Subcutaneous Injection Group Research Articles

Study on positive rate of blocking antibody in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion administered by route and frequency of paternal lymphocyte immunotherapy

To investigates factors affecting the positive rate of blocking antibody treated by paternal lymphocyte immunotherapy in patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). From January 2008 to August 2012, 326 RSA cases undergoing treatment in Infertility Center of Qilu Hospital were studied retrospectively. Those patients were divided into 2 groups randomly: 260 cases in intradermal injection group were administered via bilateral forearm intradermal injections for immunotherapy once 21 days, then the blocking antibody was determined after 2 (23 cases) , 3(73 cases), 4 (74 cases) , 5(90 cases) times respectively, while in subcutaneous injection group, the 66 cases were administered via subcutaneous injection once 21 days, the blocking antibody measured after 3 times; In both cases, the blocking antibody was all determined 2 weeks later. The positive rate of blocking antibodies and the rate of successful pregnancy was recorded, and then followed up after the blocking antibody turning positive. (1) Positive rate of blocking antibodies:the positive rate of blocking antibodies were 17% (4/23) , 58% (42/73), 72% (53/74) and 84% (76/90) in the 2, 3, 4, and 5 times of intradermal injection group, respectively (P < 0.05). In subcutaneous injection group, the positive rate of blocking antibodies was 38 % (25/66), which was significantly lower than that in group intradermal injection receiving 3 times immunotherapy (P < 0.05). (2) The rate of pregnancy:the 176 patients out of 200 patients were pregnant when antibody was positive after immunotherapy, with 71.6% (126/176) of patients gained successful pregnancy(the length of pregnancy more than 5 months). The route and frequency of administration of immunotherapy could influence the positive rate of blocking antibody. The rate of successful pregnancy will be increased after blocking antibody turning positive.

AB1376 Adherence to subcutaneous vs. oral disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis

BackgroundAdherence to chronic medication regimens in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can impact drug effectiveness and prevent disease progression and disability. Drug adherence in RA could be impacted by efficacy, tolerability, and...

The effect of cholesterol on cancer growth and metastasis: Experimental study with LDL receptor knockout mice.

e22071 Background: Cholesterol is an essential component for normal cell growth. However, epidemiological studies show cholesterol levels may be associated with cancer incidence. The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial reported a significant inverse relationship between cholesterol levels and lung cancer. The effects of cholesterol on cancer growth and metastasis have not been established. The aim of the present study was to determine if cholesterol alters cancer growth or metastasis. Methods: The study used 48 wild-type mice and 18 LDL receptor knockout mice (LDLR-/-). Mice were randomized into 3 groups: Group I (wild-type mice fed normal chow, n=23); Group II (wild-type mice fed high lipid chow, n=25); Group III (LDLR-/- mice fed high lipid chow, n=18). Human melanoma cells were injected subcutaneously for the assessment of growth and intravenously for metastasis. Mice were followed for 4 weeks. At the end of the study, mice were weighed and autopsy was performed. Melanoma weight, metastasis, and blood cholesterol levels were evaluated. Data was analyzed using One-way ANOVA and Chi-square. Results: LDL-cholesterol level was significantly higher in Group III than Group I (1103±472 vs.28±6; p&lt;0.01). There was no significant difference in melanoma weight (2.74g ±1.77, 2.98g±1.98 vs. 2.18g±1.59, P=0.56) among the three subcutaneous injection groups. Lung metastasis was observed in all intravenous injection groups (11/11 vs. 10/10 vs. 8/8). There was no difference in melanoma weight or metastasis between male and female mice (P&gt;0.05). There was no difference in net weight gain among the subcutaneous injection groups (4.12g±2.50 vs. 2.64g±2.79 vs. 3.66g±1.96, P=0.30). However, among the intravenous injection groups, weight gain was observed in Group II (2.78g±2.67) and Group III (2.36g±1.73) and weight loss in Group I (-0.32g±1.34, P&lt;0.003). Conclusions: Cholesterol has no effect on melanoma growth or metastasis in mice. A high cholesterol diet may reduce weight loss in animals with metastatic melanoma. Further study is warranted to determine whether similar results exist in other types of cancers and to evaluate a possible beneficial effect of high lipid diets on patients with metastatic cancers.

Optimal administration routes for adipose-derived stem cells therapy in ischaemic flaps

Improvement of flap survival represents an ongoing challenge in reconstructive surgery. The angiogenic potential of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) offers a promising approach to improve the viability of random pattern flaps. Recently, to maximize the therapeutic effects of ASCs, increasing focus is being placed on how to deliver the stem cells to target lesions. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of different administration routes of ASCs to improve the viability of the random pattern skin flap. ASCs labelled with PKH26 were applied via four methods to the cranially-based random pattern skin flaps of rats: (a) intravenous injection; (b) subcutaneous injection; (c) application with collagen sponge seeding; and (d) application with fibrin glue seeding. ASCs led to a significant increase in flap viability in the subcutaneous injection group and the collagen sponge group. Cutaneous blood flow was increased in the intravenous injection, subcutaneous injection and collagen sponge groups. Capillary density in the intravenous injection group and collagen sponge group was significantly greater than in the control group (no treatment). PKH26-positive cells via the collagen sponge were distributed more densely within the flap than in other groups. This study demonstrated that the collagen sponge method delivered ASCs most effectively within the flap and increased flap vascularity. The clinical therapeutic effects of ASCs can therefore be maximized when the optimal delivery route is chosen.

Development of systems biology-oriented biomarkers by permuted stepwise regression for the monitoring of seasonal allergic rhinitis treatment effects

BackgroundThe immune system, a complex set of integrated responses, often cannot be explained, predicted, or monitored by examining its separate components as biomarkers. Combining different components may therefore be a suitable approach to develop relevant biomarkers reflecting immune system functioning in an appropriate way. MethodsHere we compute and test pattern variables that should reflect immune system functioning on the systems level. Computation was based on a dataset (from a randomized controlled trial comparing two routes of administration) of allergen-specifically induced expression levels of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, IFN-γ and TNF-α) and symptom severity scores from 22 seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) patients measured before and after six weeks of treatment with medicinal products containing Citrus and Cydonia. By means of stepwise regression analyses we explored and tested pattern variables of the immunological data using permuted stepwise regression (PStR) to distinguish optimally between (immunological) baseline and post-baseline data for the whole treatment group (22 patients) and the two separate treatment groups (11 patients in each group). The validity of the stepwise selection method for the computed pattern variables was tested by means of random permutation tests and evaluated with the cross-validated correct rate of classification (CV correct). ResultsFor the total group a pattern variable was computed with three variables: IL-10 (day 7), TNF-α (day 1) and IL-10 (day 1) (CV correct: 0.91; p<0.001; R2=0.66), demonstrating a small improvement from the model with IL-10 (day 7) only (CV correct: 0.84; p<0.001; R2=0.47). For the subcutaneous injection group a pattern variable was computed with four variables: IL-10 (day 7), IL-10 (day 1), IL-17 (day 7) and IFN-γ (day 7) (CV correct: 0.90; p<0.01; R2=0.78), demonstrating a very small improvement from the model with IL-10 (day 7) only (CV correct: 0.86; p<0.01; R2=0.58). For the nasal spray group a pattern variable was computed with three variables: IL-10 (day 7), TNF-α (day 1) and IL-10 (day 1) (CV correct: 0.95; p<0.01; R2=0.79), demonstrating a moderate improvement from the model with IL-10 (day 7) only (CV correct: 0.79; p<0.05; R2=0.37). Conclusion/discussionIn this study three robust systems biology-oriented biomarkers for the monitoring of SAR were computed that demonstrated small to moderate improvement compared to monitoring of a single cytokine (IL-10 (day 7)) (CV correct improvement: 0.07 (total group), 0.04 (subcutaneous injection group), 0.16 (nasal spray group)). Further computation and biomarker validation with larger datasets, including data from healthy persons and SAR patients, are indicated.

Effects of rosiglitazone with insulin combination therapy on oxidative stress and lipid profile in left ventricular muscles of diabetic rats.

Purpose. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that rosiglitazone (RSG) with insulin is able to quench oxidative stress initiated by high glucose through prevention of NAD(P)H oxidase activation. Methods and Materials. Male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into an untreated control group (C), a diabetic group (D) that was treated with a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (45 mgkg−1), and rosiglitazone group that was treated with RSG twice daily by gavage and insulin once daily by subcutaneous injection (group B). HbA1c and blood glucose levels in the circulation and malondialdehyde and 3-nitrotyrosine levels in left ventricular muscle were measured. Result. Treatment of D rats with group B resulted in a time-dependent decrease in blood glucose. We found that the lipid profile and HbA1c levels in group B reached the control group D rat values at the end of the treatment period. There was an increase in 3-nitrotyrosine levels in group D compared to group C. Malondialdehyde and 3-nitrotyrosine levels were found to be decreased in group B compared to group D (P < 0.05). Conclusion. Our data suggests that the treatment of diabetic rats with group B for 8 weeks may decrease the oxidative/nitrosative stress in left ventricular tissue of rats. Thus, in diabetes-related vascular diseases, group B treatment may be cardioprotective.

Bioluminescent Orthotopic Mouse Models of Human Localized Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Feasibility and Identification of Circulating Tumour Cells

BackgroundPreclinical models of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) require better clinical relevance to study disease mechanisms and innovative therapeutics. We sought to compare and refine bioluminescent orthotopic mouse models of human localized NSCLC.MethodsAthymic nude mice underwent subcutaneous injection (group 1-SC, n = 15, control), percutaneous orthotopic injection (group 2-POI, n = 30), surgical orthotopic implantation of subcutaneously grown tumours (group 3-SOI, n = 25), or transpleural orthotopic injection (group 4-TOI, n = 30) of A549-luciferase cells. Bioluminescent in vivo imaging was then performed weekly. Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) were searched using Cellsearch® system in SC and TOI models.ResultsGroup 2-POI was associated with unexpected direct pleural spreading of the cellular solution in 53% of the cases, forbidding further evaluation of any localized lung tumour. Group 3-SOI was characterized by high perioperative mortality, initially localized lung tumours, and local evolution. Group 4-TOI was associated with low perioperative mortality, initially localized lung tumours, loco regional extension, and distant metastasis. CTCs were detected in 83% of nude mice bearing subcutaneous or orthotopic NSCLC tumours.ConclusionsTranspleural orthotopic injection of A549-luc cells in nude mouse lung induces localized tumour, followed by lymphatic extension and specific mortality, and allowed the first time identification of CTCs in a NSCLC mice model.

Effect of Morphine Based CPP on the Hippocampal Astrocytes of Male Wistar Rats

Opioid abuse is an increasing problem worldwide and the reinforcing effects of opioid analgesics make them susceptible to diversion and illicit use and abuse. As morphological changes in different parts of the brain including the hippocampus and dentate gyrus that have Plasticity is looking for a lot of drug injection in human and animal studies has been viewed. Also other evidences have shown that Astrocytes actively participate in synaptic plasticity. Therefore the aim of this study was obtain of Conditioning Place Preference (CPP) on cell density (Astrocytes number) of rat hippocampal formation. In present study, 48 male Wistar rat weighted average 220-250 g were used. For behavioral tests, rats divided into eight groups and experimental groups daily (three days) received morphine at different doses (2.5, 5, 7.5 mg kg-1) by subcutaneous injection and sham groups, received saline dose (1 mL kg-1) and then CPP test in them were investigated. 48 h after behavioral testing animals were decapitated under chloroform anesthesia and their brains fixed and after tissue processing, slices stained with GFAP immunohistochemistery techniques. Present results showed the most dose responses of morphine were observed in 7.5 mg kg-1. It also revealed that don't exist any differences between the number of astrocytes in CAj and CAg in control group and control-saline, but this difference between control and the other groups was significant statistically (p<0.05). We concluded that the phenomenon of morphine based conditioned place preference can cause a significant increase in the number of astrocytes in experimental groups with compared to controls. © 2011 Academic Journals Inc.

A Potential Role of Distinctively Delayed Blood Clearance of Recombinant Adeno-associated Virus Serotype 9 in Robust Cardiac Transduction

Recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (rAAV9) vectors show robust in vivo transduction by a systemic approach. It has been proposed that rAAV9 has enhanced ability to cross the vascular endothelial barriers. However, the scientific basis of systemic administration of rAAV9 and its transduction mechanisms have not been fully established. Here, we show indirect evidence suggesting that capillary walls still remain as a significant barrier to rAAV9 in cardiac transduction but not so in hepatic transduction in mice, and the distinctively delayed blood clearance of rAAV9 plays an important role in overcoming this barrier, contributing to robust cardiac transduction. We find that transvascular transport of rAAV9 in the heart is a capacity-limited slow process and occurs in the absence of caveolin-1, the major component of caveolae that mediate endothelial transcytosis. In addition, a reverse genetic study identifies the outer region of the icosahedral threefold capsid protrusions as a potential culprit for rAAV9's delayed blood clearance. These results support a model in which the delayed blood clearance of rAAV9 sustains the capacity-limited slow transvascular vector transport and plays a role in mediating robust cardiac transduction, and provide important implications in AAV capsid engineering to create new rAAV variants with more desirable properties.

Effect of calcitonin on analgesia and expression of calcitonin receptor in periaqueductal gray

Objective To investigate the analgesic effect of salmon calcitonin(sCT)and its effect on expression of calcitonin receptor(CT-R)in periaqueductal gray(PAG). Methods Rat models of neuropathic pain were prepared by chronic constriction injury(CCI). Thermal withdrawal latency(TWL)and mechanical nociceptive threshold(MNT)were measured using hot plate test and yon Frey monofilaments test. The distribution of CT-R in PAG was detected by immunohistochemical method. CT-R protein was quantitatively determined by western blotting. Fourty male SD rats were randomized into 5 groups: normal group, sham-CCI group, CCI group, CCI plussubcutaneous sCT group, and CCI plus microinjection of sCT into PAG group. Results TWL, MNT, andexpression of CT-R in PAG showed no difference between normal group and sham-CCI group(P＞0. 05). TWL and MNT in CCI group were significantly lower than those in normal group(P＜0.05), and expression of CT-R in CCI group was significantly higher than that in normal group(P＜0.05). TWL, MNT and expression of CT-R in CCI rats increased significantly after sCT therapy(P＜0. 05), and the effect was more marked in PAG injection group than subcutaneous injection group(P＜0.05). Conclusions sCT raises the pain threshold and increase the expression of CT-R in PAG of CCI rats, while PAG injection showed more marked effect than subcutaneous injection. Key words: Calcitonin; Analgesia; Chronic constriction injury; Periaqueductal gray; Calcitonin receptor

Influence of nickel sulphate on lens in SD rat

Background Researches showed that the incidence rate of cataract is high in the nickel mining area. Nickel sulphate can apparently inhibit the metabolism and proliferation of human lens epithelium cells. But the study on the injury mechanism of nickel on lens is still seldom. Objective Present study was to investigate the effect of nickel sulphate on the lens of SD rats. Methods Forty-five SPF SD rats aged from 7 to 14 days were grouped randomly into subcutaneous injection group, intraperitoneal injection group and blank group. Nickel sulphate of 2 g/L ( 10 mg/kg) was subcutaneously or intraperitonealy injected for 45 days. The opacity of rat lens was examined under the slit lamp at two-week interval and scored based on the criteria of LOCS II and LOCS III. The rats were sacrificed in 45 days after experiment and the lens were obtained for the pathological examination. Result The mean score of the anterior subcapsule opacity of rat lens was obviously higher in subcutaneous injection group compared with blank control group with a significant difference between them (t= 14. 311, P 0. 05 ). The score of posterior subcapsule opacity of lens were evidently higher in both subcutaneous injection group and intraperitoneal injection group than the blank control group (t = 9. 316,P = 0. 004;t = 7. 464, P = 0. 009) ,so was the mean score of the anterior +posterior subcapsule opacities(t = 23. 387,P=0. 000;t= 10. 533,P = 0. 002) and the total score of rat lens opacity ( t = 12. 358 , P = 0. 001; t = 10. 188 , P = 0. 003 ) . No significant differences were found in cortex opacity score and nuclear opacity score among three groups ( P > 0.05 ). Histopathology examination revealed that the degeneration of lens collagen protein was more serious in subcutaneous injection group and intraperitoneal injection group than the blank control group,and the injury degree of lens collagen protein was more dominant in subcutaneous injection group. Conclusion System administration of nickel sulphate induced the injury of anterior and posterior subcapsule of lens in SD rat. Key words: Nickel sulphate; Lens; Cataract

Postoperative analgesic efficacy of meloxicam compared to tolfenamic acid in cats undergoing orthopaedic surgery

To investigate the efficacy of meloxicam or tolfenamic acid administered preoperatively and postoperatively (five days in total) to cats undergoing surgical fracture repair. Eighty-eight otherwise healthy cats were matched according to fracture site and then randomly allocated to one of two groups, receiving 0·2 mg/kg meloxicam by subcutaneous injection (group M) or 1·5 to 3 mg/kg tolfenamic acid orally (group T) before anaesthesia. Analgesia was continued with 0.05 mg/kg oral meloxicam once daily or 1·5 to 3 mg/kg oral tolfenamic acid twice daily for four days postoperatively. Pain was assessed by a blinded observer using visual analogue scales and a functional limb score. The drug administrator assessed feed intake and palatability of the treatment. Data from 66 cats were analysed. Visual analogue scale pain scores and functional limb scores decreased over time in both groups but were not significantly different between treatments. Feed intake was similar in both groups. Meloxicam was significantly more palatable than tolfenamic acid on all treatment days. Meloxicam and tolfenamic acid demonstrated comparable analgesia, without clinically observable side effects. Meloxicam may be associated with superior compliance in clinical practice due to the higher palatability and once daily treatment resulting in better ease of administration.

SEROLOGICAL RESPONSE TO MYXOMATOSIS VACCINATION BY DIFFERENT INOCULATION SYSTEMS ON FARM RABBITS.

In order to assess the serological response to different vaccination systems against myxomatosis, five groups of 20 rabbits each were inoculated with a vaccine prepared from the Shope fibroma virus (Mixohipra-FSA®). Administration systems differed between groups: subcutaneous injection (group A), intradermic inoculation in one-shot one-impact (group B), one-shot three- impacts (group C), two-shots one-impact (group D) and two shots three-impacts (group E). Clinical signs, general and local, as well as serological response at 28 days post-vaccination were compared among the different groups. Vaccination did not affect health status of rabbits but it produced nodules at the inoculation site, mainly in groups vaccinated by intradermic route where the presence and size of the nodules were closely related to serological response. Although no differences due to the administration system were found in the serological response (P&gt;0.05), subcutaneous injection and two-shot intradermic administration provided the most homogeneous responses.

The preparation and application of pulmonary surfactant nanoparticles as absorption enhancers in insulin dry powder delivery

Aim: To study the preparation and application of pulmonary surfactant (PS) nanoparticles as absorption enhancers in insulin dry powder delivery. PS is a complex mixture of mainly phospholipids and proteins. The composition leads to a unique spreading effect of the surfactants as well as spontaneous nanoparticles formation, which may be favorable characteristics of pulmonary drug delivery systems. Method: In this article, insulin has been a model drug, as an important drug in lowering blood glucose and as a classic protein drug. PS was extracted from pig lungs and was observed as nanoparticles morphology in water by transmission electron microscopy after preparation. Inhalation dry powders were formulated by PS nanoparticles, insulin, and other excipients. In addition, blood glucose level of rats was determined when the insulin dry powder of PS group and control group was delivered by inhalation route. Result: Compared with control group, scanning electron microscopy showed that the dry powders of PS group possess similar particle size and smoother surface. The spray-dried powders re-suspended possessed similar nanoparticle appearance compared with the original PS suspension. Animal studies showed that blood glucose level was effectively reduced when the insulin dry powder of PS group was delivered by inhalation route. Compared with subcutaneous injection group (4 U/kg), the relative pharmacological bioavailability of the insulin dry powders of control group (14 U/kg) and PS group (14 U/kg) was 19.97% and 32.57%, respectively. Conclusion: PS nanoparticles, as absorption enhancers used in dry powder inhalation, could evidently enhance the effect of insulin in lowering blood glucose.

Effects of the different hypodermic injection site of insulin Oil blood glucose fluctuations in type 2 diabetic patients

Objective To observe the fluctuations of blood glucose in type 2 diabetic patients treated by insulin hypodermic injection in different sites.Methods 30 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into three groups:abdominal,edltoid region and lateral femoral subcutaneous injection group.After half a year of insulin therapy,dynamic glucose monitoring for consecutive(71±10)hours was conducted,and(847±80)results of glucose Level were obtained.Results The average glucose had no difference in three group,but diurnal maximum and maximum fluctuation amplitude in patients of abdominal subcutaneous injection group were significantly lower than the Other groups(P＜0.05).The time percentage of glycemic fluctuations within 3.6～10.0mmol/L and diurnal minimum was higher compared to other groups(P＜0.05).Conclusion The site choice of insulin subcutaneous injection can influence the fluctuations of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus and abdominal subcutaneous tissue was the most ideal of the three subcutaneous injection sites. Key words: Diabetic mellitus; type 2; Insulin; Blood glucose

Value of mink vomit model in study of anti-emetic drugs

To establish a new, reliable vomit model of minks. Adult male minks were randomly divided into 8 groups (n=6): cisplatin (7.5 mg/kg) intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) group, copper sulfate (40 mg/kg) intragastric injection (i.g.) group, apomorphine (1.6 mg/kg) subcutaneous injection (s.c.) group, and 18 Gy whole-body X-irradiation group, ondansetron injection group (2 mg/kg i.p.) 30 min later followed by cisplatin (7.5 mg/kg) i.p., normal saline (NS) i.p. injection control group, metoclopramide injection group (4 mg/kg i.p.) 30 min later followed by apomorphine (1.6 mg/kg) s.c., NS i.g. control group. The frequency of retching and vomiting was calculated. After behavioral experiment, distribution of 5-HT in the ileum was detected by immunohistologic method. Cisplatin, apomorphine, copper sulfate and X-irradiation administered to minks evoked a profound emetic response in the animals. However, retching and vomiting were significantly inhibited by pretreatment with ondansetron and metoclopramide in cisplatin and copper sulfate groups (P=0.018). Immunohistologic result showed that 5-HT released from enterochromaffin cells (EC cells) was involved in vomiting mechanism. Mink vomit model has a great value in studying the vomiting mechanism and screening new antiemetic drugs.

Effect of tamoxifen plus octreotide on DMBA-induced mammary tumors in rats

To further study the antitumor effects of TAM and somatostatin (SST) analog octreotide (OCT) in vivo. Eight weeks following dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA, a single dose 100 mg/kg by subcutaneous injection) administration, 96 Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group, OCT (100 microg/kg bid for 14 weeks by subcutaneous injection) group, TAM (1 mg/kg 5 times weekly for 14 weeks by subcutaneous injection) group and OCT + TAM group. The mean latent phases of mammary tumorigenesis and incidence of mammary tumor-positive rats were observed. The number and volumes of tumors per animal were measured. The histological structures and ultrastructures of mammary samples were observed by using a light microscopy and a transmission electron microscopy. (1) The latent phases of mammary tumorigenesis in the TAM group and the OCT + TAM group were significantly longer than those in the control or OCT group (all P < 0.05). (2) The incidence of mammary tumor-positive rats were 70% in the control group, 52.4% in the OCT group, 45.5% in TAM group and 23.8% in the OCT + TAM group respectively, significantly longer in the three treated groups (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), and the differences between the OCT + TAM group and the OCT group or TAM group were significant (both P < 0.05). (3) The numbers of mammary tumors per rat were markedly less in the three treated groups than in the control group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), and there were significantly differences between the OCT + TAM group and the OCT group or TAM group (all P < 0.05). (4) The mean volumes of mammary tumors per rat were significantly greater in the control group (6434 mm(3)) than in the three treated groups group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), but the tumor volume in the OCT + TAM group (1285 mm(3)) was less than those in the OCT group (4366 mm(3)) or TAM group (4138 mm(3)) (P < 0.01). At 10th week of treatment the mean volume was obviously smaller in TAM group than in OCT group (P < 0.05), but at 14th week of treatment the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). (5) Histopathological examination revealed that the mammary tumors in the OCT + TAM group were more differentiated and exhibited a less aggressive phenotype, compared with the tumors growing in the control group. Both OCT and TAM inhibit the tumorigenesis and development of DMBA-induced mammary tumors, however, resistance to TAM may appear during TAM treatment. Combination of OCT and TAM has significant synergetic antitumor effect. TAM in combination with OCT may become be an efficient hormone therapy means for breast cancer patients.

A Comparative Study Of Nicotine Effect On The Liver Of Albino Rat

We have studied the effect of cigarette smoke inhalation versus subcutanous nicotine injction on the liver of 40 adult male albino rats . Animals were divided into; cigarrete inhalation group and subcutaneous nicotine injection group. Inhalation group was subdivided into 5 subgroups ;three groups inhaled the smoke of two cigarettes three times a day in a closed chamber for 1,2&3 weeks respectively; a group of recovery after inhalation and a control group.The nicotine injection group was also subdivided into 5 subgroups;three groups were injected subcutaneously with 0.1ml of 1% nicotine every two days for 1,2&3 weeks respectively; a group of recovery after injection and a control group.Rats were sacrificed at the determined durations and the liver was subjected for preparation of 6 microns paraffin sections. Microscopic examination of paraffin sections stained with HE Masson trichrome and PASwas done and interpreted with the image analyzer. Several histological findings such as degenerative changes in hepatocytes, cellular infiltration, periportal fibrosis, and congestion of both central and portal veins have been noticed. Also, histochemical P.A.S. reaction has showed marked decrease in both groups. The mean optical density (O D) of P A S in hepatocytes of cigarette group was (0.31±0.02), and that of nicotine group was (0.26±0.03), which were significantly lower than that in the control group with mean O.D. (0.54±0.5) and (0.51±0.03) respectively. In conclusion; the inhalation of nicotine in the form of cigarette smoke resulted in deteriorative changes in the liver of the male adult albino rat more than nicotine injected subcutaneously, and these changes was partialy reversed shortly after withdrawal.

Clinical evaluation of three different gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogues in an IVF programme: a prospective study

The efficacy and safety of short acting buserelin and nafarelin intranasal spray were compared to long acting leuprorelin depot intramuscular or subcutaneous injection in this prospective study of 157 women undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) for in-vitro fertilisation (IVF). Patients were allocated to three groups to receive buserelin 150 μg nasal spray three times daily (Group B), nafarelin nasal spray 400 μg twice daily (Group N), or leuprorelin depot 3.75 mg once by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection (Group L) for pituitary desensitisation prior to commencing COH with human menopausal gonadotrophins (hMG) according to the Centre’s protocol. The mean (±S.D.) age (years) (32.6±3.8: Group B, 32.1±3.3: Group N versus 32.1±3.3: Group L); mean (±S.D.) total dosage of hMG (ampoules) (37.5±16.1: Group B, 39.8±14.2: Group N versus 41.9±12.6: Group L) and mean daily dosage of hMG (ampoules) (3.1: Group B, 2.8: Group N versus 3.0: Group L) seen were not statistically significantly different. The duration between starting the different gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRHa) and the beginning of the next menstrual period was also not seen to be statistically significantly different between the three groups (Group B: 10±5.5, Group N: 9.1±4.1 versus Group L: 8.2±3, days). The number of abandoned cycles was higher in Group L (17% versus 11.8%: Group B and 11.3%: Group N) but this difference did not reach statistical significance. The clinical pregnancy rates per oocyte retrieval and per embryo transfer procedure were respectively, 31.1, 35% in Group B, 12.8, 14% in Group N versus 20.5, 23.7 in Group L and were not seen to be statistically significantly different even when ongoing pregnancy rates were compared. Apart from a statistically significantly greater incidence of allergic nasal reactions in the nafarelin group ( P=0.001), all other side-effects were not shown to be statistically significantly different between the three groups. We conclude that a single dose of leuprorelin depot can be considered to be as an equally effective alternative to multiple doses of buserelin or nafarelin for pituitary desensitisation in women undergoing COH for IVF.

Controlled multicenter study on the effect of computer assistance in intensive insulin therapy of type 1 diabetics

This paper describes the results of a controlled multicenter study on the effect of the computer assistance in the intensive insulin therapy. The patient collective consisted of 50 diabetics, randomly divided in two groups with 25 patients per group. The Multiple Subcutaneous Injection (MSI) group was treated with the usually intensive regimen. The treatment in the Computer Assisted Meal Related Insulin Therapy (CAMIT) group was performed with the aid of a specialized pocket computer. Only in the CAMIT group during the study we observed a significant decrease: in the mean blood glucose (BG) with 1.6±0.4 mmol/l ( P<0.05), in the BG amplitudes by 1.0±0.3 mmol/l ( P<0.05), and in the hypoglycemia frequency—from 2.0±0.4 to 1.2±0.3 ( P<0.01) hypoglycemic episodes weekly. The HbA 1 values fell in the MSI group by 3.7±3.7% and in the CAMIT group significantly by 15.6±2.2% ( P<0.05). Consequently, the computer-assisted intensive insulin therapy resulted in an improved metabolic control.