Subcritical Extraction Research Articles

The memory-improving effect of Hizikia forsiforme functional oil microcapsule (HFFOM) prepared by subcritical extraction and complex coacervational embedding

Functional foods are prospective in improving memory decline caused by Alzheimer’s disease and aging. The Edible seaweed Hizikia fusiforme functional oil (HFFO) inhibited acetylcholinesterase, prevented cellular neuroinflammation, and improved memory deficits in zebrafish models in the previous studies. To realize its greener preparation and lipid oxidation mitigation and study its effects on higher animals, more investigations are necessary. Herein, sub-critical fluid extraction of HFFO and successive complex coacervation embedding yielded a water-soluble and anti-oxidative microcapsule HFFOM, which displayed in vivo memory-improving effects on LPS-injured zebrafish and normal rodents in different behavior tests. HFFOM can elevate the level of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine while decreasing the levels of MDA, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the zebrafish brain. LC-MS/MS and lipidomic analysis suggested its predominant memory-improving ingredients to be linolenic, erucic, nervonic, arachidonic, linoleic, eicosatrienoic, docosahexaenoic, and docosapentaenoic acids. This study enlightens the potential of HFFOM in developing memory-enhancing functional foods or drugs.

Extraction of benzyl isothiocyanate from formosa papaya seeds (Carica papaya Linn) and evaluation of biological properties

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the drying kinetics, extraction yields, and the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities of papaya seeds dried at different temperatures (45 °C and 55 °C) using various extraction methods. Drying of papaya seeds reduced the moisture content from 49.9 ± 1.2%–0.094%, taking 600 min at 45 °C and 510 min at 55 °C. Extraction yields using hexane were significantly higher, with values of 33.20% and 34.28% at 45 °C and 55 °C, respectively. Subcritical CO2 extraction yielded similar results across temperatures, while hydrodistillation showed the lowest yields. The concentration of benzyl isothiocyanate was highest in extracts obtained by subcritical CO2 (7.81% at 45 °C and 7.22% at 55 °C), demonstrating superior effectiveness compared to hydrodistillation and hexane methods. Subcritical CO2 extracts exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). The antifungal activity was also superior against Penicillium crustosum with subcritical CO2 extracts. In terms of antioxidant activity, subcritical CO2 extracts showed the lowest IC50 values, indicating the highest antioxidant efficacy. Both extracts showed slight toxicity, though to a minimal extent. These results suggest that subcritical CO2 extraction is superior in preserving and concentrating bioactive compounds, resulting in better yields and enhanced antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities.

Revealing the Potential of Star Anise Essential Oil: Comparative Analysis and Optimization of Innovative Extraction Methods for Enhanced Yield, Aroma Characteristics, Chemical Composition, and Biological Activities

ABSTRACTStar anise has been used for a long time in improving human health and curing diseases, owing to its unlimited components with complex chemical structures and a wide range of bioactivities. This study is aimed to investigate the influence of extraction methods (steam distillation, ethanol Soxhlet extraction, supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, subcritical n‐butane extraction) on the yield, aroma properties, chemical composition, and bioactivity of star anise essential oils. Electronic nose detection revealed the essential oils from subcritical extraction exhibited the most intense aroma, while the essential oils from ethanol Soxhlet extraction had a more complex aroma profile. Fourier‐transform infrared analysis showed the presence of benzene rings, carbonyl groups, C=C, and aromatic ether bonds in the essential oils extracted through different methods. The major components were heterocyclic olefins, heterocyclic oxygenates, and aromatic oxygenates, as well as certain amounts of flavonoids and polyphenols. Correlation analysis revealed the relative contents of volatile trans‐anethole, wormwood, d‐limonene, cineole, and trans‐α‐citronelene were strongly associated with the antibacterial activity of the essential oils. Similarly, the contents of volatile components (d‐limonene, cineole) and non‐volatile components (total flavonoids and total polyphenols) were strongly correlated with the DPPH scavenging activity of the essential oils. These results confirm the effectiveness of the ethanol Soxhlet extraction method in retaining the bioactivity of the essential oils. Finally, with a Box–Behnken central composite design of response surface and single‐factor experiments, the optimal extraction conditions for the ethanol Soxhlet method were determined: ultrasonic frequency of 80 kHz, crushing particle size of 60 meshes, liquid–material ratio of 8:1 (mL:g), and ultrasonic time of 35 min. Under these conditions, the essential oil yield was 25.51% ± 0.21%. Overall, these findings highlight the significance of extraction methods in obtaining high‐quality star anise essential oils with desirable aroma properties and potent bioactivities.

Canola meal extract as a low-cost substrate in Mortierella alpina culture for the production of arachidonic acid

The demand for high-quality and cost-effective raw materials is growing across various industries. Canola meal (CM), a low-cost by-product of canola processing facilities, boasts an impressive nutritional profile comprising protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals, making it a potential candidate for microbial culture media. Saskatchewan leads globally in canola production and plans to expand its canola processing facilities. Commercial valorization of CM could not only optimize the management of this by-product but also offer additional incentives and financial returns to regional canola stakeholders. Efficient utilization of canola meal extract (CME) in producing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as arachidonic acid (ARA), holds promise as valuable ingredients or base chemicals for the food, feed, and nutraceutical industries. This study focused on incorporating pH 10.5 treated alkaline extract (AE) and temperature 160°C treated subcritical extract (SE) of CM into the culture medium of Mortierella alpina, an oleaginous fungus, by replacing conventional yeast extract (YE). Trials investigated the effect of aeration levels ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 vvm and revealed that increasing oxygen supply significantly boosted fungal growth rate and ARA content in biomass up to 0.39 day⁻¹ and 21.86 %, respectively. ARA production correlated positively with biomass accumulation and lipid content. Replacing YE with CME resulted in less significant differences (P < 0.05) in biomass and lipid accumulation. Additionally, AE- and SE-supplemented media exhibited higher ARA accumulation of 144.91 mg/L and 165.8 mg/L, respectively, compared to standard media (124.87 mg/L). Therefore, this study introduces canola meal extract (CME) as a novel nitrogen source in microbial media, with comparative demonstrations showing its efficiency to be similar to that of conventional extracts.

Development and Evaluation of Oromucosal Spray Formulation Containing Plant-Derived Compounds for the Treatment of Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases of the Oral Cavity.

According to data in the literature, natural products and essential oils are often used in dental practice. To develop a new oromucosal spray for the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, clove CO2 extract and essential oils of lavender and grapefruit were used as active pharmaceutical ingredients. Clove extract was obtained by the method of subcritical extraction from various raw materials, the choice of which was based on the yield of the CO2 extract and the study of its phytochemical and microbiological properties. Based on the results of microscopic and diffraction analyses, the rational time of ultrasonic exposure for the emulsion of active pharmaceutical ingredients was established. Mucoadhesive polymers were used as stabilizers of the two-phase system and prolongators. This article discusses the impact of the type and concentration of mucoadhesive polymers on the stability of the emulsion system; the viscous, textural, adhesive, and film characteristics of oromucosal spray; and the parameters determining sprayability.

Research on the Cell Wall Breaking and Subcritical Extraction of Astaxanthin from Phaffia rhodozyma.

This study focused on developing an effective cell wall-breaking method for Phaffia rhodozyma, followed by utilizing subcritical fluid extraction to isolate, extract, and concentrate astaxanthin from the complex fermentation products of P. rhodozyma. A comprehensive comparison of seven distinct methods for disrupting cell walls, including dimethyl sulfoxide treatment, lactic acid treatment, sodium hydroxide treatment, β-glucanase enzymatic digestion, β-mannanase enzymatic digestion, and a combined enzymatic treatment involving both β-mannanase and β-glucanase was conducted. The results identified the lactic acid method as the most effective in disrupting the cell walls of P. rhodozyma. The software, Design Expert, was used in the process of extracting astaxanthin from cell lysates using a subcritical extraction method. Through fitting analysis and response surface optimization analysis by Design Expert, the optimal extraction conditions were determined as follows: an extraction temperature of 41 °C, extraction frequency of two times, and extraction time of 46 min. These parameters facilitated the efficient extraction, concentration, and enrichment of astaxanthin from P. rhodozyma, resulting in an astaxanthin concentration of 540.00 mg/L. This result can establish the foundation for its high-value applications.

Dietary astaxanthin alleviates negative changes of flesh quality, long chain unsaturated fatty acids content and muscle growth on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) induced by black soldier fly oil via mammalian target of rapamycin and AMP-activated protein kinase α pathway: Evidence of transcripts and proteomics

This study evaluated the effect of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae oil (BO) produced by a novel technique, subcritical butane extraction, on the muscle growth, flesh quality and lipid nutrients of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and investigated the alleviating mechanisms of dietary astaxanthin supplementation. Two hundred and forty fish (215.16 ± 2.30 g) were distributed to three groups with four replicates. Fish were fed three experimental diets for 8 weeks: the control diet (CD diet), total fish oil of the CD diet was replaced with BO to formulate the BO100 diet, and then 1 g/kg astaxanthin was supplemented with the BO100 diet to formulate the AST diet. Results showed that the final body weight and the sarcomere length of fillet were significantly increased and the protein phosphorylation levels of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and p70 S6 kinase were enhanced in the BO100 group compared to the CD group (P < 0.05). However, there was a reduction in the hardness, springiness and chewiness of fillets, with a decrease in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels in the fish of the BO100 group (P < 0.05). Supplementation of astaxanthin in the BO100 diet mitigated the impairment of springiness and chewiness and further promoted the sarcomere length of fillet (P < 0.05). Furthermore, dietary astaxanthin partially restored the EPA and DHA content of fillet by increasing the phosphorylation levels of serine/threonine kinase (AKT) and AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) (P < 0.05) and activating the gene expression of unsaturated fatty acid synthesis. To conclude, BO produced by subcritical butane extraction can be a readily available oil source for rainbow trout feed that can be used to promote muscle growth in rainbow trout. Further dietary astaxanthin supplementation can alleviate BO-induced lipid accumulation, restore DHA levels and improve the flesh quality of rainbow trout fillet.

Digital twin for subcritical extraction driven by data-mechanism fusion

Abstract Addressing the key issue of low automation in the production process due to the complex associations involved in sub-critical extraction, this study focuses on sub-critical extraction as the subject matter. It integrates data models with mechanism models to construct a multidimensional digital twin model and conduct systematic research. By combining simulation methods with real-time experimental data, the study establishes multilevel machine characteristics of data, behavior, and mechanisms, and identifies data patterns. From the perspectives of the physical production line, virtual production line, and data transmission, it builds an interactive mapping platform for multi-source data and carries out corresponding application research.

A Comprehensive Review on Advanced Extraction Techniques for Retrieving Bioactive Components from Natural Sources.

The extraction of bioactive components from natural sources has gained significant attention in recent years due to increasing demand for natural and functional constituents in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, food, and cosmetics. This review paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the studies on extracting bioactive components from natural sources using different advanced extraction techniques. It highlights the need for efficient extraction methods to preserve these components' integrity and bioactivity. Various extraction techniques as supercritical-fluid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, subcritical solvent extraction, and solid-phase microextraction are explored in detail, highlighting their principles, advantages, and limitations. The review further examines the impact of different factors on the extraction process, including solvent selection, extraction time, temperature, ultrasonication-amplitude, etc. Additionally, emerging techniques, such as green extraction methods and nanotechnology-based approaches, are discussed, emphasizing their potential to enhance the extraction efficiency and sustainability of the process. Furthermore, the review presents case studies and experimental results from recent research articles, providing insights into applying different extraction techniques for specific bioactive components, such as phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, and essential oils. It discusses the extraction yield, bioactivity, and potential utilization of the extracted components in various industries. Overall, this review paper is valuable for researchers, scientists, and industry professionals interested in extracting bioactive components from natural sources. It consolidates the current knowledge on different advanced extraction techniques, their optimization parameters, and their potential applications, facilitating further advancements in the field and the development of innovative extraction methods for bioactive component extraction from natural sources.

Innovative Techniques in Sandalwood Oil Extraction: Optimizing Phenolic and Flavonoid Yields with Subcritical Ethanol

Sandalwood essential oil, known for its rich content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, holds great promise for applications in perfumery and medicine. However, traditional production methods have raised concerns regarding their environmental impact and sustainability. This study explored subcritical ethanol extraction as a green technique to address these concerns. Under optimized conditions (6.04 MPa, 109 °C, and 2.01 mL/min), maximum oil yield reached 4.04% with substantial total phenolic compounds (TPCs) of 4.11 mg GAE/100 g and total flavonoid compounds (TFCs) of 8.85 mg QE/100 g in the extracted sandalwood oil. Furthermore, the oil displayed notable antioxidant activity AA of 71.68%. The temperature was identified as a significant factor affecting oil yield, TPCs, TFCs, and AA. The fine-tuning of the extraction temperature enhanced the desired characteristics, improving bioactive compound yields and heightening antioxidant potential. This study uses a green extraction technique to contribute to sustainable sandalwood essential oil production.

Intensification of grape marc (Vitis vinifera) exploitation by subcritical water-ethanol extraction: Effect on polyphenol bioactivities and kinetic modelling

Subcritical solvent extraction (SSE) is an efficient and versatile technology for the recovery of bioactive compounds from food by-products. The present work aims to study the SSE efficiency and kinetics for the extraction of grape marc polyphenols. Water, ethanol, and a 50% water-ethanol mixture (EtOH 50%) were used as green solvents. The higher polyphenol content (4.05 ± 0.23 gGAE/100 gd. m.) and antioxidant activity (42.30 ± 0.68 mg α-toc/mL) were obtained with subcritical EtOH 50% at 120 °C and 10.3 MPa, respectively, 1.5- and 3-fold higher than the conventional extraction. According to kinetic modeling, SSE was four-fold faster and a degradation phenomenon of polyphenols was highlighted for times longer than 10 min. The two-site kinetic model and a second order exponential decay function suitably described the extraction kinetics and degradation phase, respectively (R2 > 0.97). A remarkable effect was highlighted on the polymerization degree and galloylation percentage of proanthocyanidins by SSE, and an increase in their antioxidant activity was observed.

Response surface methodology of subcritical water-reactive extraction of gingerol to shogaol ginger dregs through ultraviolet light pretreatment

The increase of shogaol production through reactive extraction of subcritical water depends on the stages of the pretreatment process in destroying the cellular cells of ginger pulp. Pretreatment using ultraviolet B (UVB) is predicted to be able to damage cellular cell walls and outer cell membranes (plasmalemma). In addition, to initiate the degradation of gingerols to shogaols, the reaction conversion and selectivity of shogaols are increased. This study aimed to examine the optimum process conditions for the subcritical water-reactive extraction of gingerol to shogaol from the ginger pulp by utilizing UVB pretreatment: reactive extraction temperature (110 – 130oC), ratio solvent/feed (22:1 – 32:1 b/b), and time (10 – 30 minutes). The extract of shogaol in solvent was separated from the raffinate with a separator funnel and analysed using HPLC-MS. Interpretation of experimental data to optimize the reactive extraction process used the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The study results show that at 120°C, solvent:inlet ratio 27:1 for 20 minutes through ultraviolet B-light pretreatment for 10 minutes, the yield of shogaol increased from 177 µg/L (without UV) to 18646 µg/L. Moreover, the RSM model was very good at predicting shogaol acquisition responses with a determination coefficient of R2 to be 0.8554. The optimum condition for reactive extraction through UV-B light pretreatment was reached at a temperature of 121.46°C and an inlet solvent ratio of 27.96 at 18.36 minutes, with a shogaol concentration of 18567.1 µg /L.

Study of the chemical components of CO2 extracts from the fruits of Sorbus aucuparia L.

The article presents the results of the study of the chemical composition of Sorbus aucuparia L. СО2 subcritical extract. For the first time in Kazakhstan, 20 grams of brown Sorbus aucuparia L. extract were collected using subcritical carbon dioxide extraction. The current study was directed mainly to the chemical compositions of subcritical Sorbus aucuparia L. СО2 subcritical extract. The Sorbus aucuparia L. extract's chemical compositions were determined using gas chromatography/mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). The extract included the following main compounds: 5-Methyl-2(3H)-furanone (30.18 %), 5-(3-Ethoxy-4,5-dihydro-isoxazol-5-yl)-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione (3.20 %), 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl (2.53 %). Determined fatty acid profile and the moisture content of raw vegetable ingredients of Sorbus substance. Quantitative determination of fatty acids of ethanol extract was carried out. The results of the analysis for fatty acids in the study showed that linoleic (37.7 %) and oleic (50.5 %) were the most prominent fatty acids. The aim of this study is to determine the component composition by using the GC-MS method and fatty acid to study the Sorbus aucuparia L. extract obtained by CO2 extraction, which grows in Kazakhstan. Materials and methods. To determine the possibility of using Sorbus aucuparia L., we carried out the composition and fatty acid of the extract obtained by CO2 extraction in subcritical conditions of Sorbus aucuparia L. by a certain GC-MS method. Results. The raw materials of the plant were collected in accordance with GACP requirements. Conducted subcritical CO2 extraction of plant raw materials showed a 20 g extraction yield. Chemical compounds were discovered, bioactive components were identified, such as 5-Methyl-2(3H)-furanone (30.18 %), 5-(3-Ethoxy-4,5-dihydro-isoxazol-5-yl)-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione (3.20 %), 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl (2.53 %). Conclusions. The possibility of using the obtained CO2 extract of Sorbus aucuparia L. in the field of pharmaceutical products as a substance and a drug

Comparative analysis on the properties of egg yolk lipids extracted by different extraction methods.

Egg yolk lipids are important components in egg yolk. Compared with proteins, minerals, vitamins and pigments in egg yolk, there is a lack of systematic research on extraction methods and characteristics of yolk lipid. Therefore, in this study, the extraction of egg yolk lipids by supercritical CO2 fluid extraction (SFE), subcritical propane extraction (SPE) and ethanol solvent extraction (SE) was studied, and the differences in composition and physicochemical properties of the three yolk lipids were analyzed. The egg yolk lipids extracted by SFE had the advantages of high unsaturated fatty acid content, low saponification value, acid value, peroxide value, and high content of neutral lipids such as triglyceride and cholesterol, but the polar phospholipids were completely retained in the yolk powder. The efficiency of lipid extraction of SPE was the highest among all the three methods, but the extraction capacity to the polar phospholipid was in the middle of the three methods. The efficiency of lipid extraction of SE was low, but the extraction capacity to the polar phospholipid was the highest. Suitable extraction methods could be selected based on the specific application requirements of egg yolk lipids and low-fat egg yolk powders.

Investigating the possibility of using subcritical water for extracting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soils of the dry-steppe zone

In the course of the model experiment, extraction conditions of 16 priority PAHs in subcritical water medium were selected for soils of the chestnut-solonetz complex. For low molecular weight 2-ringed naphthalene and 3-ringed acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, anthracene, phenanthrene and fluorene, the optimal extraction conditions correspond to 10 minutes at a temperature of 200°C. For high molecular weight 4- and 5-ring benz(a)anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, benz(b)fluoranthene, benz(k)fluoranthene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, as well as the pollutant of the first hazard class - benz(a)pyrene, the optimal extraction time reached 20 minutes at a temperature of 250°C. For 6-ring benz(g,h,i)perylene and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, the optimum extraction time increased to 30 minutes and the temperature to 300°C. When comparing the methods of extraction of pollutants from soils, it is shown that the extraction methods can be placed in the following descending order by the value of the extraction coefficient of priority PAHs from the studied types of soils: ultrasonic extraction (1.05) &gt; subcritical extraction (1.13) &gt; saponification method (1.25). Using multivariate analysis of dispersion it is shown that the efficiency of subcritical aqueous extraction decreases with increasing number of benzene rings in the PAH molecule, as well as with increasing soil salinity in the following order: Gleyic Kastanozems &lt; Endosalic Kastanozems &lt; Kastanozems Sodic &lt; Solonets.

Characteristic volatile components analysis of Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz by GC-MS and their antibacterial and antioxidant activities

Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz is an oilseed plant common in Europe and Asia. This study used the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to examine the differences in the aroma on the basis of extraction method such as water distillation extraction (CSPW), Solid-phase microextraction (CSPM) and subcritical extraction (CSPS). Antibacterial test was evaluated by the microdilution method against Salmonella typhimurium, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Strepococcus pyogenens, Staphylococcus aureus, and antioxidant activity was determined through DPPH free radical, hydroxyl free radical, and superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity activity. The result revealed that three extraction methods were distinct from each other based on their volatile compounds. Sixty-one volatiles of diverse chemical nature were identified and quantified. The volatile components contain thioether, aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, acids, esters, alkene, alkanes, amide, and furan compounds. The volatile components of Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz have good antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Furthermore, this work provides reference methods for detecting novel volatile organic compounds in plants and products.

Continuous production of highly bioavailable lycopene nanodispersions via subcritical ethanol extraction and in-line mixing

This study aims to prepare Z-isomer-rich lycopene nanodispersions via ethanol extraction at higher temperature and pressure conditions (i.e., subcritical conditions) from tomato powder and continuous dispersion using an in-line swirl mixer. Firstly, the effects of ethanol extraction conditions, i.e., temperature (40–160 ℃), time (10–60 min), and pressure (10–30 MPa), on lycopene recovery and Z-isomerization were investigated. The extraction at > 120 ℃ significantly enhanced lycopene recovery and Z-isomer ratio of lycopene in the resulting extract. Subsequently, the resulting extract liquid (ethanol solution) was continuously dispersed in water containing polyglycerol fatty acid ester using an in-line mixer, and successfully prepared Z-isomer-rich (approximately 70%) lycopene nanodispersions. This production process is economical and highly compatible with the food industry due to using a safe extraction solvent and continuous production capability. In the future, it will be necessary to investigate the biological activities of the resulting lycopene and perform scale-up verification of this process.

Characterisation of flavourous sesame oil obtained from microwaved sesame seed by subcritical propane extraction

This study developed a novel and green method to produce fragrant sesame oil using microwaves and subcritical extraction (SBE). Sesame seeds were microwaved at 540 W for 0–9 min before subcritical propane extraction at 40 °C and 0.5 MPa. SBE caused less deformation to the cellular microstructure of sesame cotyledons while dramatically improving oil yield (96.7–97.1 %) compared to screw processing (SP) (53.1–58.6 %). SBE improved extraction rates for γ-tocopherol (381.1–454.9 μg/g) and sesame lignans (917.9–970.4 mg/100 g) in sesame oil compared to SP (360.1–443.8 μg/g and 872.8–916.8 mg/100 g, respectively). Microwaves generated aroma-active heterocyclics and phenolics faster than hot-air roasting in sesame oil with a better sensory profile. SBE had a higher extraction rate for aroma-active terpenes, alcohols, and esters while reducing the concentrations of carcinogenic PAHs and HCAs in sesame oil. The novel combination process of microwaves and subcritical extraction is promising in producing fragrant sesame oil with superior qualities.

Effect of oil extraction methods on walnut oil quality characteristics and the functional properties of walnut protein isolate

Walnut oils were obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SCB), cold-pressing (CP), hexane extraction (HE), and subcritical butane extraction (SBE), and walnut protein isolates (WPI) from the walnut cakes were performed. The results indicate that SCB has the highest oil yield for walnut oil, which was 62.72%, and the total content of trace nutrients (total tocopherols, total phytosterols, and total phenolic compounds) in SCB-walnut oil was also the highest at 2186.75 mg/kg, approximately 1.05 times higher than CP-walnut oil and 1.21 times higher than SBE-walnut oil. Meanwhile, the treatment of WPI with SCB results in a decrease in β-Sheet and α-Helix structures and an increase in β-Turn and Random coil structures. Thereby increasing its oil-holding capacity (OHC) and solubility by approximately 1.16 times and 1.27 times compared to CP, respectively. Interestingly, SCB as a green oil production technology, also has good prospects for retaining WPI functionality characteristics.

High-oleic rapeseed oil quality indicators and endogenous antioxidant substances under different processing methods.

This study exposed high-oleic rapeseed oil (HORO) to different pretreatment (microwave or roasting) and processing methods to investigate (cold pressing, hexane extraction, subcritical butane extraction, and aqueous enzymatic extraction) the effects of processing technologies on HORO parameters associated with its physicochemical properties, endogenous antioxidant substances, and antioxidant capacity. The oil yield of various processing technologies was between 35.4% and 59.7%, and the fatty acid composition did not significantly differ. Hierarchical clustering and principal component analyses were used for evaluation. The results revealed that the microwave pretreatment-hexane extraction (M-HE) method resulted in significantly higher levels of tocopherols (688.4mg/kg), polyphenols (1007.76mg/kg), and phytosterols (1810.6mg/kg) in HORO, implying strong free radical scavenging capacity (DPPH-oil: 79.63, DPPH-nonpolar: 71.42, DPPH-polar: 6.65, FRAP: 55.4, ABTS: 3043.7μmol TE/kg). Hence, M-HE is a promising method for producing HORO with a higher stability and nutritional value.