Subclinical Hypothyroidism Patients Research Articles

“Study of association of serum lipid profile, IL-6, & ADMA levels with subclinical hypothyroidism”

Background & Objectives: Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) represents the mildest form of thyroid hormone deficiency and may be associated with adverse consequences. SCH is defined as an elevated serum thyrotropin (often referred to as thyroid-stimulating hormone, or TSH) level with normal levels of free thyroxine (FT4) that affects up to 10% of the adult population. The identification of patients with subclinical hypothyroidism having an increased cardiovascular risk is of great importance in the present era. The aim of the study was to evaluate cardiovascular risk factors in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Methods: 120 patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and 120 age and gender matched healthy euthyroid controls in the age group of 18-70 years were included in the study. Body mass index (BMI), lipid profile, and levels of serum biomarkers were estimated in both the groups and further compared using student t-test. Lipid profile was also correlated with the serum ADMA & IL-6 and the results were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results: Patients with subclinical hypothyroidism had significantly higher levels of serum TSH, IL-6 and ADMA. Similarly, serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly increased and HDL-C was significantly decreased in SCH patients when compared to the same parameters of controls (p<0.001). Significant positive correlations were found among lipid profile and serum IL-6 & ADMA. Conclusions: The present study concluded that the SCH patients presented increased concentrations of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors viz. IL-6, ADMA & lipid profile. The potential benefits of diagnosis and treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism may have possible advantages firstly by preventing the progression to overt hypothyroidism and secondly decrease the risk of death from cardiovascular disease by starting appropriate therapy to improve lipid parameters.

Relationship Between Subclinical Hypothyroidism and the Risk of Cardiovascular Complications.

Subclinical hypothyroidism is characterized by raised thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in the presence of normal free thyroxine levels. When free thyroxine levels are normal and subclinical hypothyroidism is present, thyroid-stimulating hormone levels are elevated. The impact of subclinical hypothyroidism on the cardiovascular system has recently garnered attention because it is known that thyroid hormones impact the heart and its vasculature. There is compelling evidence linking subclinical hypothyroidism to increased cardiac risks, including changes in blood pressure and cholesterol. It is unclear whether subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular illnesses. In addition to discussing the advantages of levothyroxine therapy in delaying the onset of cardiovascular complications, this review makes the connection between subclinical hypothyroidism patients and the risk of cardiovascular complications-related death.

Evaluation of an Association of Thyroid Disorder and Dyslipidemia in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease: A Cross-sectional Study

Background: Subclinical Hypothyroidism (SCH) is defined as normal serum free thyroid hormone levels coexisting with elevated serum Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) levels. SCH is a common condition observed in clinical practice with several unique features. The present study was conducted to find prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in patients with myocardial infarction and demographic differences between patients with and without SCH. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 patients with Myocardial Infarction of Adult (age > 18 years) males and females were selected from the patients attending Medicine OPD, IPD or Intensive Care Unit (ICU) in GMC, Azamgarh. Clinical examination, laboratory investigations for myocardial infarction, thyroid status and lipid profile was done in all patients in our study. All Patients with TSH values > 10mU/L or < 0.04mU/L or Known cases of Thyroid abnormalities were excluded from the study. Statistical analysis was done using excel and SPSS software. Results: Out of 100 patients 44 patients of MI had subclinical hypothyroid were as rest 56 patients were euthyroid. In both the groups no statistical difference was seen in the type of Myocardial infarction. There was significant difference in lipid profile (p<0.05) in SCH group as compared to euthyroid group. Conclusion: Patients with Subclinical hypothyroid and MI had more lipid abnormalities as compared to Euthyroid group although the type of myocardial infarction was similar in both the groups. Males had more myocardial infarction as compared to females in both the subclinical hypothyroid and euthyroid groups.

Thyroid Peroxidase Autoantibody in Subclinical and Overt Hypothyroidism: A Hospital Based Retrospective Study

Introduction:Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) is a key enzyme of thyroid hormone biosynthesis as it catalyzes the iodination and the coupling steps. Subclinical hypothyroidism is the condition of increased Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and normal levels of serum free thyroxine (ft4) and free triiodothyronine (ft3) levels. Subclinical hypothyroidism can be progressed to overt hypothyroidism in which ft3 and ft4 levels are decreased along with an increment of TSH levels. Materials and methods: This was the hospital-based retrospective study conducted on the patients who had undergone thyroid function test measurements along with thyroid peroxidase autoantibody level in serum. The study duration was eight months (January 2022 to August 2022). All the data were entered in Microsoft Excel version 10 and analyzed in SPSS version 22 accordingly. Results: In the study among 424 patients, 73.8% were female and 26.2% were male. Firstly, our study revealed subclinical hypothyroidism was predominant (41.7%), followed by euthyroidism (34.7%) overt hypothyroidism (20.3%), and overt hyperthyroidism (3.3%). Secondly, there was no statistically significant difference in age (P value: 0.26) and gender (0.64) between subclinical and overt hypothyroidism. There was no statistically significant difference in serum anti-TPO antibodies level between subclinical (median 6.25) and overt hypothyroidism (median 6.12) (P value: 0.92) when median and interquartile ranges were compared. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation of TPO antibodies with TSH (0.27, 0.00) and no significant negative correlation with fT4 (-0.02, 0.46) and fT3 (-0.05, 0.37). Conclusion: The current study revealed the elevation of thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies in both subclinical and overt hypothyroid patients though subclinical hypothyroidism was predominant.

Association of LncRNA-PAX8-AS1 and LAIR-2 polymorphisms along with their expression with clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism

The genetic and epigenetic architecture of clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism remains unclear. We investigated the impact of long noncoding RNA (LncRNA)-PAX8-AS1 and LAIR-2 genetic variants on the susceptibility to clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism, their influence on LncRNA-PAX8-AS1 and LAIR-2 expression and their potential as hypothyroid biomarkers. Hundred clinical hypothyroid patients, 110 subclinical hypothyroid patients, and 95 healthy controls were enrolled. Gene expression analysis and genotyping were performed by qPCR. LAIR-2 protein, a proinflammatory mediator, was tested by ELISA. Serum LncRNA-PAX8-AS1 was downregulated, whereas LAIR-2 mRNA and protein levels were upregulated in clinical and subclinical hypothyroid patients compared to healthy controls. LncRNA-PAX8-AS1 rs4848320 and rs1110839 were associated with increased risk of clinical hypothyroidism. Interestingly, both SNPs were associated with differential expression of serum LncRNA-PAX8-AS1 among clinical hypothyroid patients. LAIR-2 rs2287828 was associated with elevated risk of both clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism. Harboring the rs2287828 T allele augmented the LAIR-2 mRNA expression among clinical hypothyroid patients, while elevated both LAIR-2 mRNA and protein levels in subclinical hypothyroid patients. The rs4848320-rs1110839-rs2287828 TTT, CTT, and CGT haplotypes were associated with increased hypothyroid risk. Surprisingly, serum LncRNA-PAX8-AS1 and LAIR-2 mRNA expression demonstrated superior diagnostic accuracy for clinical hypothyroidism and turned out as independent predictors in the multivariate analysis. Conclusively, LncRNA-PAX8-AS1 and LAIR-2 genetic variants are novel genetic biomarkers of hypothyroidism that could alter the LncRNA-PAX8-AS1 and LAIR-2 expression. LncRNA-PAX8-AS1 and LAIR-2 expression profiles have the potential as effective diagnostic and prognostic indicators of hypothyroidism.

ANALYSIS OF RENAL FUNCTION IN A STUDY TO DETERMINE THE PREVALENCE OF SUBCLINICAL HYPOTHYROIDISM IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

Background and Objectives - Diabetes and hypothyroidism are common endocrine diseases that impact health and mortality. Glycaemic status affects thyroid hormone levels immensely. There is a paucity of studies from India that have investigated the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this study, we determined the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in type two diabetes mellitus patients. Renal function is affected both by thyroid hormones and glycemic status, hence we have analysed renal function in the study subjects. Our study was conducted in the Department of Medicine of North D Methods - elhi Medical College & Hindu Rao Hospital, Delhi. A total of 150 patients with type 2 diabetes were screened for thyroid dysfunction, a group of 126 patients with normal thyroid function, 13 patients with subclinical hypothyroidism, and 11 patients with overt hypothyroidism were subjected to the renal function tests. 126 (84%) Results – patients out of 150 were classied as euthyroid. 11(7.3%) and 13 (8.7%) patients had overt hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism respectively. Serum creatinine value was within the normal range in 90.4% of the euthyroid diabetics. However, only 69.2% of patients with SCHT had normal serum creatinine levels. There was a signicant difference between the eGFR in euthyroid and the SCHT group, with mean eGFR in the euthyroid group being 78.26± 17.9mL/min/1.73m2 and 57.92± 27.4mL/min/1.73m2 in the SCHT group. The i Conclusion - ncidence of subclinical hypothyroidism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was signicantly increased with increasing age and in female patients. Type 2 diabetic patients with subclinical hypothyroidism have increased incedence of renal dysfunction

Clinical assessment of Mizaj (Temperament) in the patients of Subclinical Hypothyroidism

Clinical assessment of Mizaj (Temperament) in the patients of Subclinical Hypothyroidism

Study of Auditory Brainstem Evoked Response at Varying Frequencies in Subclinical Hypothyroid Subjects.

Hearing deterioration in hypothyroid subject was documented by Kemp. Cristiane et al. reported delayed waves latency in subclinical hypothyroid subjects. Recording of auditory brain stem evoked response in subclinical hypothyroid subjects at 80 dB and varying frequencies has been done. Case control study. Group 1, N = 30 control subjects, free T3, free T4, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) within normal range. Group 2, N = 30 subclinical hypothyroid subjects, TSH was between 4.6-8 microIU/L. Student Unpaired t test was done. Those on epileptic, neuroleptics, depression, psychosis drugs, inflammatory, proliferative, traumatic ear disorder, smokers, on tobacco, COVID-19 positive subjects, altered sensorium, drug abuse, diabetes mellitus, neuropathy, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmia, family history of hearing disorder, and furosemide drug were excluded. Auditory brainstem evoked response (ABER) done. Mean ± SD of Brainstem evoked response auditory (BERA) waves III, V, interpeak latencies at 80 dB, 2, 4,6 KHz reported delay and significant in subclinical hypothyroid group as compared to control. BERA study at 6 KHz and 80 dB detects central neuropathy earlier in subclinical hypothyroid patients.

Association of serum level of interleukin-33 and insulin resistance in overt and subclinical hypothyroidism patients

Hypothyroidism is a condition that occurs when the thyroid gland fails to produce an adequate amount of the hormone thyroid, as a result of factors for example hypothalamic or pituitary gland disease, common tissue resistance to thyroid hormones, and thyroid gland diseases. It’s the most prevalent thyroid disorder. Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a nuclear cytokine of the IL-1 family members that is abundantly expressed during homeostasis and inflammation in endothelial, epithelial, and fibroblast-like cells. It is worth noting that higher IL33 levels have been associated with insulin resistance. Aims the study: Its purpose was to examine the correlation between insulin resistance and IL33 in patients with hypothyroidism by measuring their IL33 levels. In a case-control study, 180 people were recruited and split into three categories: those with overt hypothyroidism (60), those with subclinical hypothyroidism (60), and those who were otherwise healthy (60). were of a similar age range to the patient (between 20 and 55), with 55.5% female participants and 44.5% male participants.

Assessment of Serum Uric Acid and Electrolytes Levels in Subclinical and Overt Hypothyroidism Patients

Assessment of Serum Uric Acid and Electrolytes Levels in Subclinical and Overt Hypothyroidism Patients

Burden of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in subclinical hypothyroidism

Abstract Background: The objective of the study was to investigate the burden and predictors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken from January 2017 to December 2017 in 69 patients with SCH, visiting our tertiary care centre. Data collected included the demographic features, physical examination findings, laboratory investigations (free triiodothyronine [T3], free thyroxine (T4), serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid peroxidase antibodies, fasting plasma glucose, liver function test, fasting lipid profile and total serum cholesterol) and findings from the abdomen ultrasound and the electrocardiogram. Results: SCH was evident in 60.9% patients with SCH studied. Males showed a significantly high burden of NAFLD than females (52.4% Vs 47.61%; P = 0.005). Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), body weight, waist circumference (WC) and waist–hip ratio (WHR) showed a positive association with NAFLD in subclinical hypothyroidism. Conclusions: Our study provides significant evidence of a positive association between subclinical hypothyroidism and NAFLD. AST, ALT, WC and WHR may be considered the predictors of NAFLD in SCH.

The effect of subclinic thyroid pathologies on erythropoietine dose in hemodialysis patients.

The effect of subclinical thyroid pathologies on erythropoietin (EPO) treatment has not been well defined. The aim of the study is to compare the frequency and dose of EPO administration in patients with subclinical thyroid pathology and euthyroid hemodialysis patients. A cross-sectional and retrospective study was conducted with 210 patients. Special conditions were excluded, a total of 191 patients were included. Patients were divided into three groups. The incidences of subclinical hypothyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism and euthyroidism were 10.5%, 3.1%, and 86.4%, respectively. Statistically significant difference was found between subclinical hypothyroid and euthyroid patients in terms of the number of patients using EPO (p=0.0207), monthly total EPO doses (p=0.003), and total monthly EPO doses per weight (p=0.001). The EPO dose required to achieve similar hemoglobin levels in hemodialysis patients was significantly higher in subclinical hypothyroid patients than in euthyroid patients.

Risk of progression to overt hypothyroidism in Indian patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: a prospective observational study

Background: Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is a common endocrine disorder but spontaneous course of SCH in India is lacking. The aim of the study is to determine the spontaneous course of SCH and to identify the risk factors, which enhances the occurrence of overt hypothyroidism (OH).Method: This is a real world prospective observational study. 58 SCH were followed up six monthly for one year to determine the course of SCH.Results: After one year of follow up 11 (18.97%) patients progressed to OH. 37 (63.79%) remained in subclinical hypothyroid category. In 10 (17.29%) patients TSH (thyrotropin) normalized. Rate of progression (odds ratio: 4.58; 95% CI: 1.14, 18.28) was significantly more in anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO) positive group as compared to anti-TPO negative group.Conclusions: This first data from India clearly shows that SCH has a variable course. Rate of progression to OH is high (18.97%) in Indian SCH patients. In a cohort of 58 patients followed for one year only the presence of anti-TPO antibody was predictive of OH. The initial risk stratification can identify patients with SCH at greatest risk for progression to OH in which treatment is mandatory.

Approach to adult patients with primary hypothyroidism in some special situations: a position statement from the Thyroid Department of the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism (SBEM).

Primary hypothyroidism is a common disorder in clinical practice. The management of most cases of hypothyroidism is usually straightforward, but the best approach in some special situations may raise questions among physicians. This position statement was prepared by experts from the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism to guide the management of three special situations, namely, hypothyroidism in the elderly, subclinical hypothyroidism in patients with heart disease, and difficult-to-control hypothyroidism. The authors prepared the present statement after conducting a search on the databases MEDLINE/PubMed, LILACS, and SciELO and selecting articles with the best evidence quality addressing the selected situations. The statement presents information about the current approach to patients in these special situations.

ODP507 PREVALENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN PATIENTS WITH SUBCLINICAL HYPOTHYROISIM

Abstract Introduction Thyroid hormones play an essential role in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis. Experimental studies have revealed that subtle changes in thyroid hormone levels, as observed in subclinical hypothyroidism, have adverse effects on the cardiovascular system due to predisposition to endothelial dysfunction, dyslipidemia and direct effects of thyroid hormones on the myocardium. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to elicit the role of subclinical hypothyroidism as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of 3 years of the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database, 2016 to 2018. Study populations were selected using ICD-10 diagnosis code. Discharge-level weight analysis was used to produce a national estimate. We conducted multivariate regression analysis to calculate odds ratio with STATA 17. Results During the study period, 106,970,745 study population met the inclusion criteria and 37,215 of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) patients were discharged. SCH patients tended to be more female (63.48% v 56.40%), older (mean age 58.22± 0.25 v 49.48 ± 0. 01), diabetic (24.84% v 21.47%) and obese (18.63% v 13.54%). Prevalence of hyperlipidemia and hypertension were similar in both SCH and non-SCH groups (3.75% v 3.24% and 29. 09% v 29.35% each). Caucasian patients were predominant in both groups with similar ethnicity distribution (62.26% v 64.96%). 3.56% of SCH patient had acute coronary artery syndromes (ACS), whereas 2.78% of non-SCH patients developed the ACS. For the patients without history of heart failure (HF), 2.54% of SCH patients developed new onset of HF, whereas 1.11% of non-SCH patients developed HF. After adjusting for age, sex, race and comorbid burden, SCH is not associated with ACS (p = 0.375) or Afib (p= 0.74) but associated with elevated risk for new onset of HF (OR 1.88, 1.62–2.18, p < 0. 0001). Conclusion Our study shows that subclinical hypothyroidism is not associated with higher rates of ACS or Atrial fibrillation, however it is associated with statistically significant higher risk of new onset HF. Further research needs to be done to determine subclinical hyperthyroidism as a potential risk factor for HF and assess the benefit of lower threshold for treating subclinical hypothyroidism in preventing or delaying the onset of HF in patients with associated cardiac risk factors. Presentation: No date and time listed

The effect of L-thyroxine treatment on ventricular dysfunction and pulmonary arterial stiffness in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism.

In our study, we aimed at evaluating the change in biventricular functions and pulmonary arterial stiffness (PAS) in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) in whom euthyroidism was achieved with L-thyroxine therapy. 70 SH patients and 75 healthy volunteers were included in our study consecutively. Baseline demographic and echocardiographic data of the participants were recorded. The data obtained in the control evaluation 6 months after the euthyroidism were achieved in the SH group patients started on L-thyroxine treatment and then compared with the baseline measurements. The mean age of patients in the SH group was 44.1 ± 9.4 years and 47.1% were women. Euthyroidism in SH patients was achieved with a mean daily L-thyroxine treatment of 59 µg/day for a mean of 16.1 ± 4.5 weeks. Positive changes in metabolic and hormonal profiles were achieved after L-thyroxine treatment in SH patients. It was determined that left ventricular and right ventricular isovolumetric relaxation and myocardial performance index were higher in SH patients compared to the control group, and these measurements were observed to decrease significantly with L-thyroxine treatment (p < 0.05 for each). While PAS was 16.9 ± 3.1 kHz/ms in the control group, it was 25.2 ± 5.3 kHz/ms in the SH group (p < 0.05). After L-thyroxine treatment, PAS measurements decreased to 17.2 ± 3.2 kHz/ms (p < 0.05) in the SH group and showed a positive change. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) change (Δ TSH) with Δ E/A ratio (r: -0.407, p < 0.001), right ventricular myocardial performance index (Δ RV MPI) change (r: 0.404, p < 0.001) and PAS change (Δ PAS) (r: 0.458, p < 0.001) found to be correlated. SH is associated with dysfunction in the biventricular and pulmonary vascular bed. Biventricular functions and PAS change positively in SH patients with L-thyroxine treatment.

The relationship between thyroid hormones and lipid profile in subclinical hypothyroidism female patients

Background and objectives: Subclinical thyroid disorder is a most common subclinical disease among many medical conditions such as cardiovascular disease and subclinical Lyme disease. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between lipid profile results, lipid ratios, and anthropometric parameters and thyroid hormones. Methods: One hundred patients (ages 20 to 50 years) with subclinical hypothyroidism (SHT group) and 50 healthy subjects (control group), who are age-matched with patients, were included in the current study. Thyroid function tests (TSH, T3 and T4) were determined by immunodiagnostic assay system (VIDAS) for all participants. The serum glucose and lipid profile tests parameters were evaluated by Biolis 24i Premium chemistry analyser. In addition, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured for each individual in the study using mercury sphygmomanometer. Results: The levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) were significantly lower in the SHT group when compared with control group. Whereas, the level of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c), the ratios total cholesterol (TC)/HDL-c and LDL-c/HDL-c were significantly higher in SHT group than in controls. Moreover, TSH was negatively correlated with diastolic blood pressure. Conclusions: Both LDL-c and HDL-c are altered in subclinical hypothyroidism patients. And, there is a negative association between TSH and diastolic blood pressure.

The Impact of Early Levothyroxine Replacement in Subclinical Hypothyroidism on Glycemic Control Parameters and Quality of Life in Adult Patients

BACKGROUND: Subclinical hypothyroidism is diagnosed by increased level of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) with normal levels of free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4). Controversy exists concerning the early treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism with levothyroxine when TSH level is below 10 mIU/L. AIM: This stud aims to quantify the effects of a 3-month trial of levothyroxine replacement on quality of life in SCH patients with TSH level less than 10 mIU/L as primary outcome and fasting blood sugar and HbA1C levels as secondary outcome. METHODS: This was a randomized controlled trial. It was carried out on subjects between 18 and 65 years, of both sexes attending the family medicine outpatient clinic at Cairo University Hospitals with untreated symptomatic mild subclinical hypothyroidism. Simple randomization was performed by assigning random numbers from random number table. Quality of life (Short-Form 36 Questionnaire) as well as fasting blood sugar levels and HbA1C were assessed before the replacement of levothyroxine and 3 months after starting treatment in the subclinical hypothyroidism patients (intervention group) and were compared to the control group. RESULTS: The median of role limitations due to emotional problems, social functioning, and health change was higher in the intervention group in comparison with the control group. Moreover, the median scores of all general health questionnaire items showed significant positive statistical changes in the intervention group. There was also a significant improvement in glycemic control reflected in lower HbA1C levels and FBS. CONCLUSION: The results of our study highlight the positive effect of early substitution with levothyroxine in subclinical hypothyroid patients regarding the quality of life and glycemic control in Egypt and support the argument for replacement.

Study of association among various atherosclerotic risk factors in patients of subclinical hypothyroidism

Background &amp; Objectives: Subclinical hypothyroidism is endocrine disorder where serum TSH levels are increased but FT4 levels are within the assay's reference interval. Atherosclerosis has been found to be associated with the increased level of Ox-LDL in SCH. The aim of the present study is to find out the association of Ox-LDL and lipid profile in SCH patients. Materials and methods: 120 SCH patients aged (18-70) years and 120 age &amp; sex-matched healthy controls were included in the study. BMI &amp; lipid profile were estimated in both SCH patients and controls. FT3, FT4, TSH and Ox-LDL) were estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: SCH patients and healthy controls had different BMIs (p&lt;0.001). TC, Triglycerides, HDL-C, and LDL-C were significantly greater in the SCH group than in the control group, although HDL-C was decreased (p&lt;0.001). SCH patients had a significantly higher blood TSH level than controls (p&lt;0.001), although FT3 and FT4 levels were similar. SCH patients had higher Ox-LDL than controls (p&lt;0.001). Conclusion: In our study, SCH patients had higher serum lipid profile and Ox-LDL levels than healthy persons, indicating susceptibility to atherosclerosis. Ox-LDL can be used to predict CVD risk in SCH patients.

Prevalence of Hypothyroidism in Singleton Pregnant Womena and Perinatal Outcome Using TSH Levels as a Screening Tool

Background: Thyroid dysfunction comes from poor adjustment to changes in the mother's thyroid function during pregnancy. Higher thyroid hormone-binding globulin (TBG) concentration, increased iodine clearance in the kidneys, and the thyrotrophic impact of human chorionic gonadotropin are some of the causes of these changes in thyroid function (HCG). Objectives: 1. To study the prevalence of hypothyroidism in pregnant women using TSH levels as a screening tool. 2. To evaluate the Perinatal outcome in detected hypothyroid cases. Material &amp; Methods: Prospective hospital based cross – sectional study. Study conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gayatri Vidya Parishad Institute of Healthcare &amp; Medical Technology, Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh over a period of 1 year. Pregnant women attending to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology for the routine check-ups. Simple Random sampling method. This study involves screening 200 consenting eligiblewomen. The normal patients served as controls. The patients were classified as euthyroid, hypothyroid and hyperthyroid based on their TSH levels. Those with deranged TSH levels will undergo free T4 testing and they will be further divided into subclinical and overt hypothyroid patients these patients will be formed into study groups. Results: In this study, out of all hypothyroid women 37.5% had complications and 62.5% had no complications. 5.6% of the adequately treated hypothyroid women and 78.6% of the inadequately treated hypothyroid women had complications. There was a statistically significant difference in the pregnancy outcome amongst hypothyroid women based on the adequacy of treatment. The occurrence of complications was high in inadequately treated women. (Chi square value= 17.35, p value = &lt;0.0001) Conclusion: In my study, the prevalence of hypothyroidism was found to be 16% and majority of complications were found to occur in patients who were treated inadequately. Thus, universal thyroid screening in pregnancy meets the majority of the criteria for a beneficial and cost-effective screening programme, and it holds promise for improving foetal and maternal outcomes.