Countries In sub-Sahara Africa Research Articles

Pathways to Sustainability in Sub-Sahara Africa: Are Institutional Quality Levels Subservient in Achieving Green GDP Growth?

AbstractThere is a growing need for a transition to green economic growth (GGDP) given that the current economic system is largely environmentally unsustainable. This study thus addresses GGDP enhancement in less developed countries using the case of Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA) countries where institutional deficiencies are typically at the root of most resource depletion and environmental degradation issues. Six institutional quality measures were used namely corruption control, government effectiveness, political stability, regulatory quality, rule of law, and voice of accountability while controlling for other factors like industrialization, energy use, and population growth in the region. The study applied a battery of second-generation panel econometric techniques in the empirical analysis after which both Bootstrap Quantile regression (BQR) technique and panel ordinary least squares (OLS) estimation approaches were applied to observe the variables' roles on GGDP advancement in SSA. From the findings, corruption control and government (policy) effectiveness favorably impact Green GDP in SSA. However, both rule of law and regulatory quality performed poorly as they were insignificant to GGDP enhancement. Furthermore, all control variables promote GGDP except for population growth. Thus, the findings buttress the need to strengthen institutions for effective governance and quality environmental regulations to enhance GGDP growth towards actualizing sustainable development goals (SDGs) in the SSA region.

Interaction of black carbon surface mass with meteorological variables and spatial pattern across the 36 states of tropical Nigeria

Black carbon (BC) has been linked to cardio-pulmonary diseases and lung cancer. It is also the second largest contributor to climate change, after carbon dioxide (CO2), Effective mitigation of BC is of much benefits, but it requires detailed knowledge of its spatial distribution, as well as the influence of local meteorology on the spread of the pollutant. Many countries in sub-Sahara Africa including Nigeria, lack data on BC level. There is also limited information on meteorological impact on BC spatial distribution. This study therefore assessed the spatial and temporal distribution of BC across the 36 states of Nigeria and the influence of meteorology on the pollutant spread. Data on BC surface mass (BCMASS) and seven meteorological variables (air temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, wind speed, planetary boundary layer height (PBLH), atmospheric pressure and wind direction) were obtained from Modern Era Retrospective analysis for Research (MERRA-2). Spatial distribution of BCSMASS across 36 states of Nigeria, and interaction with meteorology was studied using correlation analyses, Bayesian ridge regression with marginal maximum likelihood estimation, and a Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model. There was significant (p < 0.05) variation in BCSMASS across the states. The meteorological variables, except wind direction, significantly influenced BCSMASS and they accounted for 63% of the variation. Five-day backward trajectory modelled for each month of the year revealed that northern Nigeria is majorly under the influence of the dry and dusty tropical continental wind, and this could partially account for the lower BCSMASS concentration in the region, compared to southern Nigeria. Based on population-weighted exposure, states in southern Nigeria, especially the south-eastern part, should be prioritized in planning mitigation, for effective climate action.

Perspectives from students and teachers about the challenges of teaching and learning STEM subjects in Ghana

Ghana has recently renewed its commitment to build a strong Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) base for improved socio-economic development. This commitment hinges on recognizing that the strength of the nation’s STI policy depends on the quality of pre-tertiary education and training in science and mathematics to produce a critical mass of young people well-prepared for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) courses at the tertiary level. However, despite numerous interventions to improve upon STI, Ghana still performs poorly, along with other Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA) countries with common STI indicators in the Global Innovation Index. Using Ghana as a lens, this article highlights the challenges in STEM teaching and learning throughout the sub-region. The qualitative research approach was adopted to allow an in-depth exploration of participants’ perspectives. Six pre-tertiary schools (three Junior High Schools and three Senior High Schools) and the University of Ghana, Legon, were selected due to the availability of their students and teachers to participate in the interviews in Accra, the capital city. This article argues that, to develop the critical mass of human capital needed for sustainable development, there is a need to improve the performance of students in STEM subjects at the pre-tertiary level. In addition, performance improvement, which is linked to student interest in the study of STEM subjects, should increase the quality of students entering tertiary education institutions. These students will then be trained to meet the quality of human resources needed to run the STI system—a step toward achieving sustainable development this article recommends the redesign of STEM curriculum at the pre-tertiary level to align with tertiary STEM education as that in turn aligns with Ghana’s STI system.

The effect of financial development and legal institutions on financial inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa

Purpose of the studyThis study examines the impact of financial development on financial inclusion and the moderating role of legal institutions in enhancing the effect of financial development on financial inclusion in sub-Sahara Africa. The previous literature does not explain how financial development could improve financial inclusion even though the systems theory of financial inclusion argues so. Design/methodology/approachUsing data from WDI for 41 sub-Sahara Africa countries between, 2000–2020, a two-step system GMM and quantile regression models are used to estimate the objectives of the study. The study takes into consideration the exceptional impact of COVID-19 and the importance of internet usage, along with other macroeconomic factors. FindingsThe sys-GMM shows that financial development positively influences financial inclusion. Across diverse measures of financial development and estimation techniques, a consistent and significant positive relationship is observed. Furthermore, the quantile regression approach reveals that at the 25th,50th, and 75th quantile of financial inclusion, the effect of financial development is positive. In both the sys-GMM and quantile regression, the effect of institutions on financial inclusion is positive and also positively moderate the association between financial development and inclusion. Financial is influenced by other key macroeconomic variables. Recommendations/valueThe study recommends that Governments and policymakers prioritize initiatives aimed at advancing financial development in sub-Saharan Africa. Additionally, enhancing the legal and regulatory environment governing financial services, encompassing aspects such as contract enforcement, property rights protection, and corruption reduction, is crucial for sustained financial inclusion. ImplicationsOpen innovation in the financial sector, particularly in mobile payments, can benefit from the positive impact of financial development on inclusion. Also, open innovation in delivery services can benefit from financial inclusion initiatives, ensuring that individuals and businesses across diverse economic strata have access to efficient and affordable financial delivery services.

Spatio-temporal assessment of agricultural drought using remote sensing and ground-based data indices in the Northern Ethiopian Highland

Study regionNorthern Ethiopian highland, North Wollo, Ethiopia Study focusDrought is one of the most serious environmental and socioeconomic problems of Sub-Sahara Africa's countries. The study aims to assess and evaluate the agricultural drought occurrence and its severity by using remote sensing-based multivariate indices to provide real-time spatial-temporal information for drought monitoring. Satellite datasets from Landsat images with a spatial resolution of 30 m were processed and rescaled to compute vegetation and temperature indices and derive drought status indices. The temporal and spatial variability of drought were detected and mapped by using satellite-based drought indices and validated by available in-situ data. New hydrological insights for the regionThe study revealed that the area was exposed to extreme drought in 1984, 2009, and 2014. On the contrary, no longer extreme drought dominated in 1989, 1994, 1999, and 2004. Moreover, the relationships between various indices have been examined by using a linear regression model. It has been detected that there is a significant strong relationship between NDVI and LST (R2 /p = 0.93/0.00), VCI and TCI (R2 /p = 0.71/0.00), VHI and SPI (R2/p = 0.85/0.00). Therefore, the spatial extent and temporal assessment of drought-related information are important for decision-making in the field of agriculture.

Effectiveness and acceptance of group therapy as a mental health intervention for people living with HIV in Africa – a scoping literature review

ABSTRACT Mental health problems are highly prevalent among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), yet mental health care in African countries is scarce. There is growing interest in understanding the effect of group therapy delivery models and task-shifting to support mental health care in African settings. We conducted a scoping review following the PRISMA-ScR statement on group therapy in PLWHA in Africa. We searched PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar for articles published before October 2023 on evidence for effectiveness and acceptance of group therapies in PLWHA, and evidence of task-shifting approaches. A narrative synthesis approach for data analysis was used. We included 17 studies, which comprised 26 different outcome measures across seven countries in sub-Sahara Africa. The majority (72%) of the assessed single outcomes demonstrated a positive impact of group therapy delivery models on outcome measures, particularly depression, alcohol use, overall functioning, and social support in sub-Sahara Africa. High acceptance was demonstrated by quantitative and qualitative approaches. Task shifting approaches generally were shown to be effective, cost-effective, and accepted, and may support burdened healthcare systems in rural settings. The current evidence, albeit scarce, supports the use of group therapy and task shifting in addressing mental health among PLWHA living in sub-Sahara Africa.

Realizing sustainable development goals in sub‐Saharan Africa: The role of industrialization on consumption‐based carbon emission

AbstractThe study analyzed the linkage among industrialization, trade openness, and consumption‐based carbon emissions in Sub‐Sahara Africa (SSA) to establish how Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 8 and 9 can be achieved without negatively affecting the climate—SDG 13. Based on insights drawn from the environmental governance and economic integration theories, we developed a model that connects industrialization, trade openness and consumption‐based carbon emission in SSA, as the region strives to balance development with climate protection. We used purposive sampling to select 30 out of 46 countries in SSA with readily available data on the International Energy Agency and the World Development Indicators databases from 2000 to 2021. The study utilized the dynamic common correlated effect and the pooled mean group estimators for the empirical analysis. The results revealed that industry growth has an affirmative link with consumption‐based carbon emissions. Similarly, urban growth recorded a positive association with carbon emission. Moreover, trade openness positively moderates the link between industry growth and carbon emissions. The findings affirm the need for strengthening policies and regulations to promote industry growth (SDG 9), while ensuring climate protection in SSA to achieve SDG 13.

CORPORATE SPECIFIC ATTRIBUTES AND THE PERFORMANCE OF LISTED FIRMS IN SELECTED SUB-SAHARA AFRICA COUNTRIES

The paper investigated the effect of corporate specific attributes on financial performance by employing samples from listed non-financial firms in Sub-Sahara African countries of Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa between the periods of 2012-2021. The study sourced data from annual reports of non-financial firms in Nigeria, Kenya, and South Africa. The model evidenced that, the series are evenly spread, are not faced with multi-collinearity issues, and that the robust fixed effect model is appropriate for the study since the p-value of the Hausman Test estimated at 0.000 is below 0.05 significant level. Evidently, the results obtain from the fixed effect regression shows that, firm size has an inconsiderable (insignificant) positive effect on firm performance both in Kenya and Nigeria. However, it has an insignificant negative effect on firm performance in the case of South Africa. Again, liquidity (current ratio) has an insignificant positive effect on firm performance. Furthermore, asset tangibility has a negative and insignificant effect on the performance of understudied firms in Kenya but reduce the performance of understudied firms in Nigeria. In the case of South Africa, asset tangibility improves the performance of South African firms minimally. However, only leverage was consisted in the three sampled firms in that leverage has a negative and significant effect on the performance of firms in Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa. Meanwhile, cash-flow from operations exerted direct yet considerable effect on understudied firms in Kenya but had adverse yet negligible effect on understudied firms in Nigeria. Hence, the paper submits that, managers of SSA firms should endeavor to reinvest profitability into the firm, which will increase the growth of the company and enhance financial performance.&#x0D; Keywords: Corporate Specific Attributes, Performance, Listed Firms, Sub-Sahara Africa Countries.

Juxtaposing Sub-Sahara Africa’s energy poverty and renewable energy potential

Recently, the International Energy Agency (IEA) released a comprehensive roadmap for the global energy sector to achieve net-zero emission by 2050. Considering the sizeable share of (Sub-Sahara) Africa in the global population, the attainment of global energy sector net-zero emission is practically impossible without a commitment from African countries. Therefore, it is important to study and analyze feasible/sustainable ways to solve the energy/electricity poverty in Africa. In this paper, the energy poverty in Africa and the high renewable energy (RE) potential are reviewed. Beyond this, the generation of electricity from the abundant RE potential in this region is analyzed in hourly timestep. This study is novel as it proposes a Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA) central grid as one of the fastest/feasible solutions to the energy poverty problem in this region. The integration of a sizeable share of electric vehicles with the proposed central grid is also analyzed. This study aims to determine the RE electricity generation capacities, economic costs, and supply strategies required to balance the projected future electricity demand in SSA. The analysis presented in this study is done considering 2030 and 2040 as the targeted years of implementation. EnergyPLAN simulation program is used to simulate/analyze the generation of electricity for the central grid. The review of the energy poverty in SSA showed that the electricity access of all the countries in this region is less than 100%. The analysis of the proposed central RE grid system is a viable and sustainable option, however, it requires strategic financial planning for its implementation. The cheapest investment cost from all the case scenarios in this study is $298 billion. Considering the use of a single RE technology, wind power systems implementation by 2030 and 2040 are the most feasible options as they have the least economic costs. Overall, the integration of the existing/fossil-fueled power systems with RE technologies for the proposed central grid will be the cheapest/easiest pathway as it requires the least economic costs. While this does not require the integration of storage systems, it will help the SSA countries reduce their electricity sector carbon emission by 56.6% and 61.8% by 2030 and 2040 respectively.

Healthcare professionals and pregnant and post-natal women's perceptions of interprofessional collaboration in a maternity care facility: A qualitative study from Botswana

ObjectiveTo explore the perceptions of healthcare professionals and pregnant and post-natal women regarding interprofessional collaboration in a maternity care setting in Botswana, a low-to-middle-income country in Sub-Sahara Africa. DesignA descriptive qualitative design using in-depth interviews with forty participants, including healthcare professionals and women in maternity wards. Data were transcribed and thematically analysed. SettingAntenatal, delivery and post-natal maternity wards in a referral hospital that provides basic and specialist care in Botswana. ParticipantsWe interviewed 13 pregnant and post-natal women and 27 healthcare professionals in the maternity care wards. FindingsParticipants perceived several interrelated factors that influenced the delivery of interprofessional collaborative care. Interpersonal factors such as poor communication, disrespectful behaviours and inadequate teamwork practices prevented interprofessional collaboration. Other barriers to collaboration included lack of understanding of each other's roles and responsibilities, ineffective coordination of resources, hierarchical power struggles and poor collaborative leadership. Key conclusionsEffective interprofessional collaboration remains elusive in this maternity care setting. Healthcare systems in low-to-middle-income countries may benefit from interventions for healthcare professionals to learn and practice interprofessional collaborative care.

Quality Education in Kenya: Perspectives for the Transition of Students from Secondary Schools to Universities

Sustainable Development Goal Four (SDG 4) on education ensures inclusive and equitable quality education opportunities for all. United Nations (UN) member states had to adopt the SDGs protocol. Kenya, like any other country in Sub-Sahara Africa, domesticated the SDG. Consequently, this study investigated factors influencing students’ transition from day and boarding schools to University in Mutomo Sub-county, Kenya. The study was based on the system theory propounded by Scott (1987), who adopted a system perspective in analyzing organizations. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The target population for the study was 15 secondary schools, 15 Curriculum Support Officers (CSOs), 128 teachers, 15 principals, 15 chairmen of School Management Boards (CSMBs), and 925 Form four students. Random sampling was used to select 150 students and 45 teachers. Census sample of 15 Principals, Five CSOs. The total sample size was 230. This corresponded to a confidence interval of .05 and a confidence level of 95%, corresponding to a z-score of 1.96 and a standard deviation (SD) of .5. The study findings revealed that resources and institutionalization play a key role in the influence of transition rates of students. Also, the study concluded that the categorization of schools threatens the transition rates. The study suggested adequate capitation to schools be provided by the government regular in-service courses for teachers be held. The study also suggested staffing schools with adequate teachers. The study further recommended that stakeholders be sensitized to providing adequate infrastructure and instructional materials.

A Holistic Review of Home-Grown School Feeding Programme for Primary School Pupils’ in Africa

School feeding programme is an important aspect of child’s cognitive development. Home-grown school feeding is an intervention programme designed for school aged children in order to eradicate hunger, increase enrolment, improve pupils’ nutritional value and pupils’ cognitive development whereas these objectives have not be achieved. Therefore, aim of the study is to holistically review the challenges faced in the implementation of home-grown school feeding programme among primary school pupils in Africa (Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya and Mali) and ways of solving these challenges. The paper also reviewed the concept of home-grown school feeding and its challenges. A qualitative research design of systematic search strategy type was used to gathered information in different databases and journals. In the course of the study, the researchers discovered that the programme is faced with the issues of corruption due non- remittance of regular fund to the school vendors and underfunding of the programmes. Other penitent issues include: low and inadequate storage facilities, political interferences, inadequate nutritional meals and low level of implementation. The researchers recommended that caterers should be trained by dieticians on the type of food to prepare for pupils’ and also government should set up a monitoring team to supervise the home-grown school feeding programme for proper implementation in Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, Mali and other Sub-Sahara Africa Countries.

Democracy as an Impediment to Progress in Developing Countries: Social Constructs versus Realities in Kenya

The question as to whether democracy is succeeding or failing in Sub-Saharan Africa since it was introduced by colonial masters and the West requires further interrogation and critical analysis. The enforcement of democracy is paradoxically observed in the tactfully woven governance system led by surrogate ‘whitened’ African colonialists that extend the colonial mission. The fruits of democracy remain elusive to the developing countries like Kenya, with only a handful of privileged Kenyans benefiting in reality. This paper analyses the social constructs of democracy in developing countries like Kenya using content analysis of 66 open access SCOPUS indexed journals between 1961-2023 and deconstructs the nuances of democracy using bibliometric analysis of 381 SCOPUS indexed articles to illuminate the hidden but harsh realities of the failing democracy as implemented in Kenya. This is a phenomenological analysis that seeks to relay perspectives and behaviors based on the experiences and observation by the researcher. A section of African researchers have questioned the efficacy of democracy as a form of governance in Kenya. The researcher analyses the Kenyan historical epochs from 1900 to 2022 using historical analysis method and as a basis for proving that democracy as implemented is ineffective and inefficient for achieving statehood and equitable development. The paper uses qualitative methods to debunk the fallacy that democracy works in developing countries like Kenya using facts and realities. The article argues that the epistemological injustice presents the systemic research gap as knowledge continues to be a reserve for the knowers that form the majority that set the standards for education globally. This paper uses democratic theory and secondary data sources to analyse whether democracy is the right foundation of the governance system for developing countries in Sub Sahara Africa where the countries have multiethnic societies that have historically had different cultural practices

Impact of Bilateral and Multilateral Aid on Economic Growth in Low and Middle-Income Sub Sahara African Countries: Mediating Role of Institutional Quality

The purpose of the study was to compare the impact of bilateral and multilateral aid on economic growth in middle and low-income Sub Sahara Africa (SSA) countries, and determine whether the impact is contingent on institutional quality. The study relied on panel data from 28 SSA countries from 1999 &amp;ndash; 2015. Countries were grouped into middle and low-income countries following the World Bank classification, and a dynamic model was specified and estimated for both categories of countries using the technique of system GMM. After accounting for the differences in levels of economic development, the results showed that only multilateral aid had a positive and significant effect on economic growth in both middle and low-income countries, and that the impact is contingent on existence of good quality institutions. The study therefore recommends that donors should focus more on advancing aid through multilateral channels, and that governments of SSA countries&amp;mdash;both middle and low-income&amp;mdash;should focus on strengthening the quality of their institutions if they are to maximize value from multilateral aid.&amp;nbsp;

Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Artisanal Fisheries and Education in The Gambia

The Gambia is one of the least developed countries in sub-Sahara Africa. In response to the COVID-19 outbreak, the Gambian government implemented a lockdown and various restrictions in 2020, but the impacts on Gambians’ livelihood remained unclear. With the gradual relaxation of the lockdown and restrictions, we were able to conduct the first questionnaire surveys to interview 140 fishermen, 140 fishmongers and 80 customers in the artisanal fisheries sector, and 150 students (grade 9-12) and 14 teachers in the education sector, to assess the impact of the pandemic on their socio-economic and personal well-being. Both fishermen and fishmongers experienced a drop in sales, whereas customers had to pay more during the pandemic. Illegal fishing, lack of policy and regulations and price hikes were among the main concerns for the artisanal fisheries sector, although the respondents did not feel a change in their personal well-being due to the pandemic. Students and teachers did not have the necessary training or resources to conduct remote learning during the pandemic, and both attendance and academic performance declined as a result. Access to the internet and learning materials was very limited, and 10% of the students ceased learning activities altogether. 19% of students and 50% of teachers experienced poor mental health during the pandemic. The majority of the students were concerned about the impact of the pandemic on their education, whereas most teachers were concerned about their finances and psychological conditions. Nearly a quarter of the students relied on unofficial channels to learn about the pandemic, making them susceptible to misinformation. To safeguard Gambian’s well-being against future pandemics or similar large-scale disruptions, we recommend better fishery monitoring and policy enforcement, more fish storage facilities, improving digital learning capacity, providing mental health care in schools, and devising effective communication campaigns about the pandemic.

Empirical Determinants of Derivative Markets in Asia, Latin America and Sub Saharan Africa

The paper examined the relationship between the derivative markets and financial markets depth, efficiency, stability and access in Asia, Latin America and Sub-Sahara Africa. A panel logit model was applied from the period 2009 to 2017 on the financial market development data collected for countries in Asia, Latin America and Sub-Sahara Africa. The results of the panel logistic regression model positively revealed that derivative markets are influenced positively by the improvement to financial access (measured by stock market capitalization to GDP) and financial efficiency (measured by net interest margin) of the financial markets of the regions studied. However, an examination of financial depth and financial stability were observed to have an adverse propensity for the derivative market development. Therefore, countries in Asia, Latin America and Sub-Sahara Africa are recommended to significantly focus on improving financial efficiency and financial access within their respective financial markets. Further a document review was carried on the publications of the Committee of Global Financial System (CGFS) and Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems (CPSS) of the Bank for International Settlement (BIS). It is recommended that policy makers must promote greater respect for market autonomy, strengthen legal and judicial systems, boost regulatory independence and effectiveness, deepen the domestic investor base, pursue bi-directional international participation while preparing for spill overs and develop robust financial market infrastructure to facilitate the establishment of vibrant derivative markets. Keywords: Bank for International Settlements (BIS), Derivative markets, financial access, financial depth, financial efficiency, financial stability and panel logit model. DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/13-18-03 Publication date: September 30 th 2022

Covid-19 Pandemic and Disparity in Household Adaptations to School Lockdown: Redressing the Myth of Educational Equality

This study investigated two variables: household inequality and adaptation to school closure during the COVID-19 school lockdown in one city in a middle-income country in Sub-Sahara Africa. The findings suggest high social and economic cost due to the digital gap particularly for less endowed households, strengthening the view that contemporary increased technologybased curricula do favour those on the positive side of the digital gap, which prevented already vulnerable children from indigent households to access remote online learning during the school lockdown. This exacerbated the already widening gap between children from high socioeconomic background and those not so endowed. The COVID-19 pandemic rehashed the myth of educational equality. Contemporary focus on technology-based curricula calls for the need to redress the embedded inequality in access and use of technology. Insights from this study suggest that persistent disparity in technology access and use as underscored by the pandemic, may have to be given the needed attention in order not to thwart otherwise good benefits of increased educational access in many countries in the developing economies.

ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF SUSTANAILBILTY PRACTICES ON FINANCIAL STABILITY OF LISTED NON-FINANCIAL COMPANIES USING ALTMAN Z- SCORE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

The study assessed the impact of sustainability practices on financial stability of listed non- financial companies using Altman Z-score ratio in Sub-Sahara Africa countries. Ex-post facto research design was adopted in the study due to the use of secondary data. The population for the study consists of all 183 listed non-financial companies in Ghana, Nigeria and South Africa as at December 31, 2020. The sample of 30 firms consists of 10 most capitalised companies for each of the countries for a period of 10 years (2011 to 2020) was selected using simple random sampling technique. Secondary data collection procedure was adopted and data analysis was carried out using ordinary least square, random effect or fixed effect regression analysis. The findings of the study showed that all the proxies of sustainability practices except SSP were found to have a positive contribution with Z-score ratio of listed non-financial companies in sub-Sahara Africa. Furthermore, study found that firm size and age moderated the effect of sustainability practices on have moderating significant effect of explanatory variables on the explained variable. It was recommended among other things that financial experts should adopt Altman Z-score to measure the impact of sustainability practices on financial stability in sub-Sahara Africa in order to enhance financial stability as one of the conditions for economic development and growth

Estimated burden, and associated factors of Urinary Incontinence among Sub-Saharan African women aged 15-100 years: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Hospital and community based-studies had been conducted for Urinary Incontinence (UI) in Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA) countries. A significant limitation of these studies is likely under-estimation of the burden of UI in SSA. It is therefore, imperative that a well-structured systematic review and meta-analytical models in SSA are required to accurately and reliably estimate the burden of UI. Medline/PubMed, Google Scholar, Africa Journal Online (AJOL) were searched to identified data on burden of UI studies in SSA. Two independent authors performed the initial screening of studies based on the details found in their titles and abstracts. The quality of the retrieved studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment instrument. The pooled burden of UI was calculated using a weighted inverse variance random-effects model. A sub-group and meta-regression analyses were performed. Publication bias was checked by the funnel plot and Egger's test. Of the 25 studies included, 14 were hospital-based, 10 community- based, and 1 university-based studies involving an overall 17863 participants from SSA. The systematic review showed that the prevalence of UI ranged from 0.6% in Sierra Leone to 42.1% in Tanzania. The estimated pooled burden of UI across all studies was 21% [95% CI: 16%-26%, I2 = 91.01%]. The estimated pooled prevalence of stress UI was 52% [95% CI: 42%-62%], urgency UI 21% [95% CI: 15%-26%], and mixed UI 27% [95% CI: 20%-35%]. The common significant independent factors were; parity, constipation, overweight/obese, vaginal delivery, chronic cough, gestational age, and aging. One out of every five women in SSA suffers from UI. Parity, constipation, overweight/obesity, vaginal delivery, chronic cough, gestational age, and age were the most important risk variables. As a result, interventions aimed at reducing the burden of UI in SSA women aged 15 to 100 years old in the context of identified determinants could have significant public health implications.

Analysis and Evaluation of a Three-Stage Anaerobic Digestion Plant for Management of Biodegradable Municipal Solid Waste

Sub-Sahara Africa countries are faced with the problem of solid waste management and access to sustainable energy. There is a need to develop a technology that can help to manage the generated solid waste and the same time produce green energy that is sustainable. Hence, this research work that focused on the development of a novel three-stage anaerobic digestion (AD) plant for management of biodegradable portion of municipal solid waste. An experimental design and preliminary tests using co-digestion of municipal solid waste was conducted with the operation and process parameters utilized in this research work. Conceptual design was generated based on results of experimental design. The developed AD plant was evaluated for performance and the results obtained compared to an existing single stage fixed dome AD pilot plant using 100 kg of substrates with an organic loading rate of 3 kg/m3day for an operating time of 163 days. The cumulative biogas yield, and behaviour of the operation and process parameters utilized in this research work were evaluated. The results obtained reveal that unlike the single stage fixed dome AD pilot plant, the three-stage AD plant enables continuous production of biogas. Besides, optimum conditions of neutral pH range of 6.99 m to 7.01 m, slurry mesophilic temperature range of 37.05 °C to 37.15 °C, and organic loading rate of 3kg/m3d that favoured optimum biogas yield were established.