing these challenges. Data were collected using document analysis, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, nonparticipant observation, and informal conversations. Findings show that both AET and BLF have been able to address direct drivers of biodiversity loss (such as human wildlife conflicts, poaching, unplanned infrastructural developments) and—to a much lesser extent—the indirect drivers, such as poverty and land subdivision. Through the workings of both partnerships, more community members have gained access to specific community capital assets, through employment opportunities and other monetary incentives and education. However, it is not clear if and how the livelihood benefits transfer to real and long-term support for wildlife conservation.

PARSELLERİN BÖLÜNMESİ (İFRAZINDA) VE PARSEL KIRIK SINIRLARININ DÜZELTİLMESİNDE DİK KOORDİNATLARA DAYALI KESİN YÖNTEM

Arazi bölümlendirmeleri ve parsel kırık sınırlarının düzeltilmesinde son zamanlara kadar uygulanan yöntemler genellikle sınama esasına dayanmaktadır. Bu durum, normal olarak geometrik ve trigonometrik elemanların hesaplanmasını gerektirir. Bu çalışmada herhangi bir parsel şekline bağlı olmaksızın uygulanabilecek genel formüller verilmektedir. Böylelikle bölümlendirme sonuçlarını elde etmek mümkün olmaktadır. Bu yöntem arazideki parsellerin dik koordinat sistemindeki koordinatlarını esas almaktadır. Bölümlendirme, belirli bir alanın ayrılmasını ve bölümlendirme çizgisinin istenen bir yerden geçirilmesini sağlamaktadır. Böyle üç gereksinim düşünülebilir; bölümlendirme çizgisinin bir uç noktası sabit olabilir, çizginin yönü sabit olabilir veya çizginin bilinen bir iç noktadan geçmesi istenebilir, [1]. Bunlara ilaveten bazı teknik ve ekonomik gerekçelerle kırık parsel sınırlarının da düzeltilmesi gerekmektedir. Bazı özel durumlar için, yöntem formüller uygulamadan önce dik koordinat eksenlerinin döndürülmesini gerektirmektedir. Sunulan çalışmada, iki uygulama verilerek yöntemin sonuçlarının uygunluğu gösterilmiştir.

Comparative social demography, livelihood diversification and land tenure among the Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania

We analyse social demography, livelihood diversification and land tenure among the Maasai people inhabiting Kenya (three sites) and Tanzania (one site) with contrasting land tenure policies. In Kenya, land was communally owned in the rural Amboseli, fully privatized in the peri-urban Kitengela in Athi-Kaputiei and partially privatized and communally owned in the rural Maasai Mara. In Tanzania, the government owned the land but granted user rights to local villages in rural Simanjiro in Tarangire-Manyara. We interviewed 100 households per site from May to July 2006. There were regional distinctions in social demography, livelihood diversification, hiring herding labour and settlement arrangements, portraying differential transition away from traditional pastoral Maasai society. The transition is most advanced in Kitengela located near Nairobi City, where privatization of land tenure in the 1980s triggered land sub-division, unprecedented land fragmentation and large-scale collapse of the commons, pastoralism and conservation. Land privatization and sub-division in Maasai Mara and Amboseli started in 2000s and were followed similarly by unprecedented fragmentation through fences and accelerated collapse of the commons, pastoralism and conservation, except where wildlife conservancies were later established. We found several differences at the household, regional and national levels. The average age of household heads was lower in Maasai Mara and Amboseli than in Kitengela and Simanjiro. The average number of wives per male household head was lowest in Kitengela, intermediate in Mara and Amboseli and highest in Simanjiro. Correspondingly, the mean number of children per family was lowest in Kitengela, intermediate in Mara and Amboseli and highest in Simanjiro. Household heads were more educated closer to urban centres. Household heads without formal education were thus most common in Amboseli, intermediate in Mara and Simanjiro and fewest in Kitengela. Livelihood diversification was marked in all the sites. Notably, cultivation was widespread and most of those interviewed were interested in crop cultivation. The average number of acres cultivated per household was far higher in Simanjiro than in all the other sites. The mean number of hired herders per household was higher in Kitengela, with the highest number of children enrolled in schools, than in the Mara, Amboseli or Simanjiro. The average number of households per settlement was highest in the Mara, intermediate in Amboseli and Simanjiro and lowest in Kitengela. The marked regional variation in social demography, livelihood diversification and land tenurial arrangements reflects underlying variation in proximity to urban centres, agro-climatological and national developmental and policy environments.

Peran Kantor Badan Pertanahan Nasional Kota Bandar Lampung Dalam Mengatasi Kepemilikan Tanah Absentee

The ground is important for the community resources, good as a medium growing plants, and as a space or container place performs various functions. Land in relation to the issue, the government issued the law number 5 1960 re basic provisions concerning the fundamentals of agrarian affairs (UUPA). Next, as a form of uupa to this is that the , the government issued the act of number 56 prp 1960 on the provision of it a bit and government regulation no 224 1961 on the implementation of the subdivision of land and the provision of compensation, in article 3 paragraph (1) PP no. 1 224 1961 jo article 1 PP no. 1 41 years 1964 arranged the prohibition of land as guntai /absentee ownership. Highlights the difficulty in this research is what factors causing the occurrence of ownership of land as absentee in the city of bandar lampung and the role of national land agency bpn make glad the city of bandar lampung in overcome or solve the problems of their lands were absent.The kind of research used in this research is research descriptive namely research that seeks, described a symptom the, the incident happened when now to focus on actual problems as they are at the time of the visit.Approach that is used is the methodology of juridical law sosiologis.proses collection of data consists of the study of literature and field study. Next, the method of analysis in a qualitative analysis. The result showed that the cause of the absentee land ownership is the lack of legal awareness, community cultural factors, the law enforcement officials, the infrastructure and economic factors.The role of the national land agency to address the absentee land ownership in the city of bandar lampung by controlling the administration and control, law and to prevent new absentee land ownership of land agency kordinasi badly needed by the related agencies and, district the village head and PPAT / notary.

The Ecological Impact of Urban Growth in “Luis Barragán Park”

The objective of this study is to define the ecological impact on Luis Barragan Park located in Pedregal de San Ángel, derived from the growth of Mexico City. As background information, we examined the original project and the urban delimitation, as well as the economic, political and social context of the 1950s. This documented methodology presents qualitative data gathered from the actual urban planning including the legal, environmental and economical aspects. The results reflect that 55 percent of green areas are now lost, showing a serious degradation and accessibility conflict. It is concluded that there is a negative ecological impact on Luis Barragán Park and its surroundings, considering that the original plan was that the owners kept big gardened areas, but the demand for housing and infrastructure caused the land subdivision to lose the idea of “harmony between architecture and nature” from the original designers. The increase of commercial spaces, change in land uses and indifference from administration and neighbors led to gradual surface losses, even in areas of common use, a situation which can be stopped with the development of regulations to protect green areas.

The production of informal space: A critical atlas of housing informalities in Italy between public institutions and political strategies

The paper analyses the plurality of urban informal practices that characterize contemporary Italy in the sphere of housing, focusing on its complex connections with a variety of public institutions (e.g. laws, regulations, policies and practices). The paper discusses five cases of urban informality in Italy: the squatting of public housing in Milan; Roma camps in Rome; the borgate romane (large unauthorised neighbourhoods in the capital, which were built in the 1960s and 1970s and which have subsequently undergone a long and complex process of regularization); unauthorised construction, by the middle class, of second homes in coastal areas of Southern Italy; illegal subdivision of agricultural land as a standard mechanism for urban expansion in Casal di Principe, Naples.From these cases emerges a complex picture of hybrid institutions that shape and govern housing informalities. These hybrid institutions are composed of multifaceted networks of actors, policies, practices and rules that exist in tension with each other and contribute to favouring and shaping the production of informal space in different ways (e.g. through their action, inaction and structural features). Against the backdrop of this varied institutional framework, a selective tolerance driven mainly by politically-mediated interests emerges as the distinctive feature of the public approach to housing informality in Italy.The paper aims to develop an innovative research approach to informal housing in Italy by overcoming traditional boundaries between research ‘objects’ and by looking at political uses and forms of institutionalisation that are deployed across housing informalities. By doing so, it also contributes to the literature which analyses informality through the lenses of state theory. Simultaneously, it represents a call for international research to investigate the similarities in the patterns of housing informality – and their multifaceted politics – in Mediterranean welfare states.

Smart plot division: generating a plot-based strategy for the restoration of the old south historic urban area in Nanjing

China’s historic cities have experienced drastic transformations since the socialist revolution of 1949. One essential change in this regard is the reconstruction of the prevalent land plot pattern; the historic plot pattern has been heavily damaged by constant urban renewals, as oversized plots, deriving from amalgamation of previous small plots, have become a prominent feature of contemporary historic urban areas. The damage to the historic plot pattern has shown that the current plot division mechanism does not support the conservation of historic cities. Taking Nanjing’s old south area as an example, this research analyses the changes in and problems with the plot division mechanism since 1949 and its impact on urban forms. Changes in the plot division mechanism show that megaplots have been a constant in the ever-changing land development system since 1949, leading to elimination of historic land subdivisions and to inefficient regulatory planning with limited affordances. In this sense, it is necessary to establish a set of smart plot division strategies to promote the restoration of this historic urban area. The essence of the strategy proposed here involves five patterns of plot division, corresponding to different land development requirements and morphological zones.

Emergence of Water Sensitive Design:

Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, once had lowlands on both west and east periphery. The west periphery has already taken up by urbanization after constructing the flood embankment and in the eastern periphery it is on process of disappearing very fast. City is now expanding to this area which requires mandatory to keep open and low to take water from city for flooding alleviation. Lack of physical planning is very evident here which causes great degradation of the flooding and water logging situation of the city. At present master planning of the city following subdivision of land and provide little attention about water problem when zoning. Dhaka city was once gifted with rich system of water bodies and lowlands. Vast lowlands in both sides helped rivers to spread over wider area so the depth of flooding could remain low and contribute to balance water level by storing water before discharge into rivers. But, city is expanding drastically by grabbing all the least open areas in and around, and worsening the flooding scenario unbearable. Keeping these issues in mind this paper tried to understand the water system for the city, reasons for water (flooding, water logging) problems, role of eastern lowlands to control city's flooding situation. Finally, some innovative design strategies have been suggested for upcoming unavoidable development by understanding the water system and checking flood problem eventually ensuring environmental quality.

Land subdivision: How students determine equal area

This study aims to support student’s understanding of the properties of a bisector related to the area of the triangle. A context and a set of activities is design based on Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) theory to develop students’ understanding and to engage them in meaningful activities. Design research is chosen as the research approach with two cycles of experiment. A context of land subdivision problem was selected to activate students’ prior knowledge and to bring them into the activities. At First, the activities is presented in small group of mathematics students and in the regional mathematics competition as one of the final question for the finalists. Then, the second cycle is conducted in the classroom with students from mathematics education program in Universitas Ahmad Dahlan. The result showed that none of the students and finalists in the competition were able to solve the question because they do not have idea how to do land subdivision. They cannot use their prior knowledge of bisector to solve the problem. After revising the activities, in the classroom, all groups in the class were able to solve the problem. These activities are land subdivision with three different levels of difficulties and purposes.

RESOURCE STRUGGLE, RESULTANT REALITIES AND THE FUTURE OF MARAGOLI LAND USE

Land has remained one of the most basic and valuable economic resource right from the pre-colonial to the post independent Kenyan society. The success or failure of every society is always pegged on how prudent the society manages the resources within its reach in the midst of changes, challenges and opportunities that time and space avails every single moment. Being part of the Kenyan society, the Maragoli community has never been left out of the land question that has troubled Kenya over time. The pre-colonial Maragoli society had a land tenure system which was characterized by communal control of land together with its resources and practiced individual land ownership. Though land was communally owned at the general level, it was individually owned and tilled at the family level. The basis of land administration was the customary law executed by the elders who had the overall powers over the production resource. Through colonial policies such as alienation of the Africans’ land, confiscation of livestock, introduction of taxes and the cash economy; all these mechanisms brought about disequilibrium in the Maragoli pre-colonial land use. With this in mind therefore, this paper examined the nature and realities in resource struggle and the future of such struggles especially in regard to land use in the post-independence Kenya, using the case of the Maragoli. Through the articulation theory, this paper demonstrates that the interaction between the pre-colonial Maragoli land use practices and the colonial land policies greatly impacted on the Maragoli socio-economic and political structures. Due to the cash crop economy, the traditional Maragoli communal attitudes towards land as a resource are fading out resulting into individual emphasis on land use. This individual emphasis on land use is the major cause of uneconomical subdivision of land, insecurity and increased poverty. It is from the above perspective that the paper analyses the post-independence Maragoli land situation, some of the key causes of uneconomical subdivision of land and the possible solutions.

‘Surveying was a kind of writing on the land’: The economics of land division as town planning

This article is about the economic role of the primaeval layouts (plats) for a new development area as a conscious act of physical planning. It explains that these foundational layouts of a town or country in the ‘new world’ were traditionally the work of a surveyor, the impacts of which have been lasting. Typically following a grid iron pattern, with roots in ancient history, the layout of the surveyor may not look attractive. Yet, it has stood the test of time and continued to condition modern development. It serves two significant economic functions. First, it reduces several types of transaction costs, namely, those of competition for land, valuation allocation, identification and subdivision of land as well as revising a layout. Second, it serves to achieve agglomeration, establish a proprietary and common setting and provide vital information as different forms of public good.

Home industry area based on sustainable urban neighbourhood study case: SMEs industry area in Pulogadung Jakarta

As a developing country, SMEs (Small Medium Size Enterprises) has quite a role to improve the Indonesian economy. The government already gives opportunity to SMEs actors through some regulations, not only from financial access point of view bul also regulations in providing the area to accommodate their activities. Jakarta has build a home industy area developed since 1981 named Pusat Industri Kerajinan Pulogadung (Craft Central Industry Pulogadung). Now, this area has been growing in line with the development of the city. It makes this Industry area surrounded by urban residential areas. This study is the result of a design scenario in one cluster of the CCI Pulogadung complex. This cluster is provided for home industry especially for SMEs leather industry. The design for this industrial cluster is not only must be in accordance with the vision and mission of the goverment but also should be suit with its surrounding environmental context. Therefore, the design is based on Sustainable Urban Neighborhood and the surrounding context that also focus on analyzing aspects : user, movement and land subdivision. The result of the study is expected create integrated industrial area between the whole existing industry area and the new cluster in harmoniously. As always become a point to achieved in community developemnt as a part Sustainable Architecture.

Developing a new framework based on solid models for 3D cadastres

3D cadastres aim to record, manage, and visualise spatial dimensions of volumetric legal objects in a 3D digital information environment. Definition of the geometry and topology of volumetric representations of legal objects is predicated on solid modelling approaches which are widely used in 3D modelling applications. Some solid modelling approaches are more user friendly for constructing legal objects while others enable the creation of 3D legal objects with a higher level of spatial complexity. This study aims to assess the capabilities of solid models in managing the geometry and topology of 3D legal objects with various spatial complexities. The assessment was conducted based on identification of the fundamental principles for defining geometry and topology in 3D cadastres. Various 3D legal objects with different geometric shapes were examined according to the topological principles for ensuring both internal and external validity of 3D legal objects. The identified geometric and topological principles were used to propose a new framework based on solid modelling for 3D cadastres. Our suggested framework would provide the basis for modifying land subdivision policies to adopt solid models in upgrading current cadastral systems into 3D digital environments.