Stylistic Nature Research Articles

The Stylistic Nature of the Theory of Foregrounding in the Literary Text

The theory of foregrounding plays an integral part in the way a reader perceives and decodes linguistic expression, whereas construal process allows for dynamic categorization and portrayal of a situation with the help of a big diversity of linguistic means. By means of classification of construing phenomena, scholars identified key dimensions such as attention, judgment, perspective and constitution, elucidating intricate mechanisms of comprehension and expression of language. The article touches on two types of saliencies in cognitive linguistics such as cognitive and ontological salience. It also underscores Langacker’s notion of “entrenchment” and investigates the concepts of communicative salience, gearing towards profiling and trajectory / landmark alignment to set forth how attention is directed in linguistic expressions. The article examines the theory of foregrounding in cognitive linguistics and its correlation with construal operation. It sheds light on how language shapers perception and categorization of situation, participants and their features through a wide range of construal phenomenon. The article dives into various classifications and subcategories of construal phenomenon, highlighting the way attention, judgment, perspective and constitution play a part in language input and output. The article sets forth complex interplay of language, cognitive operations and salience, in particular within the framework of cognitive linguistics. The article investigates how language means and structures contribute to the foregrounding of prominent conceptual elements and decoding scenes and situations. The scientific work explores a wide range of notions of salience in literary analysis, primarily focusing on Leech and Short’s concepts of literary relevance, psychological prominence and statistical deviance. The article delves into the way these notions cooperate with one another and contribute to subjective recognition of style in literary texts. Moreover, it explores the role of figure and ground in the theory of foregrounding emphasizing how original and striking linguistic means, or “figures” stand out from conventional linguistic elements, aka. “ground” contributing to actualization and creative presentation of the world in literature. Overall, the scientific article emphasizes dynamic process of stylistic analysis and the function of literature in presenting the world in a novel and creative manner.

LINGUISTIC ERRORS IN LEGAL TEXTS

The language of the law encompasses lexical, syntactic, and stylistic elements that shape the text of a law or other normative legal act. Requirements for the language of the law are considered during the drafting of a bill. However, in the process of legislative work, complete elimination of linguistic errors from the text is not always achievable. Such errors often include lexical and stylistic inaccuracies. The subject of the article is certain legal texts analyzed from a linguistic standpoint as part of fundamental and applied research on the topic "Monitoring Compliance with Content and Style Requirements in the Laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan." The relevance of the article lies in identifying and rectifying errors in the text of current legislation, determining gaps that lead to a distortion of the meaning of the main legal norms, and exploring ways to prevent such distortions. The author presents specific examples of typical linguistic errors of lexical, grammatical, and stylistic nature, as well as others found in the texts of current legislation. An analysis is conducted of regulatory proposals and legal norms to assess their conformity with the norms and rules of modern Kazakh literary language. While examining the texts of current laws, the author believes it is necessary to conduct comprehensive monitoring of current legislation to ensure high-quality content of legal acts; to develop a compendium of rules for the use of legal terminology to standardize terms; to create conditions for the development of research on legal technology across various legal domains; and to introduce into the educational process of universities the study of relevant legal and linguistic disciplines such as "Language and Law" and "Legislative Technique" in the form of courses or specialized courses.

LINGUISTIC ERRORS IN LEGAL TEXTSNurkiz Arysbekovna Nurbayeva

The language of the law encompasses lexical, syntactic, and stylistic elements that shape the text of a law or other normative legal act. Requirements for the language of the law are considered during the drafting of a bill. However, in the process of legislative work, complete elimination of linguistic errors from the text is not always achievable. Such errors often include lexical and stylistic inaccuracies. The subject of the article is certain legal texts analyzed from a linguistic standpoint as part of fundamental and applied research on the topic "Monitoring Compliance with Content and Style Requirements in the Laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan." The relevance of the article lies in identifying and rectifying errors in the text of current legislation, determining gaps that lead to a distortion of the meaning of the main legal norms, and exploring ways to prevent such distortions. The author presents specific examples of typical linguistic errors of lexical, grammatical, and stylistic nature, as well as others found in the texts of current legislation. An analysis is conducted of regulatory proposals and legal norms to assess their conformity with the norms and rules of modern Kazakh literary language. While examining the texts of current laws, the author believes it is necessary to conduct comprehensive monitoring of current legislation to ensure high-quality content of legal acts; to develop a compendium of rules for the use of legal terminology to standardize terms; to create conditions for the development of research on legal technology across various legal domains; and to introduce into the educational process of universities the study of relevant legal and linguistic disciplines such as "Language and Law" and "Legislative Technique" in the form of courses or specialized courses.

КЫРГЫЗ БАЛДАР АДАБИЯТЫНДА ТУУРАНДЫ СӨЗДӨРДҮН ӨЗГӨЧӨЛҮГҮ

The article examines the phonetic features and stylistic nature ofimitative words presented in Kyrgyz children's works. In Kyrgyz children's literature, many issues of studying words as functionally significant units of language today are not considered in sufficient depth. Ourgoal is to establish linguistic units, phonetic features and stylistic ways of usingimitativewords in children's fiction of the Kyrgyz people. As children acquire language, comparisons include creativity as a recurring component. When describing a child’s linguistic world, it is important to determine the appropriate parameters: people, nature, linguistic world. Among these areas, we noted that the function of comparisons in the world of language is special, andwe examined their problem as a component of the sound system of the language and their stylistic nature using the example of the works of Kyrgyz children. The semantic classification of imitative words in children's literature is also one of the main issues. Therefore, they were divided into groups depending on their importance.

Linguistic Models of Mass Media Genres` Stylistic Diffusion in the Communicative Space of Ukraine and Bulgaria

Research attention is focused on fundamental changes in techniques and methods of informing , which activate the communicative capabilities of language and give rise to new genres, forms and formats of interpersonal communication in various spheres and discourses. It actualizes the research problem of the diffuse stylistic nature of mass media genres, argued by the processes of assimilation of public communication`s spheres. The author’s argumentation is based on the vectors of the dynamics of the literary language`s evolutionary potential, that is focused on the format and tasks of social communication. Predictably, the architectonic heterogeneity and polyfunctionality of the language of media texts explain the syncretic nature of the genres. And also the tendency to their constant modification and transformation regarding the structure, meanings and communicative valence of language units. The article interprets models of updating of the functional and stylistic paradigm of modern literary languages in their genre projection and perspective, which do not depend on the time and space of culture. To prove this thesis, the texts of the Ukrainian and Bulgarian media space in the genre of posts in social networks were chosen as the object of analysis. The main research aim is to determine the typicality / atypicality of stylistic diffusion in the genre paradigm of Ukrainian and Bulgarian media. The attention is paid to the bloggers and companies that are well- known in Ukraine and Bulgaria as influencers who make professional activities in the fields of health, beauty, sport, etc., and really model the current mass language consciousness. The research base is formed by texts that were published in the social networks Instagram, Facebook in 2023 – 2024. The functional and stylistic methodology of the mentioned material`s interpretation allows in a comparative discourse to prove the typicality of communicative processes that are resulted in the stylistic diffusion of modern mass media genres.

Promoting literary language on national television in the Republic of Slovenia – an exemplary model for all language users

Radio Television Slovenia is a publicly funded institution of great cultural and national significance which, among its various responsibilities, places a particular emphasis on fostering language culture. In this paper, we start with the premise that the mass media exerts a significant (linguistic) influence on the general population, underscoring the importance of presenters’ adept usage of literary language. The findings from the qualitative research revealed that, at TV Slovenia, the usage of literary language by presenters in its news, entertainment, sports, and cultural programmes holds paramount significance in their public presentations. Furthermore, promoting language culture emerged as one of the central guiding principles in television work and lies at the core of the public service broadcasting mission. There are also well-defined language prerequisites for presenters appearing on camera, along with an evaluation system assessing their linguistic proficiency. The results from the quantitative research revealed that public speaking on TV Slovenia encompasses various types of mistakes, those of a stylistic nature having the highest occurrence and the mistakes in terminology the lowest. The news programme, which boasts the highest ratings among all programme types, exhibited the most favourable overall linguistic presentation. Based on the findings, it can be argued that national television is indeed a linguistic exemplary model for all language users.

Antitheses in the Literary Works of Ashim Dzhakypbekov

Contemporary linguistic studies delve into the languages employed by various writers, poets, and artists, with numerous Ph.D., doctoral, and scientific papers regularly published in our society. This trend underscores the dynamic development of the Kyrgyz language, holding its ground among a diverse array of both related and unrelated languages. This resilience speaks to the cultural significance of our nation. This article examines the distinctive features of the artistic language crafted by the prose master, Ashim Dzhakypbekov, aiming to uncover the nuances of his unique style. Within the realm of the author’s artistic language, one noteworthy tool is the exploration of antithesis and its stylistic nature. Dzhakypbekov employs all linguistic elements to construct his artworks, deploying various techniques, stylistic figures, and linguistic innovations to convey his ideas. It is through this distinctive approach that the greatness of Ashim Dzhakypbekov’s style emerges. This article delves into the analysis of antithesis as a stylistic device in the artist's body of work, exploring its utilization through specific examples drawn from the content of his works, and categorizing structural features based on established formulas. While antithesis has been extensively studied in general linguistics, particularly in the Russian language. While the Kyrgyz language remains incompletely explored in the context of antithesis, numerous scholars have actively contributed to understanding the universality and developmental aspects of this phenomenon.

ИЗ НАБЛЮДЕНИЙ НАД РИТМОМ ПРОЗЫ А. Н. ТОЛСТОГО

The article deals with the specifics of the rhythmic organization of A.N.Tolstoy›s prose. The rhythm of prose is defined as a repetitive alternation of elements in a narrative system. Such elements include large blocks: a dynamic depiction of the actions of characters, static descriptions (landscape, portrait, author›s digression), insertion elements (text within the text). A.N.Tolstoy possessed a holistic perception of the space-time continuum of human existence. At the same time, we must take into account the dependence of the tempo of the work on the literary genre chosen by the author, on its stylistic nature. Short stories, novellas and novels by A.N.Tolstoy can be divided into three genre and style categories: 1) manor prose; 2) adventurous and fantasy prose; 3) historical prose. The specificity of these artistic models determined many features of the poetics of these works, including influencing the organization of the narrative rhythm. The rhythm of manor prose tends to slow down. Adventurous prose has a completely different rhythm of plot unfolding. A series of adventures aimed at achieving cherished goals is always characterized by a special rapidity and unpredictability of transitions. The rhythm of historical prose is determined by contrasts in the perception of time, on the one hand, by active reformers, and, on the other hand, by mossy conservatives. In all cases, rhythmic shifts affect both tiers of the story system: 1) the depicted series of events (the scope of the characters› actions); 2) the scope of the events of the story (the subject level). The article deals with the issues of the technique of embodying rhythmic shifts (the role of pauses, the introduction of the same type of syntactic constructions, the discrepancy of different rhythms, deviations from logic).

«Ионыч» А.П. Чехова и «Ионыч» Ф.Д. Нефёдова: об одном из претекстов чеховского рассказа

The article reveals the pretext of A.P. Chekhov’s story “Ionych. The article reveals the pretext of A.P. Chekhov’s story “Ionych”. The essay of the same name by F.D. Nefyodov was published in the “Severny Vestnik” magazine in the same year as the stories “Lights” and “Steppe”, which could have caused Chekhov’s attention to the work of the populist writer. Chekhov collaborated with the magazine and closely followed the materials published in it. He did not recognize Nefyodov as a major writer, however, he obviously remembered his ethnographic essay dedicated to the Russian Old Believers. Ten years later, Chekhov turns to someone else’s work and uses it as one of the important pretexts for his story “Ionych”. The stories of the same name by two authors are interconnected by elements of a certain similarity. Chekhov uses part of someone else’s material to realize his task — to reveal the evolution of the protagonist. Intertextual echoes of Chekhov’s story with Nefyodov’s essay help to create, as it were, a backstory for Dr. Startsev. In addition to Nefyodov’s essay, the intertext in Chekhov’s story is given by references to the works of other authors. Autointertext plays an important role in the story. Chekhov’s reliance on various pretexts is due to the stylistic nature of his work. Chekhov’s rethinking of the material of his predecessors in “Ionych” is due to the renewal of the solution to the problem of personality, which was relevant for the 90s of the 19th century.

Аналіз міфологічних структур роману-балади Валерія Шевчука “Дім на горі” в старшій школі

The issue of studying Valerii Shevchuk’s ballad novel «House on the Hill» (Dim na hori) in secondary schools is addressed through an analysis of explicit mythological structures. The relevance of this study is justified by the author’s use of syncretic mythological imagery at various levels of literary material. This aspect needs to be taken into consideration when studying the ballad novel by students in the 11th grade. Methods and approaches for analysing explicitly expressed mythological structures are proposed. Various approaches for studying the functional role of mythological imagery in comprehending the narrative content, temporal and spatial organisation, imagery system, symbolism, ideological content, themes, issues, genre, and stylistic nature of Valerii Shevchuk’s ballad novel «House on the Hill» (Dim na hori) are outlined. The methodology for narrative-mythological analysis of the work involves the identification and in-depth examination of significant episodes with mythological imagery. This includes extracting mythical inserts, legends, fragments of mythic texts, and episodes featuring key mythologemes or symbols of mythological content. The methodology also includes establishing connections between these elements, determining their semantic significance, and analysing their artistic roles. The step-by-step approach of this work is aimed at developing students’ skills in textual analysis of the literary work. The specifics of applying narrative-mythological analysis to Valerii Shevchuk's ballad novel «House on the Hill» (Dim na hori) are detailed in a specially designed lesson for 11th-grade students. The educational activities of the students focus on analysing the key mythological structure (legends about the house on the hill), the biblical parable of the prodigal son, mythologemes-symbols (house, hill, road, woman), and establishing their connections with other layers of the work. This allows for a comprehensive understanding of the literary material and helps improve skills in critical reading and analytical-synthetic work with literary texts. Keywords: literature lessons, teaching methodology of literature, mythological imagery, explicit mythological structures, narrative-mythological analysis.

Scientific Style of Speech in Teaching Russian as a Foreign Language: General and Specific

The article deals with the dynamic process of mastering the scientific style of speech at the all stages of teaching Russian as a foreign language in universities of different profi les. The tendency towards the rapid growth of terminological vocabulary in all languages of the world is noted, with reference to significant facts from the history of the development of scientific style of speech worldwide and in Russia. It shows the transformations it has undergone, changing over time just as the language itself changes. The similarity of scientific descriptions in different languages is emphasised, and the sources and factors influencing the formation of the learner’s scientific consciousness are analysed. The role of language training in the process of studying the stylistic nature of language is revealed, and the linguodidactic potential of working with a scientific text through the triad “lexicon — construction — text” is described. Recommendations are given on ways to expand the traditional set of constructions at all stages of training and text selection, and the author’s “rule of four T’s” is substantiated. Types of exercises are provided, such as creating a plan, a reference scheme, assembling a coherent whole from paragraphs, performing compression, “anti-compression”, etc. The pedagogical experiment is described, which allowed answering the question: how do changes occur in mastering the fundamentals of scientific style in the Russian language among foreign students of different profiles? It is concluded that the scientific text, due to the uniqueness of sets of language formulas and patterns, becomes a powerful tool for understanding professional module disciplines. Working with scientific style allows the teacher to prepare the student for professional communication and contributes to the development of skills in using scientific style in oral and written forms.

LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC RELATIONS IN THE TERMINOLOGY SYSTEM OF IVAN FRANKO’S ECONOMIC WORKS

The article deals with systemic lexical and semantic relations in economic terminology. The role of synonyms in economic terminology is determined. The semantics and stylistic nature of lexical synonyms in the language of Ivan Franko’s economic works are traced. It has been determined that Ivan Franko’s scientific language is characterised by a high concentration of synonymous lexical means. Logical and stylistic synonyms are relevant for the texts under study. The most significant synonymic units are duplicate terms. From the point of view of stylistic differentiation, the presence of synonymic series with common, bookish, and colloquial components in the texts of Ivan Franko’s economic works is recorded and described. The stratification of lexical and semantic relations fixes the component fullness of synonymous pairs and series, and also states the activity of the phenomenon of duplication. The components of synonymous pairs and rows are: a) duplicate terms, b) terms and commonly used book lexemes, c) terms, commonly used book lexemes and colloquial lexemes. The article traces antonymic relations between the components of Ivan Franko’s individual scientific language. In the system of language, antonyms reflect the verbalised cognition of opposites in nature and in social life, and thus, economic phenomena. Antonymy is most clearly manifested in the lexicon. This feature is also evidenced in the scientific language: the register of terms as the basis of its vocabulary includes antonyms. The existence of antonymic relations in terminology is due to the nature of cognition of reality and linguistic means of expression. It has been found that the adjacent use of antonyms within the same sentence or microcontext clearly shows their nature as verbalisers of opposite meaning and often creates a stylistic intra-textual contrast. The attention is focused on the fact that antonyms are less functionally loaded in the language of Ivan Franko’s economic works than synonyms. The analysis of the antonymic relations between the components of the dictionary of Ivan Franko’s economic works shows that the phenomenon of antonymy is less significant for the language of the studied works compared to the phenomenon of synonymy.

Жанр КУЛІНАРНЕ ШОУ у стилістичній парадигмі сучасних слов'янських медіа

The article touches upon the problem of media communication dynamics, synchronized with its language nature, functions and genre system. The author's argumentation is based on the analysis of the show genre that realize the functional potential of literary language in entertainment and cognition. Its communication invariant – the cooking show genre – has been interpreted using the methods of media linguistic episteme and research paradigm. From the point of view of functional stylistics, the architectonics and creolization means of the cooking show in its various invariants were analyzed. It is also argumented that cooking show genre relies on an effective combination of informative, cognitive and entertaining functions of the literary language in the Slavic mass media space. In turn, the objectivity of communication determines their reorientation in the dominance of the language resource, which is relevant for the architectonics of this so actual nowadays media genre. Stylistic nature of the recipe as a communication center of the genre allowed to define its monological and dialogical / polylogical forms. Also, TV and online formats of the cooking show genre in Slavic – Ukrainian, Bulgarian, Polish – media space were mentioned and investigated with an accent that their main cognitive context is connected with the development of not theoretical, but practical skills and abilities related to the cooking process. Special attention is paid to the image formation of all the participants (jury, hosts, guests, competitors, and others) and the analyzed cooking projects in general. The perspective of media genre theory in its connection with different traditional and new research areas are outlined in the article. The authors determine the trends of cooking show's further professional research in a functional and stylistic, psycho-, socio-, media linguistic, and linguoculturology perspective.

조선시대 <孔雀東南飛>의 번역과 향유

The purpose of this paper is to <Gongjakdonnambi> discuss the influx and enjoyment of the Joseon Dynasty, and the translation characteristics of the famous long-form folk epic of ancient Chinese poetry from the Joseon Dynasty. It only targets materials transcribed in the Joseon Dynasty. Currently, there are 4 Chinese manuscripts and 3 Hangul manuscripts. All of the titles showed the characteristics of being used as “Gongjaksi” and “Gongjakhaeng.” It was named by Joseon itself and was used to reflect the first words appearing in the text of the work and the stylistic nature of the work. The Hangul manuscripts was translated based on a collection of views published in Ming and Qing Dynasties. In addition, there was a use case in which the name “dan” of Taejo Lee Sung-gye was used. The use of subjects was thoroughly observed not only in Hangul manuscripts but also in Chinese manuscripts. In the Joseon Dynasty, the male and female awards required by the feudal social system that emphasized Confucian ethics were divided and evaluated. As for Uranji, who chose to die when she was forced to give a dog at home, she was evaluated as a young woman who lost her husband, and glorified and used it as an ideal female image required by the times.

Концепт UNREQUITED LOVE / НЕРАЗДЕЛЕННАЯ ЛЮБОВЬ и его лингвостилистическая репрезентация в поэтическом творчестве The Birthday Massacre

The aim of the work is to establish the dominant trope way of representing the concept UNREQUITED LOVE in English love lyrics in order to determine the stylistic nature of the poetic text modality. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time a study of the model of the concept UNREQUITED LOVE with the nuclear seme “sin” is carried out by the material of modern musical poetry of the rock band The Birthday Massacre. The model is based on N. A. Berdyaev’s existential teachings about unrequited love. The results obtained during the experiment confirm that the metaphorical nature of the text implies cruelty and death as the main components of the phenomenon of “unrequited love”, considered as a sin.

ДИДАКТИЧНІ ІГРИ В ПРОЦЕСІ ВИВЧЕННЯ ЛІТЕРАТУРИ

The play component is an intrinsic part of the learning process as a whole which increases its effectiveness. However, there is a need to conceptualize its role and possible applications based on the nature of literature as a school subject. The author of its articles draws on the extensive practical experience reflected in specialized journals and aims to theorise the didactic role of play in the context of key learning activities during literature lessons. Based on the creative and research literary activities performed by students, he outlines the ways of using play while keeping in mind the objectives of different ways of working with literary material. The article presents a broad spectrum of play activities used in the context of event-based, composition-based, chronotope-based, image-based, problem- and theme-based, ideational and conceptual, philosophical, genre-oriented as well as structural and stylistic analyses of literary works. Therefore, play activities are aligned with the nature of the subject. Literary play, as the author argues, always follows the logic of the abovementioned ways of learning literature which define the content, the goal, and the order of activities performed by students. This is how play helps develop the various literary competencies of students, such as structuring the plot of a literary text; investigating its development, identifying the order of events and cause-and-effectrelationships; observing and detailing compositional elements and chronotope formations; studying psychological characteristics of character images and ways of creating characters; analysing in depth the language of a text; identifying literary works on a similar theme; demonstrating awareness of genre formation and the stylistic nature of literary works.

MONTAGE AS A FORM OF ARTISTIC THINKING IN THE WORKS OF UKRAINIAN AVANT-GARDE ARTISTS

The study aims to highlight the concept of understanding the category of montage as a cultural phenomenon that realizes itself as a formative principle of cultural morphology and represents the artistic embodiment of the worldview and socio-cultural attitudes of modernism. Without pretending to be comprehensive, the research focuses on the artistic and technological universality of montage as a tool of artistic perception and reflection of reality in various types of art of the Ukrainian avant-garde of the first third of the twentieth century. On the basis of scientific works,the author determines the representativeness of montage in its species variants, the carriers of which are artistic works designed from elements with different spatial, temporal, iconographic, and stylistic nature. It is noted that montage in the building of works of art has been used since ancient times, before the appearance of the term itself, one of the main creative techniques and an independent artistic phenomenon it became only in the culture of the twentieth century, in the era of modernism and postmodernism that followed. The author sees further study of montage as one of the meaning-forming principles in the artistic and aesthetic system of postmodernism with a tendency to merge not only different types of art, styles, genres and forms, but also the general intellectualisation of art. The artistic experiments of the Ukrainian avant-garde artists were directly inspired by the birth and spread of cinema, on the one hand, and played a key role in its evolution as a new art form, on the other. The artists’ radical discoveries in the representation of modernity, the peculiarities of the city, and the crowded street gave rise to montage theories based on the principles of counterpointing the frames of the reflected reality. Moreover, the montage language, as an element of artistic thinking of the era, became a leading way of understanding the organization of action in the nature of the new life, and the best artists turned to it in their radical search for new forms and content.

美盛德而述形容:『骈体文钞』萧纲三颂的王权书写

Li Zhaoluo selected Xiao Gang’s Southern Suburbs Song, Dafa Song and MaBao Song in the second volume of the first part of parallel style Wen Chao. Although the writing origin and content are different, they are respectively praising the ancestors, praising the Dharma, and singing the god horse, but the theme is to promote the king''s power and praise the prosperous times. Southern Suburbs Song reflects Xiao Gang''s pride in the glorious times of the dynasty and and his enthusiasm to extol the imperial government. The nature of the rites and the stylistic characteristics of the eulogy determines that the main content of Southern Suburbs Song is to eulogize the emperor''s merits, to promote the politics of the king''s power, and depict the glorious times. Xiao Gang''s Dafa Song and MaBao Song are not pure Buddhist texts, but the combination of Buddhism and the concept of royal power, which fully exaggerates Xiao Yan''s literary governance and martial arts, benevolence and morality, and the majesty of the emperor. In the end, although it is attributed to praising Buddhism and pursuing all living beings, the essay has a large part of the praise of literary and martial arts, and the prosperity of benevolence, which fully demonstrates Xiao Gang''s enthusiasm for the political writing of royal power. Compared with the traditional writing of eulogizing the royal power, the introduction of Buddhist concepts into the political level of royal power, the knowledge concept and the way of discourse have changed. The fu and song styles are all derived from the Confucian classics. The prefaces and texts of Xiao Gang''s three songs are written in the form of fu, and they are basically pure and elegant, avoiding extravagance. Xiao Gang''s three Songs focuses on the writing of royal power, which is also closely related to the stylistic nature of eulogizing virtues and praising success. Xiao Gang''s writing of the royal power in his eulogies combines Confucianism and Buddhism systems in concept and discourse, which is not limited by the traditional concept of formal and variant in song style and has transcending significance.

A corpus-based study on opinions of advocates general of the court of justice of the European Union: changes in language and style

AbstractThis paper presents a Corpus Linguistics study of lexical features in the Opinions of Advocates General (AGs) of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). Using an interdisciplinary approach, combining legal studies, corpus linguistics and translation studies theories, the study aims to compare the language of some AGs’ Opinions, before and after the introduction of changes in the CJEU’s linguistic regime relating to the language(s) in which Opinions are normally drafted. The results of the corpus linguistic analysis demonstrate that certain changes in the linguistic and stylistic nature of AGs’ Opinions can be observed post-2004. On the one hand, those changes corroborate the study’s primary hypothesis that AG Opinions drafted after 2004 in non-mother tongue languages are stylistically simpler and less ‘fluent’ than those drafted (in AGs’ mother tongues) before 2004. On the other hand, the results also indicate that AG Opinions drafted after 2004 in mother tongue languages are similarly becoming stylistically simpler. These results are inherently interesting in terms of Corpus Linguistics research. However, in order to have a value outside of that field, they are best considered as a basis for more nuanced research questions, which can be investigated through interdisciplinary methods taking account of the factors of production of AG Opinions.

Аналитическая философия

The paper provides an overview of the most fundamental ideas representing analytic philosophy throughout its history from the beginning of 20th century up to now. The history of analytic philosophy is divided into two stages – the early and the contemporary ones. The main distinguishing features of early analytic philosophy are using mathematical logic as a tool of stating and solving philosophical problems, and critical attitude toward ‘metaphysics’, i.e., traditional and contemporary non-analytic philosophical theories. The genesis of analytic philosophy was closely related to the revolution in logic that led to the rise of mathematical logic, and it is no coincidence that some founders of analytic tradition (first of all Frege, Russell, and Carnap) were also prominent logicians. (But there were also authors and schools within early analytic philosophy whose researches were based on less formal tools such as classical logic and linguistic methods of analysis of language. Ordinary language philosophy is an example of this type of philosophy.) Using the new logic as a philosophical tool led to a huge number of new ideas and generated a new type of philosophical criticism that was implemented in a number of projects of ‘overcoming metaphysics’. These features constituted the methodological and thematic profile of early analytic philosophy. As opposed to the later, contemporary analytic philosophy cannot be characterized by a prevailing method or a set of main research topic. Its characteristic features are rather of historical, institutional, and stylistic nature. In the paper, early analytic philosophy is represented by Frege, Russell, early Wittgenstein, Vienna Circle (Schlick, Carnap etc.), and ordinary language philosophy (later Wittgenstein, Ryle, Austin, and Searle). Contemporary analytic philosophy is represented by Quine, and direct reference theory in philosophy of language (Kripke, Donnellan, Kaplan, and Putnam).