Development Of Sub-sector Research Articles

Development Strategy of Food Crop Agriculture Sub-sector In Improving Farmers' Welfare

This study aims to describe the priority strategy of agricultural sub-sector development in improving farmers’ welfare. The data used in this study were primary and secondary data. Secondary data included: GRDP of Sumbawa District, GRDP of NTB Province, and other supporting data for this study. Primary data were: Experts Opinion Questionnaire or experts related to research problems. Respondents of this study were: bureaucrat respondents, academic respondents, farmer group respondents, and businessmen respondents. The determination of respondents used was purposive sampling technique which consisted of 30 respondents. The data analysis used was Process Hierarchy Analysis (AHP). The results of the study showed that: (1) Central government policies were a priority for achieving goals, compared to regional government policies. (2) Related to central government policy factor, protecting farmers was a priority compared to empowering farmers. (3) Regarding to protecting farmers, optimizing the role of Indonesia Logistics Bureau (BULOG) and implementing Warehouse Receipts was a priority. (4) Regarding the empowerment of farmers, the development of systems and facilities for marketing agricultural products was a priority. (5) The results of AHP showed that central government policies need to be considered and prioritized in crop agricultural sub-sector development strategy to improve farmers' welfare. Then to achieve the welfare of sub-criteria farmers, the protection of farmers must be prioritized. Furthermore, the alternative main priority in determining the strategy was optimizing the role of Indonesia Logistics Bureau (Bulog) and implementing Warehouse receipts. Keywords: Strategy, Kesejahteraan Petani, Analythical Hierarchy Process (AHP).

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПРЕИМУЩЕСТВЕННЫХ УСЛОВИЙ КОСТРОМСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ ДЛЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА СЕМЕННОГО КАРТОФЕЛЯ

The research was carried out in 1990-2020 in order to analyze the state and level of potato growing sub-sector development in the Russian Federation and in Kostroma region with further identification of priority areas for improving its efficiency for the production of high-quality seed potatoes. Over the past three decades, the potato industry of the country has undergone serious changes. During the period from 1990 to 2020, the area of potato planting in the Russian Federation decreased by 1935.4 thousand hectares, or by 62%, the gross harvest decreased by 11240.8 thousand tons, or by 36.4%.In 2020 the level of self-sufficiency in potatoes, defined as the ratio of products produced in the country to its domestic consumption, amounted to 89.2%, which is lower than the indicator established by the Food Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation by 5.8 percentage points. In Russia, leading agricultural organizations have appeared, working on innovative technologies of world standards and reaching record yields of 45...50 t/ ha. However, the average potato yield in the country remains one of the lowest in Europe – at the level of 17 t/ha. A significant factor in obtaining high potato yields is the use of high-quality seed material of the best varieties. Potato seed production is effective only in optimal soil and climatic conditions with the use of reliable methods of accelerated reproduction of virus-free material and prevention of re-infection with diseases. This problem is successfully solved by organizing special protected areas with favorable climatic and phytosanitary conditions for growing healthy seed potatoes. The Kostroma region, subject to the effective use of its geographical location, favorable soil, climatic and phytosanitary conditions, can take a leading position in the production of high-quality potato seeds.

POLA PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI PERTANIAN DALAM PENGEMBANGAN KAWASAN AGROPOLITAN DI KABUPATEN SEMARANG

Agropolitan Area Development is one of the concepts in the development of the agricultural sector in Semarang Regency. This study aims to determine the classification of the agricultural subsector in Semarang Regency with the Klassen Typology approach. Furthermore, this study aims to formulate a strategy for developing the agricultural subsector in the context of developing an agropolitan area in Semarang Regency. The basic method of this research is descriptive method with analytical methods in the form of Klassen Typology . The results showed that the Livestock Subsector was the prime agricultural subsector, the Food Crop Subsector, the Annual Horticulture Crop Subsector and the Annual Horticulture Plant Subsector were potential agricultural subsectors in Semarang Regency. The livestock subsector development strategy in Semarang Regency is done by Increasing the Role of Sub Terminal Agribisnis (STA) as a media for business development and promotion of livestock products, Optimizing the management of livestock sector potential through agro-industry development and by developing livestock product quality through labeling and quality certification of livestock products

Cereal crops commercialization and welfare of households in Guji Zone, Ethiopia

Cereal crops account for 88.52% of grain production in Ethiopia and 87.6% in the Guji Zone. Despite its size, its contribution to household welfare has yet not been studied. Besides, there are limited studies with rigorous methodological approaches regarding the effects of commercializing cereal production on household welfare. This paper is set out to measure the commercialization of cereal crops and examines its welfare effects measured as food and nonfood consumption expenditure. The study was based on cross-sectional data collected in 2019 from 288 sample farm households selected through a multistage sampling technique. A Kruskal-Wallis test and post hoc Dunn's test were employed to examine the welfare effects of commercialization. The study shows that about 48.33% of cereal production was sold to the market, suggesting a moderate level of commercialization. Moreover, the finding indicates that the welfare effects differed across various levels of commercialization at p < 0.01, p < 0.05, and p < 0.1 significance levels. This implies that at least one of the commercialization categories had a different mean. The effects of cereal crop commercialization were statistically significant in terms of monetary expenditure on coffee and sugar, edible oil, clothes and shoes, education, medications, farm implements, durable goods, and aggregate expenditure. The study showed the positive welfare effects of cereal crop commercialization between comparisons considered (moderate vs. low, high vs. moderate, and high vs. low commercialization categories). It also pinpointed the possibility of further improving their consumption expenditure by enhancing their intensity of commercialization if appropriate strategies are designed and implemented. Thus, stakeholders involved in cereal subsector development should work collaboratively to enhance the farm-level intensity of commercialization by improving public service delivery in rural areas. Besides, farm households should work on value addition and market linkage to achieve a better commercial status, thus, improve their welfare.

Rice Subsector Development and Farmer Efficiency in Nepal: Implications for Further Transformation and Food Security

With economic development agricultural systems in the Global South transform from subsistence farming to higher productivity with market integration and increase in rural income and food security. In Nepal, agriculture continues to provide livelihoods for two-thirds of the predominantly rural population, largely at a subsistence-level. Rice is the staple food and covers the largest land area but yields are relatively low, with an annual import bill of USD 300 Million. The study uses data from 310 households from two distinct rice producing areas to assess farmers' rice production systems. It analyses farmers' rice production efficiency using a stochastic frontier production function to suggest how to advance the transformation of Nepal's rice sector. Our study finds that while agriculture related services such as access to inputs, information, markets, irrigation, and finance have generally improved, paddy farmers are only able to achieve 76% of potential output. Small/marginal farms were relatively less efficient than medium and large farms. Women farmers faced unequal access to technologies and have lower productivity than men. Unavailability of labor and capital, land fragmentation, and the lack of consistent access to seed and fertilizers contribute to reduced efficiency. Public and private sector investments are needed to enhance the timely and adequate access to quality seeds, fertilizers, processing facilities, and equipment services. Adopting a market systems approach through cooperative farming, targeted delivery of extension services, and linkages with rice millers can promote inclusive growth and improve rice food security in Nepal.

Asymmetric Dynamics of Industrial Response to Exchange Rate Variation in Nigeria

Exchange rate policies are germane to industrial subsector development and the country at large. In this regard; the study examines the asymmetric pass through of official exchange rate policy on Nigerian industrial Subsector from 1970Q1 to 2019Q4. Non-linear ARDL method of estimation was adopted to ascertain the long run and short run asymmetric relation between official exchange rate and industrial output subsector. The results confirmed the presence of both long run and short run asymmetries between manufacturing output and official exchange rate. In the long run, increase in official exchange rate (appreciation) portends a corresponding increase in manufacturing output, while decrease in official exchange rate (depreciation) is negatively related to manufacturing output. On the other hand, the short run dynamics revealed that positive changes in official exchange rate choked off industrial output though statistically insignificance while negative change (depreciation) crowded in industrial output in Nigeria in the period under review against a priori expectation. The result also indicated that the crowding out impact of official exchange rate depreciation is more enduring (long lasting) compared to the positive variations. The presence of asymmetry is novel and instructive for policy pundits, executors, theorists, monetary authorities and allied agents to take decisive steps in order to stem the debilitating effects of exchange rate misalignment to encourage domestic investors, attract foreign investors and thus, stimulate the industrial subsector.

Government Expenditure and Education Sub-sector Development in Nigeria: An Empirical Investigation

This paper examined empirically the impact of government expenditure on the education sub-sector development in Nigeria for the period 1980 to 2017. Government expenditure was decomposed into capital and recurrent expenditures, while education sub-sector development was viewed from the perspectives of the States and Local Governments dependence (FDR), fiscal concentration (FCR), and per capita income (PCI). The data of the study were obtained from both the National Bureau of Statistics and the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletins. The fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) approach of the econometrics was used to estimate the findings/results of the paper. Some of the major findings of the paper indicated that all the variables became stationary after first differencing and that the series for all the equations were cointegrated thereby suggesting the existence of long run relationships among the variables. The short run dynamics results were robust and impressive given that each of the coefficients of determination (R-squared) and their adjusted counterparts were quite high. Furthermore, the results indicated that while capital expenditure exerted negative impact on the education sub-sector development, recurrent expenditure displayed a positive impact on the sub-sector. The paper therefore recommends that government, as a matter of frantic efforts and deliberate policies, scales up its capital expenditure on education sub-sector development as well as intensifying capacity building that would engender qualitatively improved education service delivery. This would only be possible if urgent institutional frameworks, procedures and governance styles that accord with international standards are urgently introduced and implemented.

External economic safety agricultural producers of member states of eeu

During the research theoretical provisions on the external economic safety at the national and supranational levels in the conditions of integration are added. In article the problems in agricultural production development leading to emergence of threats to security of member states of EEU are systematized. On the example of development of subsector of gardening the dynamics of the prices of products of a ploovodstvo, import of landing material and products of fruit growing is shown. The revealed threats can lead to closing of the markets for the Russian agricultural products that limits achievement of target values of volume of export. The directions of support of export of agricultural products in the EEU countries, the used financial and non-financial instruments of support are analysed. For creation of equal conditions of managing agricultural producers in EEU need to unify forms and methods of the state support on pricing, insurance, subsidizing, investment and to improve them. In the conclusion in relation to subsectors of agriculture measures for decrease in level of unauthorized export, the state support of purchase only of domestic breeding and selection production, strengthening of control of an epizootic situation and quarantine measures, to regulation of seasonal deliveries of products are proposed.

Development of an innovation and investment model project for a rabbit farm

The development of the production of other types of meat has good prospects in the future, which will certainly contribute to improving the state of the livestock industry. Rabbit breeding has many incomparable advantages over other sub-breeds; therefore, it can be argued that rabbit breeding is one of the promising sub-sectors for further development. Using theoretical and empirical research methods, the authors identified a positive trend in the development of the subsector both in the world and in the Russian Federation due to the desire of the population for a healthy lifestyle. It is known that rabbit meat is dietary, easily digestible and recommended for use by all sex and age groups of the population. From an economic point of view, an increase in the production of rabbit products is a consequence of the steady growth in demand for all types of products in the sub-industry under consideration. Also, the authors note that the market capacity of the rabbit products is large enough: projects quickly pay for themselves due to the possibility of increasing production in a short time. Undoubtedly, there are factors that inhibit the development of the rabbit breeding subsector. The formation of supply chains of rabbit products and the lack of a stable feed base are the most pressing. Despite the identified problems, the rabbit breeding sector is gradually becoming one of the significant sub-sectors of the livestock industry, which in the near future will make it possible to talk about improving the efficiency of livestock production in general. The key points to be highlighted: (a) the current state of the rabbit breeding subsector in the world and in the Russian Federation was analyzed and the conclusion was made that the domestic sub-industry is at the stage of formation; (b) an opportunities for the development of the subsector and constraints were identified; (c) a project has been developed for the creation of a rabbit farm with an economic and technical-technological substantiation and assessment of economic efficiency. The proposed project of a rabbit farm can be considered as a model. Depending on the location and the need for rabbit breeding products, it is possible to change the project parameters for adaptation in a particular region.

Modeling of rainfall and fertilization factor of sugarcane productivity in Asembagus sugar factory Situbondo

Sugarcane is one of the important plantation crops commodities in plantation sub-sector development in East Java. However, domestic sugar needs are increasing every year, even making the government decide on the policy to import sugar. This situation shows that sugar is a basic requirement in Indonesia. The profitability of sugar agro-industry is influenced by climate and price. Low price and production risks affect the company's sustainable resilience. Rainfall is an important climate element and determines the plant water balance. While the incidence of climate anomalies in Indonesia has been shown to predominantly affect agricultural production and food security, besides that the fertilization process is also a major factor influencing the production of sugar cane produced. Fertilizer can provide nutrients in the soil, so that sugar cane can grow well. Sugar production in Asembagus factory every year has fluctuations, some of the dominant factors are the influence of rainfall and fertilization. The results showed that rainfall(X1) and fertilization(X2) significantly affected sugarcane productivity(Y). The regression model is Y = 33633 + 9,43X1 − 2,10X2. The modeling results are expected to be used as a company recommendation to determine policies in increasing Asembagus sugar factory production and more productive sugarcane cultivation techniques.

Tea Cultivation in Sri Lanka as a Legacy of the British Colonization: Impacts and Trends

The structure of Sri Lanka’s agricultural sector had changed under colonization especially during the British era with the introduction of plantation crops. Coffee, Tea, and Rubber were recognized as prominent plantation crops introduced by the British. Tea as a plantation crop at present plays a significant role not only in the economy but also as a socio-cultural and political legacy. This paper, therefore, attempts to examine the tea sub-sector development with the time and to evaluate its performance as a lifestyle determiner, using secondary data under qualitative and quantitative methods that are applied to illustrate the results. With regard to the first objective, the year 1824 British brought a tea plant (Camellia sinensis)) from China and planted in the Royal Botanical Gardens, Peradeniya. Experimental tea plants from Assam and Calcutta (India) were brought the year 1839. Regarding performance of tea sector, the contribution of tea for GNP has been increased significantly from Rs million 10,332 (1996) to Rs million 74,065 (2012) respectively. Area cultivation has also increased by 17% from 1996 (189,354 ha) to 2012 (222,000 ha) while production has increased by 25.5% from 1996 (258.4 million kg) to 2012 (328.4 Million Kgs). After 2007, Sri Lanka became the fourth largest tea producer. Further, export income has also been increased significantly from Rs million 32,537 to Rs million 180,429 by 454.5% in the respective time period. A number of Tea Small Holders in the year 2012 was recorded as 390,346. In this context, tea as a crop contributes to providing more than 1.5 million job opportunities directly and indirectly. Therefore, tea has been the identical and most famous export; for generations, it has been contributing to the Sri Lankan economy and plays a major part, even today, in the country’s fortunes.

Inter-region Economic Analysis to Improve Economic Development Maritime In North Maluku Province

The main purpose of this research to analysis sector and sub-sector development of chartered investment counsel maritime between regions which is bases sector in sub-province and opportunity of job activity at sub-sector fishery of sub-province in North Maluku with observation PDRB sub-province/town during five years (2009-2013). Then, analyses development policy strategy of chartered investment counsel maritime North Maluku. By using technique analyses LQ, multiplier effect, and AHP. The result of analysis shows sub-province Halmahera South and second archipelago Sula of the sub-province that there is sector and sub-sector bases which at most when in comparing to sector and sub-sector bases there is sub-province/town province North Maluku, multiplier effect opportunity of job activity at sub-sector fishery happened in the year 2010 that there is in sub-province/city West Halmahera, South-east Halmahera, East Halmahera North Halmahera, and city of Tidore archipelago’s. In the year of 2013, multiplier effect sub-sector fishery catches there is at sub-province West Halmahera, South Halmahera, and the city of Tidore archipelagoes. Development policy strategy of chartered investment counsel maritime human resource, public service, natural resources with fishery & oceanic requirement in making a preference for development of chartered investment counsel maritime of North Maluku. Keywords: Economic Between Regions, Pre-Eminent Sector, Development Economic Maritim JEL Classification: O18, R11

Studium nad efektywnością mechanizmów wspierających na przykładzie wysokosprawnej kogeneracji węglowej

Formation of a common European energy market implies the necessity of making adjustments to domestic law and adopting market development possibilities in order to meet European Union regulations. Implementation of system support to develop high-efficiency cogeneration was one of those aspects. Several years of such a mechanism functioning allow one to: analyze those regulations and their impact on sub-sector development, make a deep cost analysis and discuss its continuation in the future as well. Taking into account the background of implementation of EU regulations, this paper presents the results of volume-price estimations, current trends, evaluation of property rights regulated in the system, the analysis of market participants’ behaviours, as well as legal issues within this context.

Analisis Sub Sektor Perikanan dalam Pengembangan Wilayah Kabupaten Indramayu

Indramayu regency has a great potential in renewable fisheries. It is expected that this fisheries subsector continues to grow and become a strategic sector in the development of Indramayu regency. The objectives of this research were: (1) to identify the role of the fisheries subsector in the economy of the region and its links with other sectors in Indramayu regency, (2) to learn about the level of development of the regional development of fisheries sub-sector in Indramayu regency based on the conditions of facilities and infrastructure, and (3) to find out the perception of stakeholders in determining development priorities for the fisheries sub-sector as well as to formulate a strategic direction in the development of the fisheries subsector in Indramayu regency. Input-Output analysis showed that the fisheries subsector had not been included in the strategic sector because it had weak inter-sectoral linkages and low multiplier effects of the total economy in Indramayu Regency compared to other economic sectors. Schallogram analysis showed that six sub-districts in the region of hierarchy III were feasible to develop. According to the stakeholders, the priority of fisheries subsector development in Indramayu Regency was the development of aquaculture activities (42.04 %) in terms of improving the quality of human resources (33.66 %). In the development strategy of the fisheries subsector of aquaculture activities in Indramayu regency, priorities should be in the development of existing resources (Natural Resources, Human Resources, Artificial Resource / Infrastructure, Institutional, Technology and Capital) to achieve sustainable development.

O trabalho profissional burocrático: modelo de análise da profissionalização do trabalho em serviço social no setor não lucrativo em Portugal

The authors present a literature review on the relations between professions and organizations, inspired by the contributions of Charles Derber, Mirko Noordegraaf, Henry Mintzberg, and Richard Scott, among others. Based on this review, they propose various hypotheses on this relationship, drawing on the concept of professional office work and an abstract analytical model for the relationship between bureaucratization and professionalization that unfolds into two typologies, applied to social work in the non-profit Third Sector in Portugal. This application considers the contents of various studies conducted in Portugal on the dynamics of this subsector's development.

FAKTOR – FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PRODUKTIVITAS TENAGA KERJA PEMANEN SAWIT PADA PT. BIO NUSANTARA TEKNOLOGI, BENGKULU

Maintaining and promoting the development of agricultural sector must not be separated from the role of plantation sub-sector development. Plantation sub-sector which is part of the national development and one of the most important commodity in Indonesia’s economy is palm oil. This research was executed at the palm oil harvesting workers in PT. Bio Nusantara Teknologi, Bengkulu regency on April – May 2010. The purposes of this research were: (1) to count the productivity of the palm oil harvesting workers and (2) to analyze the factors that influence the productivity of the palm oil harvesting workers in PT. Bio Nusantara Teknologi Bengkulu. The amount of 121 daily payment workers was taken from 10 afdelling by stratified random sampling. The research showed that the productivity of the palm oil harvesting workers was 130,314 kg/day. While, factors that affected the productivity of the palm oil harvesting workers were workers’ age and the amount of burden dependency family. Keywords: the palm oil harvesting workers, productivity

Current Analysis and Future Research Agenda on 'Gold Farming': Real-World Production in Developing Countries for the Virtual Economies of Online Games

From the start of the 21st century, a new form of employment has emerged in developing countries. It employs hundreds of thousands of people and earns hundreds of millions of dollars annually. Yet it has been almost invisible to both the academic and development communities. It is the phenomenon of farming: the production of virtual goods and services for players of online games. China is the employment epicentre but the sub-sector has spread to other Asian nations and will spread further as online games-playing grows. It is the first example of a likely future development trend in online employment. It is also one of a few emerging examples in developing countries of liminal ICT work; jobs associated with digital technologies that are around or just below the threshold of what is deemed socially-acceptable and/or formally-legal.This paper reviews what we know so far about gold farming, seeking to provide the first systematic analysis of the sub-sector. It assembles available data at the sectoral, enterprise and worker level. Five main analytical lenses are then applied. Economic analysis shows how exchange rate variations and scale economies do and do not impact gold farming; and the strong influence of information failure in the purchase of virtual items: known as real-money trading. Analysis from the perspective of industrial sociology charts the commoditisation and globalisation of the sub-sector, while value chain models identify resource dependencies and power inequities. Enterprise analysis investigates enterprise entry, existence and progression, and outlines the competitive forces shaping the sub-sector's development; particularly threats. Developmental analysis investigates the impact of this sub-sector in macro and micro terms. Finally, there is a sociological analysis of the role played by perceptions and other social forces.In using a broad base of analytical perspectives, the paper aims to encourage, and provide a stepping stone for, further research on this growing phenomenon. It concludes by outlining and justifying a future research agenda.