Styrene Acrylate Research Articles

Achieving optimum balance between mechanical properties and gloss of acrylonitrile–styrene–acrylate resin through control of rubber particle size distribution

AbstractPreparation of acrylonitrile–styrene–acrylate (ASA) with high gloss and superior impact properties is still challenging. Here, we developed a new strategy for the preparation of ASA resins by a selective redox initiation method based on a semi‐continuous emulsion polymerization technique. A series of ASA core‐shell impact modifiers were firstly obtained by grafting styrene (St) and acrylonitrile (AN) onto poly(n‐butyl acrylate) (PBA) seeded latexes of different sizes. The ASA core‐shell impact modifier was then used to toughen the styrene–acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN). The synergistic effects between the single particle size of the rubber phase and different particle sizes were systematically investigated, and the mechanical properties of SAN‐toughened resins at various particle sizes of the rubber phase were analyzed. The results revealed that toughened SAN with small particle sizes possessed better gloss, and the impact strength of the doped small‐particle toughened SAN was much higher than that of the single particle size toughened SAN. The ASA graft powders synthesized from large particle PBA (particle size 316 nm) and small particle PBA (particle size 99 nm), respectively, were mixed at a 50/50 ratio and blended with SAN resin, a gloss level reaching 95, and an impact performance of 275 J/m values almost twice those of a single particle size toughened SAN.Highlights Acrylonitrile–styrene–acrylate resins with an impact strength of 275 J/m and gloss of 95 were prepared. The balance between mechanical properties and gloss of acrylonitrile–styrene–acrylate resin was obtained. Polymerization was initiated at low temperature.

Notch Effect in Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate (ASA) Single-Edge-Notch Bending Specimens Manufactured by Fused Filament Fabrication

This paper analyses the notch effect in the fracture behaviour of acrylonitrile–styrene–acrylate (ASA) material manufactured by fused filament fabrication (FFF). The research is performed on 72 single-edge-notch bending (SENB) specimens containing U-notches with nominal notch radii varying from 0 mm (crack-like defects) up to 2.0 mm, and fabricated with three different raster orientations (0/90, 45/−45, 30/−60). Apparent fracture toughness values are obtained for the different conditions and the resulting notch effect is analysed through the Theory of Critical Distances. A fractographic analysis is also performed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) in order to justify the fracture (macroscopic) behaviour from the observed fracture micromechanisms. The notch effect observed in the three ASA raster orientations is very similar, and lower than that observed in other FFF polymeric alternatives (ABS, PLA).

Effect of Natural Aging on Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate for Outdoor Applications

Effect of Natural Aging on Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate for Outdoor Applications

Degradation of thermoplastic polymers for fused filament fabrication under (S)TEM electron beam irradiation

The structural characterization of polymers and, in particular, of those used in Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies, is essential to improve the understanding of their structure-property relationship for promising high-performance applications. For this, (scanning) transmission electron microscopy-electron energy loss spectroscopy, (S)TEM-EELS is an outstanding tool for exploring materials chemical and structural characteristics at high spatial resolution. However, the high beam-sensitivity of soft materials, such as polymers, hinders the possibility of probing in-depth analysis provided by (S)TEM-EELS. In this work, we analyse the electron beam irradiation damage of four polymers commonly used in Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), namely polylactic acid (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA). For this, sequential low-loss and core-loss EEL spectra have been recorded, and the related signals have been monitored as a function of the accumulated dose. Our results show that the critical electron doses using the specimen thickness variations are larger for polymers containing aromatic groups (ABS and ASA) than for aliphatic polymers (PLA and PCL). Regarding the different elements, a larger sensitivity to the electron beam of oxygen regarding carbon and nitrogen is also evidenced. Our results have shown that polymer degradation occurs to a larger extent in the initial steps of electron irradiation, for very low accumulated electron doses, meaning that care should be taken in the selection of the microscopy settings to avoid artefacts produced by the electron beam. Degradation pathways for the four polymers studied are discussed.

Acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA) treated jute/manila hemp epoxy-based hybrid composites for enhanced structural performance

Acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA) treated jute/manila hemp epoxy-based hybrid composites for enhanced structural performance

Characterization of Commercial and Custom-Made Printing Filament Materials for Computed Tomography Imaging of Radiological Phantoms

In recent years, material extrusion-based additive manufacturing, particularly fused filament fabrication (FFF), has gained significant attention due to its versatility and cost-effectiveness in producing complex geometries. This paper presents the characterization of seven novel materials for FFF and twenty-two commercially available filaments in terms of X-ray computed tomography (CT) numbers, as tissue mimicking materials for the realization of 3D printed radiological phantoms. Two technical approaches, by 3D printing of cube samples and by producing cylinders of melted materials, are used for achieving this goal. Results showed that the CT numbers, given in Hounsfield unit (HU), of all the samples depended on the beam kilovoltage (kV). The CT numbers ranged from +411 HU to +3071 HU (at 80 kV), from −422 HU to +3071 HU (at 100 kV), and from −442 HU to +3070 HU (at 120 kV). Several commercial and custom-made filaments demonstrated suitability for substituting soft and hard human tissues, for realization of 3D printed phantoms with FFF in CT imaging. For breast imaging, an anthropomorphic phantom with two filaments could be fabricated using ABS-C (conductive acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) as a substitute for breast adipose tissue, and ASA-A (acrylic styrene acrylonitrile) for glandular breast tissue.

Technical-Economical Study on the Optimization of FDM Parameters for the Manufacture of PETG and ASA Parts.

The article presents the results of the technical-economical study regarding the optimization of fused deposition modeling (FDM) parameters (the height of the layer deposited in one pass-Lh and the filling percentage-Id) for the manufacture of Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG) and Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate (ASA) parts. To carry out this technical-economical study, was used the fundamental principle of value analysis, which consists of maximizing the ratio between Vi and Cp, where Vi represents the mechanical characteristic, and Cp represents the production cost. The results of the study show that for tensile specimens made of PETG, the parameter that significantly influences the results of the Vi/Cp ratios is the height of the layer deposited in one pass, (Lh), and in the case of the compression specimens made of PETG, the parameter that significantly influences the results of the Vi/Cp ratios is filling percentage (Id). In the case of specimens manufactured via FDM from ASA, the parameter that decisively influences the results of the Vi/Cp ratios of the tensile and compression specimens is the filling percentage (Id). By performing optimization of the process parameters with multiple responses, we identified the optimal parameters for FDM manufacturing of parts from PETG and ASA: the height of the layer deposited in one pass, Lh = 0.20 mm, and the filling percentage, Id = 100%.

Modification of organofluorosilicone styrene–acrylate emulsions with lignin participation and characterization of their properties

Modification of organofluorosilicone styrene–acrylate emulsions with lignin participation and characterization of their properties

Production of insulation material using styrene acrylic resin from animal and agricultural waste part 2: Mechanical properties, fire retardant, acoustic properties

In this study, it was aimed to utilize the wastes of wheat straw, goose down and wood industry and bring them into the economy. A sustainable insulation material was produced using environmentally friendly water-based PVA styrene acrylic copolymer as a binder with these wastes. In the study, mechanical properties, acoustic absorption and burning resistance were examined. Response Surface Method Box-Behnken Design (RSM-BBD) was used for experimental design and optimization. As a result of mechanical tests, it was seen that the binder ratio had a very high effect on mechanical strength. It was observed that the acoustic absorption coefficient increases with the increase of each of wheat straw, wood shaving, goose down and water-based copolymer resin. Styrene acrylic copolymer was found to be suitable binder for agricultural wastes. AL2O3, MgO, and Zn[B3O4(OH)3] were used to increase fire resistance. The results revealed that these compounds can be used as fire retardants for materials consisting of cellulosic-based fillers and water-based polymer binders. The best combustion results for the material were achieved with Zn[B3O4(OH)3]. Flame retardants reduced cellulosyl and polymeric mass loss by up to 61.5 %. It was observed that the best fire resistance was F27 sample, which started to extinguish after two minutes despite the continuation of the fire and extinguished immediately after the fire was removed. The study revealed that such materials can rival conventional materials for green credentials, technical, economic, and environmental aspects.

Preparation of poly(butyl acrylate)‐grafted‐poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) particles for toughening poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) resin

AbstractHerein, the impact modifier of poly(butyl acrylate) grafted poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) (PBA‐g‐SAN) with 60% rubber content was prepared by emulsion grafting polymerization and subsequently blended with styrene–acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) resin to construct acrylate styrene acrylonitrile (ASA) resins. The effects of acrylonitrile content of PBA‐g‐SAN copolymer and PBA size on the ASA resins' mechanical properties were investigated. Experimental results revealed that ASA resin's highest impact strength reached 27.75 kJ/m2. The lap shear adhesion test suggested that the PBA‐g‐SAN copolymer with 21% AN content exhibited excellent interfacial adhesion with SAN resin. The PBA‐g‐SAN particles with 100 and 400 nm poly (butyl acrylate) as core rubbers demonstrated a synergistic toughening effect for SAN resin. The high blackness ASA resin with excellent impact resistance was obtained when the 100 nm and the 400 nm poly (butyl acrylate) particle mass ratio reached 8/2.Highlights The ASA resin with 27.75KJ/m2 impact strength was prepared. The synergistic toughening mechanisms were investigated. The high blackness ASA resin was constructed.

Effect of styrene acrylic latex on the performance of metakaolin blended cement: From hydration to mechanical properties

Effects of styrene acrylic (SA) latex on the hydration and mechanical properties of metakaolin blended cement (MKC) were systematically evaluated through the combined techniques of calorimetry, flow table test, Vicat test, mechanical measurement, QXRD, TGA and SEM. The results show that the presence of metakaolin (MK) greatly changes the interaction of SA polymer with cement grains and then modifies the properties of cement paste and mortar. Specifically, the retardation effect of SA latex on cement hydration can be alleviated through the addition of MK due to its strong adsorption ability to polymer particles, which is beneficial to shorten the setting time of cement paste. The addition of SA latex not only retards the hydration process of cement but also the pozzolanic reaction of MK with portlandite. Contrary to the adverse effect of SA latex on compressive strength, improved strength of hardened MKC mortar was observed with the increased polymer dosage from 4 % to 8 %, which is believed to be caused by the modified microstructure of the matrix through the film formation of SA polymer.

Black Carbon Pigment from Coconut Shell Sawit Innovation Inkjet Printing Ink for Acrylic Polymer Styrene Textile Fabric

This research proposes an innovation in the development of inkjet printing ink that uses black carbon pigment obtained from palm coconutshells. The main objective of this study was to look at thecharacterization of textile inkjet ink from the black carbon pigments of the palm coconut shell. The black carbon pigment produced from the coconut coat has been identified as the source of the pontentionalprinting ink of the textile fabric based on the polymer of acrylic styrene. The research method involves the extraction and purification of carbon pigments from palm coconut shells, as well as the formulation of inkjetprinting. The composition of the textile inkjet used in this study is that black carbon pigments come from palm coconut shells while the adhesives used are acrylic styrene, aquadest, potassium hydroxide (KOH), poly (natrium 4- styrenesulfonat). The research included the physical characteristics of the black carbon pigments produced and the evaluation of inkjet printing textiles using pigments. Textile inkjetcharacteristics. Results of ink testing using Binocular Microscope Scanbest sample CAST1. The results of ink pigment testing on wool fabrics and image analysis testing the lowest values are found on CAST1 sample. The result of the viscosity test that the ink viskosity value CAST1 of 13.1 is close to the value of commercial ink.

Characterization of selected additive manufacturing materials for synchrotron monochromatic imaging and broad-beam radiotherapy at the Australian synchrotron-imaging and medical beamline

Objective. This study aims to characterize radiological properties of selected additive manufacturing (AM) materials utilizing both material extrusion and vat photopolymerization technologies. Monochromatic synchrotron x-ray images and synchrotron treatment beam dosimetry were acquired at the hutch 3B and 2B of the Australian Synchrotron-Imaging and Medical Beamline. Approach. Eight energies from 30 keV up to 65 keV were used to acquire the attenuation coefficients of the AM materials. Comparison of theoretical, and experimental attenuation data of AM materials and standard solid water for MV linac was performed. Broad-beam dosimetry experiment through attenuated dose measurement and a Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation were done for the studied materials to investigate its attenuation properties specific for a 4 tesla wiggler field with varying synchrotron radiation beam qualities. Main results. Polylactic acid (PLA) plus matches attenuation coefficients of both soft tissue and brain tissue, while acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, Acrylonitrile styrene acrylate, and Draft resin have close equivalence to adipose tissue. Lastly, PLA, co-polyester plus, thermoplastic polyurethane, and White resins are promising substitute materials for breast tissue. For broad-beam experiment and simulation, many of the studied materials were able to simulate RMI457 Solid Water and bolus within ±10% for the three synchrotron beam qualities. These results are useful in fabricating phantoms for synchrotron and other related medical radiation applications such as orthovoltage treatments. Significance and conclusion. These 3D printing materials were studied as potential substitutes for selected tissues such as breast tissue, adipose tissue, soft-tissue, and brain tissue useful in fabricating 3D printed phantoms for synchrotron imaging, therapy, and orthovoltage applications. Fabricating customizable heterogeneous anthropomorphic phantoms (e.g. breast, head, thorax) and pre-clinical animal phantoms (e.g. rodents, canine) for synchrotron imaging and radiotherapy using AM can be done based on the results of this study.

Effect of pressure and time on water absorption of coated paperboard based on a modified Cobb test method

This manuscript presents the study of water absorption by paperboard subjected to water at high hydrostatic pressure based on a modified Cobb tester. The new tester is based on TAPPI Standard Test Method T 441; however, the water column can reach up to 550 mm. The evaluation consisted of measurements of water absorption for coated and uncoated paperboard at different exposure times from 5 s to 45 s and water column heights from 10 mm to 500 mm (corresponding to hydrostatic pressures 98 Pa and 4.9 kPa, respectively). The coatings were formulated as a combination of styrene acrylate (SA; two binder levels) and two types of ground calcium carbonates (differing particle sizes) to form the two pre-coating structures: open and closed. The coating weight was 6 g/m2 applied on 210 g/m2 solid bleached board (SBB). In addition, 210 g/m2 uncoated boards were studied. Characterization of the coatings was performed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mercury intrusion, and roughness. It was found that the new device properly mimics the conditions of the current Cobb tester. The characterization of the coating also confirmed the presence of more open/larger pores of open coatings, confirming the desired coating structure. The absorption of boards was mainly driven by exposure pressure by comparing with exposure time. This was already evident after shorter periods of exposure time at 5 s and also 15 s exposure time. Paperboards with open coatings showed slightly higher absorption than other boards.

Effect of Laser Surface Polishing on the Surface Characteristics, Tribological, and Mechanical Behavior of 3D-Printed Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate Parts

Effect of Laser Surface Polishing on the Surface Characteristics, Tribological, and Mechanical Behavior of 3D-Printed Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate Parts

Using extrusion-based 3D printing technology to investigate the impact of changing print conditions on tensile characteristics

PurposeThe purpose of this study, most recent advancements in threedimensional (3D) printing have focused on the fabrication of components. It is typical to use different print settings, such as raster angle, infill and orientation to improve the 3D component qualities while fabricating the sample using a 3D printer. However, the influence of these factors on the characteristics of the 3D parts has not been well explored. Owing to the effect of the different print parameters in fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology, it is necessary to evaluate the strength of the parts manufactured using 3D printing technology.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, the effect of three print parameters − raster angle, build orientation and infill − on the tensile characteristics of 3D-printed components made of three distinct materials − acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA), polycarbonate ABS (PC-ABS) and ULTEM-9085 − was investigated. A variety of test items were created using a commercially accessible 3D printer in various configurations, including raster angle (0°, 45°), (0°, 90°), (45°, −45°), (45°, 90°), infill density (solid, sparse, sparse double dense) and orientation (flat, on-edge).FindingsThe outcome shows that variations in tensile strength and force are brought on by the effects of various printing conditions. In all possible combinations of the print settings, ULTEM 9085 material has a higher tensile strength than ASA and PC-ABS materials. ULTEM 9085 material’s on-edge orientation, sparse infill, and raster angle of (0°, −45°) resulted in the greatest overall tensile strength of 73.72 MPa. The highest load-bearing strength of ULTEM material was attained with the same procedure, measuring at 2,932 N. The tensile strength of the materials is higher in the on-edge orientation than in the flat orientation. The tensile strength of all three materials is highest for solid infill with a flat orientation and a raster angle of (45°, −45°). All three materials show higher tensile strength with a raster angle of (45°, −45°) compared to other angles. The sparse double-dense material promotes stronger tensile properties than sparse infill. Thus, the strength of additive components is influenced by the combination of selected print parameters. As a result, these factors interact with one another to produce a high-quality product.Originality/valueThe outcomes of this study can serve as a reference point for researchers, manufacturers and users of 3D-printed polymer material (PC-ABS, ASA, ULTEM 9085) components seeking to optimize FDM printing parameters for tensile strength and/or identify materials suitable for intended tensile characteristics.

Cu2O/Biochar-Styrene acrylic double layer composite coatings modified by NaCl: Special surface and antifouling performance

In order to pursue optimize antifouling performance and protect the metal substrate from direct contact with external environment, the sodium chloride (NaCl) modified cuprous oxide (Cu2O)/Biochar (BC)/styrene-acrylic (SA)-SA double-layer coatings with the effective and controllable release rate of Cu2+ were prepared. The NaCl particles were dispersed and dissolved in the Cu2O/BC/SA layer (the functional layer) as the pore-forming agent, which can increase the contact between Cu2O/BC and external environment in order to control the release rate of Cu2+ of coatings. A large capacity photobioreactor was designed to conduct adhesion tests of marine microalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica (N. oceanica) and fresh Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) on the coatings, aiming to evaluate the antifouling performance. Results show that the Cu2O/BC/SA-SA coating modified with 3 wt% NaCl possesses the best antifouling property, which is 63.7 % higher than that of unmodified coating and 92.8 % higher than that of pure SA membrane.

Unlocking the nanoparticle emission potential: a study of varied filaments in 3D printing.

This study investigates nanoparticle emission during 3D printing processes, assessing various filament materials' impact on air quality. Commonly used 3D printers, including both filament and resin-based types, were examined. The study's scope encompasses diverse filament materials like ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), PLA (polylactic acid), PETG (polyethylene terephthalate glycol), ASA (acrylonitrile styrene acrylate), TPU (thermoplastic polyurethane), PP (polypropylene), nylon, and wood-based variants, alongside three types of resins. The research delves into the relationship between the type of material and nanoparticle emissions, emphasizing temperature's pivotal role. Measurement instruments were employed for nanoparticle quantification, including an engine exhaust particle sizer spectrometer, condensation particle counter, and nanozen dust counters. Notably, results reveal substantial variations in nanoparticle emissions among different filament materials, with ASA, TPU, PP, and ABS showing considerably elevated emission levels and characteristic particle size distribution patterns. The findings prompt practical recommendations for reducing nanoparticle exposure, emphasizing printer confinement, material selection, and adequate ventilation. This study offers insights into potential health risks associated with 3D printing emissions and provides a basis for adopting preventive measures.

Tensile Test Analysis of 3D Printed Specimens with Varying Print Orientation and Infill Density

The research conducted aimed to investigate the effect of varying print orientation and infill density on the mechanical properties of different 3D printed polymer specimens by conducting tensile tests. The Stratasys Fortus 900mc Material Extrusion printer was used to produce multiple samples of different materials, namely, Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate (ASA), Nylon 12, Nylon 12 Carbon Fibre, ULTEM 1010, and ULTEM 9085 which were subjected to tensile tests according to the ASTM D638 standard. Samples were printed in flat, side, and upright orientations with both sparse (50%) and solid (100%) infill densities. The samples were then tensile tested to obtain the Young’s Modulus, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength, and strain at break. The results produced revealed that the solid infill specimens almost always outperformed the sparse infill specimens. In terms of print orientation, side-orientated specimens achieved higher values for the material properties, followed by the flat specimens, with the upright specimens producing the performance with the lowest values. There were, however, notable exceptions to the results trends mentioned above. These findings were analysed using fracture mechanics and composite theory to explain the unexpected behaviour.

A preliminary study on multi-material fused filament fabrication of an embedded strain gauge for low-cost real-time monitoring of part strain

Unlike other manufacturing techniques, additive manufacturing enables part consolidation through the production of multi-material parts with enhanced functionality. With reference to the functionality of monitoring the structural integrity of a product during its use, conductive filaments can be used in additive manufacturing. This work aims to investigate the applications of multi-material fused filament fabrication to produce embedded strain gauges for real-time monitoring of part deformations. In layer-by-layer fabrication, conductive filaments can be used to produce strain-sensitive elements inside products at a low cost. This preliminary study demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed approach using tensile samples fabricated through additive manufacturing. The samples were produced using a polyethylene terephthalate glycol filament and an acrylonitrile styrene acrylate filament, while electrically conductive polylactic acid was used for the strain gauge. The characterization and testing activities were conducted by comparing the results of the tensile testing with data acquired through an experimental system set up with an Arduino board, aligning with the resistance-based strain gauge theory. The findings show that the co-fabricated strain gauge successfully traces part deformation, enabling real-time monitoring of strain in the elastic field. Nevertheless, further optimization of the proposed approach is imperative to enhance the reliability and accuracy of the methodology.