Styrax zhejiangensis distributed in Taohuawu, Longjiang Forest Area, Jiande Forest Farm, Zhejiang Province, is a unique wild plant with extremely small population in Zhejiang Province. Based on the field investigation on the communities of S. zhejiangensis, the niche characteristics of S. zhejiangensis was analyzed by Levins’, Shannon’s and Pianka’s formulas, and the interspecific association was analyzed by χ² test, association coefficient（AC）, and percentage of co-occurrence（PC）to provide a theoretical basis for the protection of S. zhejiangensis. The results were as follows: 1) Being one of the dominant species in shrub layer in its community, S. zhejiangensis’s important value was 10.74%, which ranked the third in the species of shrub layer. 2) Styrax zhejiangensis had larger niche breadths calculated by the Levins’ and Shannon’s formulas, which were 6.557 and 1.977, respectively. 3) Eurya japonica had the biggest niche overlap value with S. zhejiangensis, which indicated that S. zhejiangensis had similar environmental requirements with E. japonica. However, there was a negative connection tendency between them, indicating that there was competition in the use of environmental nutrition space and the struggle for resources between them. The strong ecological adaptability of S. zhejiangensis in the humid environment revealed the special requirements of S. zhejiangensis for its growth environment. The main reasons for the scarcity of S. zhejiangensis were that it had competition for resources with Indocalamus tessellatus, E. japonica, Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum, Ilex chinensis and so on in terms of lacking resources. In summary, the above results provide a scientific and theoretical basis for protection of S. zhejiangensis.

Vegetation Profile in the area used for cultivation of mount forest wildlife conservation of Gunung Raya in Warkuk subdistrict of OKU Selatan regency can describe the plant biodiversity, abundace, spesies dominance, type and vegetation profile, and the succesion pattern. The vegetation data was from the transek method which is line compartmentalized, namely 3 transek with the 10 plot per station. The observation was done in every growth of the vegetation which was grouped into four levels, such as seedling and caver plant, sapling, pole and tree. the result showed that the vegetation composition for the tree level in the first station were dominated by Shorea sp (with the important Index Value 36.81%), the pole dominated by Syzygium polyanthum, and saplings with dominated by Styrax benzoin and seedlings and cover plants with dominated by Calamus sp. The second station for the tree level which was comprised of five species of trees with dominated by Litsea mappaceae. While dominated by Homalanthus populneus. The next is the 10 spesies of saplings with 8 families which dominated by Adianthum capillus (with the important index value of 52.55%).

Structure and vegetation Analysis composition in the area used for cultivation of mount forest wild-life conservation of Gunung Raya in Warkuk subdistrict of OKU Selatan regency can describe the plant biodi-versity, abundace, spesies dominance, type and vegetation profile, and the succesion pattern. The vegetation data was from the transek method which is line compartmentalized, namely 3 transek with the 10 plot per sta-tion. The observation was done in every growth of the vegetation which was grouped into four levels, such as seedling and caver plant, sapling, pole and tree. the result showed that the vegetation composition for the tree level in the first station were dominated by Shorea sp (with the important Index Value 36.81%), the pole domi-nated by Syzygium polyanthum, and saplings with dominated by Styrax benzoin and seedlings and cover plants with dominated by Calamus sp. The second station for the tree level which was comprised of five spe-cies of trees with dominated by Litsea mappaceae. While dominated by Homalanthus populneus. The next is the 10 spesies of saplings with 8 families which dominated by Adianthum capillus (with the important index value of 52.55%).

This study was conducted to explore the effects of cracking and sowing time on seed germination of a popular medicinal plant, Styrax officinalis L. in the forest nursery of EAŸirdir, Turkey. Seeds were subjected to ten treatments with and without cracking in five sowing intervals 15 days apart. Seed germination started on the 3rd of April 2007 and continued for up to 21 days. The fastest germination (18 days) was observed on the 23rd of September 2006 with the cracking treatment and delayed germination (50 days) was seen in the 8th of September 2006 treatment. The highest germination percentage of 56% was obtained from the cracked seeds sown on the 23rd of September 2006. In conclusion, this species seeds should be cracked before sowing and planted in late September to obtain a high germination percentage. Key words: Styrax officinalis L., germination, crack, sowing time.

Methanol extracts of nine plant species were evaluated for their ovicidal activity against the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch in a bioassay under laboratory conditions. These plants and plant parts used in the study wereXanthium strumarium L. (fruits and leaves), Anthemis vulgaris L. (flowers and leaves), Humulus lupulus L. (flower buds), Chenopodium album L. (flowers and leaves), Melia azedarach L. (fruits), Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn (flower buds and leaves), Solanum nigrum L. (flowers, leaves and fruits), Styrax officinalis L. (seed coats, seeds) and Lolium perenne L. (flowers and leaves). The greatest mortality was caused by E. camaldulensis leaf extract (63.26%), followed by X. strumarium fruit (59.64%), X. strumarium leaf (57.45%), S. nigrum fruit (51.57%),A. vulgaris flower (46.80%) and S. officinalis seed extract (44.25%). Lolium perenne extract (flowers, leaves) caused the least mortality (24.40%). Azadirachtin at 10 g/l concentration was used as a chemical standard and caused 10.09% mortality. Our results show that some of these plant extracts have a potential for ovicidal activity on two-spotted spider mite eggs and are worth further investigation. Key words: Tetranychus urticae, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, plant extract, ovicidal activity.

The purpose of this study is suggest to restoration model of Pinus thunbergii in Saha-gu, Busan Metropolitan City. The result of this study is summarized as follows; As the results of this study, vegetation restoration model is presented by separating community planting and edge planting. The community planting species of tree layer were Pinus thunbergii and Quercus acutissima and Quercus dentata and Quercus serrata and Quercus alienna and Quercus variabilis. The community planting species of subtree layer were Platycarya strobilacea and Prunus sargentii and Styrax japonica and Eurya japonica and Morus bombycis. The community planting species of shrub layer are Ulmus pavifolia and Ulmus davidiana and Lindera obtusiloba and Elaeagnus macrophylla and Mallotus japonicus and Ligustrum obtusifolium and Sorbus alnifolia and Rhus trichocarpa and Zanthoxylum schinifolium and Rosa wichuraiana and Rhus chinensis and Viburnum erosum and Rhododendron mucronulatum and Rhododendron yedoense and Indigofera pseudotinctoria. And the planting species of edge vegetation are Japanese Angelica and Symplocos chinensis and Pittosporum tobira and Lespedeza maximowiczii and Lespedeza bicolor and Rubus coreanus and Rubus idaeus and Vitis thunbergii and Ampelopsis brevipedunculata and Rosa multiflora. Considering the population of individuals up to layers in each 400m �

This study was carried out to survey and analyze the transition of landscape plants on an apartment complexes in the 1990's and 2000's. The results are summarized as follows; The ratio of landscape area was increased from 30.0% to 34.7%. The number of trees per 100 square meter decreased from 22.5 to 15.7. The number of shrub per 10 square meter increased from 19.3 to 38.7. Species of Evergreen tree were increased 21 to 39. The species that a lot of use continuously were Pinus densiflora, Pinus strobus and Taxus cuspidata. The species that increase use were Abies holophylla and Pinus densiflora for. multicaulis. The species that decrease use exceedingly, were Pinus parviflora, Juniperus chinensis, Pinus koraiensis and Thuja orientalis. The species that do not use were Cedrus deodara. Species of deciduous tree were increased 42 to 68. The species that a lot of use continuously were Zelkova serrata, Acer palmatum, Diospyros kaki, Prunus armeniaca and Prunus yedoensis. The species that increase use were Lagerstroemia indica, Chionanthus retusa, Cornus officinalis, Styrax japonica, Sorbus alnifolia, Prunus mume, Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Acer triflorum, Prunus sargentii, Chaenomeles sinensis and Cornus kousa. The species that decrease use exceedingly, were Acer buergerianum, Sophora japonica, Malus spp., Ginkgo biloba, Zizyphus jujuba var. inermis, Platanus orientalis and Albizzia julibrissin. The species that do not use were Liriodendron tulipifera, Acer saccharinum, Ailanthus altissima and Paulownia coreana. Species of shrub were incresed 39 to 65. The species that a lot of use continuously were Buxus koreana, Rhododendron schlippenbachii for. albiflorum, Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Syringa dilatata and Euonymus japonica. The species that increase use were Rhododendron indicum, Ilex serrata, Spiraea prunifolia var. simpliciflora, Taxus cuspidata var. nana, Kerria japonica, Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense, Euonymus alatus, Sorbaria sorbifolia var. stellipila, Nandina domestica, Cornus alba, Hydrangea serrata for. acuminata, Prunus tomentosa, Deutzia parviflora and Pyracantha angustifolia. The species that decrease use exceedingly, were Hibiscus syriacus, Rosa multiflora var. platyphylla, Chaenomeles lagenaria and Rosa spp. The species that do not use were Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii, Jasminum nudiflorum and Sasa borealis.

A volume equation for predicting individual tree volume, and a taper function for describing a stem profile were developed for a little known species, Styrax tonkinensis (Siam benzoin) in northern Laos. The species has high potential commercial value and can make an important contribution to the local economy. It can provide two different types of products, a non-wood product (benzoin resin) and timber. In Laos, the most important product is currently resin, and the use of timber for commercial purposes is rare. One reason is that information about the timber is not available. In Vietnam, on the other hand, the species is an import pulpwood species. Data used in this study came from 73 trees. Trees were purposely selected to ensure coverage of a full range of tree sizes. Measurement was undertaken only on over-bark diameters due to some constraints, limitations and problems during the field data collection. However, due to the importance of under-bark volume for this species, a small available dataset was used to build a bark model as an interim guide to the errors associated with using over-bark models for estimating under-bark volumes. From this bark model, errors in estimating under-bark volumes of trees with diameters at breast height between 10cm and 17 cm were approximately 18%. Nineteen individual volume models, and 7 individual taper functions were compared for bias and precision. Collective names for the volume equations tested include single-entry, double-entry, logarithmic, combined variables. Most volume models had similar bias but a few were clearly biased. The models with similar bias were further evaluated by four common statistics including bias, standard error of estimates, standard deviation of residuals and mean absolute deviation. The results showed that a five parameter model was ranked first, and was the most precise model. However, the magnitudes of difference in prediction errors between this model and other models, particularly the three parameter model were not significant. For practical purposes, the simpler model was preferred. Seven taper functions tested here belong to three different groups including single taper equations, compatible taper equations and segmented taper equations. Evaluation of taper equations used the same residual analysis procedures and criteria as those applied with volume equations. Graphical residual analysis showed that most taper models had similar precision with their errors in diameter predictions being similar in range. However, some models showed obvious bias. The most highly ranked taper model was a compatible taper model of polynomial form. It was the least biased model. The second ranked model was a single, simple model. This latter model is relatively simple to apply, but it is not compatible with the volume model, yielding slightly different estimates of volume if it is integrated and rotated around the longitudinal axis of a tree. However, if the sole purpose is to describe tree taper, it is the best model to use.

American styrax