House Style Research Articles

From stone masonry to emigrant’s mansions. Changes in vernacular architecture in central Portugal

The research made for this purpose was realized to study the connection between the way of life, the climate, the geology and the vernacular architecture in the parish of Cernache do Bonjardim, municipality of Sertã, central region of Portugal, where various styles of rural houses can be found. The traditional rural home of this territory is constituted by stone walls, mostly made of shales or granite and has two floors: a lower floor with a place for animals or food storage, and an upper floor with the kitchen/living-room and bedrooms. Usually, both floors are joined by outside stairs. Each available space, for instance under these stairs, is used to keep animals like swine or hens, goats or rabbits, and to store food. Usually there is a piece of ground around the house used for the plantation of vegetables and fruit trees. This kind of home is adapted to the people’s way of living and the climate, using local materials like stone or wood. In the 19th century there was an emigration wave to Brazil. When the people returned they wanted to show their acquired richness and (sometimes) culture to the neighbours in the village and constructed large houses of mansion-type, which didn’t show the strong adaption to the environment anymore, but had other functionalities and a better comfort. As the transportation means improved, the building material was no more limited to the local offer. The emigration from the sixties of the 20th century until today brought new kinds of buildings. Their style was influenced from the country of emigration. There is no more relation to the local style of building. For the construction, modern materials like concrete, tile walls and roof tiles are used. The major conclusions of the research are that the vernacular architecture of the studied region has changed from houses adapted to the climate and the rural way of life, to larger and no more “typical” buildings. The main reasons for this change are the return of emigrants from abroad and its influence, the availability of new materials, the better education and income of the people, the wish to life more comfortably, and the change of the people´s way of life from farming to employment.

Acute effects of air pollutants on daily mortality and hospitalizations due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.

Chiang Dao is one of the districts in Chiang Mai, Thailand facing high level of seasonal air pollution every year, the exposure of community dwellers to outdoor air pollutants 24 hours a day during seasonal smog period because of their open-air housing style, and agricultural occupational hazard. In addition, Chiang Dao hospital is the only available hospital serving the community with open-air wards; therefore we could certainly to identify the association between air pollution and mortality of hospitalized patients. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the association between daily average seasonal air pollutants and daily mortality of hospitalized patients and community dwellers as well as emergency and hospitalization visits for serious respiratory, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular diseases. This time series study was conducted between 1 March 2016 and 31 March 2017. The association of various air pollutant concentrations including particulate matter diameter less than 10 and 2.5 microns (PM10 and PM2.5), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3) and daily mortality of hospitalized patients and community dwellers as well as relationship with frequencies of serious respiratory, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular diseases were analyzed using a general linear model with Poisson distribution. Only PM2.5 was found to be associated with increased daily mortality of hospitalized patients (lag day 6, adjusted RR =1.153, 95% CI: 1.001-1.329), whereas PM10, PM2.5, NO2, and O3 were associated with increased daily non-accidental mortality of community dwellers (lag day 0-7, adjusted RR =1.006-1.040, 95% CI: 1.000-1.074). For acute serious respiratory events; PM10 and PM2.5 were associated with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD), while SO2, CO, and O3 were associated with emergency visits for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). O3 was associated with emergency visits for heart failure (HF), NO2 with emergency visits for myocardial infarction (MI), and SO2 with hospitalized visits for cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Seasonal air pollutants were found to be associated with higher mortality among hospitalized patients and community dwellers with varying effects on severe acute respiratory, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular diseases.

Emergence of Ethnopolitical Journalism in Kenya: Lessons from the 2017 Televised Political Analyses Shows

This paper critiques ethnopolitical journalism in televised political analyses of the 2017 electoral process in Kenya. Ethnopolitical journalism is a reporting model characterised by a focus on ethnicity when analysing and describing political situations; leading to ethnic identity formation in the society that places mass media at economic vantage point. Motivated by mediatized ethnicity, Kenyans find themselves perpetually under normalised ethnopolitics and ethnopolitical journalism is a major strategy in the mainstream media. Fourteen televised political analysis shows; from major television channels were examined. The analysis targeted prioritised and dominant topics of discussion, the composition of the panels; the most discussed presidential candidates and the moderator’s leads toward a particular direction during the analyses. The findings show that in all the televised political analysis shows, all members of the panel are drawn from the five ethnic groups. Moreover, all priority topics target the two supposedly major political sides (NASA and Jubilee); whose principals and deputies come from the five ethnic groups. It was also noted that every discussion from different Television channels are narrowed deliberately by the moderator to discuss about Raila Odinga and Uhuru Kenyatta, thus, ignoring all other presidential candidates, their political parties and areas considered their strongholds. These findings reveal the media’s deliberate choices of house styles and reporting models during the electoral periods in Kenya. The study concludes that media has been the high priest of ethnicity normalization culture that has shaped the political mindset of Africa to the extent of undermining its transformative leadership. The findings add to the research critical of media practice and political economy of mass media reporting during electioneering periods.

Development and testing of a rent determination framework for PPP rental villages

With the growing ageing population, a range of supported housing styles for seniors with more complex needs is required in order to cater for a broad stream of circumstances. Decreased government involvement and affordability issues set thresholds for seniors to enter the appropriate retirement housing such as rental villages. Public–private partnership (PPP) is widely used to construct public infrastructure by integrating public welfare and commercial projects. PPPs have, however, not yet been studied or put into effect for rental villages. Concession rent is one of the key factors that affect the success of PPP rental villages. This article proposes PPP as an initiative for rental villages that meet seniors’ need for appropriate retirement housing, then develops a framework for rent determination of PPP rental villages and examines this framework based on an invented example. The framework is established for PPP rental villages based on cost–benefit analysis in order to set the rent in consideration of the key factors such as government subsidy, operation cost, concession period and expected rate of return. Two scenarios under the PPP process with different government subsidies are presented for comparison with the conventional approach. An empirical example, developed from an existing rental village in Geelong, is used to numerically verify the framework. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to explore the impacts of three variables on the rent: the operation cost, the number of occupied units and the percentage of rental income, and then to discuss scenarios whereby the government’s early investment during the construction period can result in a lower rent. The results show that, compared to the conventional approach, the construction of rental villages by applying PPP can effectively reduce the rent to improve affordability for seniors. The development of PPP rental villages could have long-term prospects when well integrated with a government subsidy. The research findings will significantly facilitate the rent determination process of PPP rental villages and satisfy the interests of the government, private sectors and the seniors. The article highlights the importance of PPP rental villages and also provides a guide to other similar PPP projects such as social housing and aged care facilities.

중국 아파트 부부침실의 사용 및 가구배치 특성에 관한 연구 : 상해시 2·3침실형 아파트에 거주하는 유자녀 가정을 중심으로

The purpose of this study was to grasp a living behavioral pattern and a furniture layout feature focusing on a master bedroom in Chinese apartment. For this, a survey was conducted targeting 32 households of living together with children in 2-3 bedrooms apartment in Shanghai. As for a research method, a housing style and a furniture were carried out the actual measurement and the photography shooting in the field. The user interview was implemented in terms of living.BR The survey results are as follows. First, there were bedtime and storage as major living behaviors in the master room. Leisure activity, bedtime with children, task and learning were being done together depending on lifestyle. Second, the furnitures, which were arranged much, were in order of bed, wardrobe, bedside-table, TV, daybed and desk. The bed occupies the center of the longest wall surface. The bedside-table is put on either side. The wardrobe showed the tendency of being vertically arranged with the bed head. Also, the installation of TV across the bed led to having been arranged conveniently enough to watch TV on the bed. In case of sleeping together with children, a child bed was being placed side by side with an adult bed. This outcome could lead to specifically understanding the living conditions in a master bedroom of Chinese apartment and to knowing the necessity of a differentiated residential plan of supporting various living habits.

San Xavier Del Wa:k’s Late-Eighteenth-Century Fortified Village Revealed in Early Imagery and Texts

Some of the earliest historical drawings and photographs provide a fragmentary look at a long-gone defensive village occupied by San Xavier del Bac’s O’odham residents. Together these images reveal the character of a village that had been lost to history. Having moved the village south sometime between 1772 and 1780, during the Franciscan period, the new Wa:k O’odham village took on a form that differed substantially from the traditional Sobaipuri O’odham layout and house style that characterized the earlier village to the north. Structures were for the first time constructed of sun-dried adobes and formed rows of rectangular houses positioned in a square in what is now the church plaza. Passersby casually commented on this village, verifying the character and life span of this fortified O’odham village.

Effects of litter floor access and inclusion of experienced hens in aviary housing on floor eggs, litter condition, air quality, and hen welfare

ABSTRACTWith different cage-free (CF) housing styles and management schemes, retailers have developed their own CF criteria. One highly debated aspect is if hens may be kept inside the system for part of the day—during the first few hours after lights-on. Research is lacking regarding the impacts of such a practice on hen welfare, incidence of eggs laid on the litter floor, litter condition, and air quality. This 14-mo field study was conducted to help assess such impacts. Hens (Dekalb White) in an aviary house (50,000-hen nominal capacity) were allowed to have full litter access (FLA) vs. part-time litter access (PLA) from 10:50 am to 9:00 pm, coupled with the absence or presence of experienced hens (1.5% of the population), hence a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The measured variables included a) incidence of floor eggs, b) percentage of birds remaining on litter floor at night, c) mortality, d) body weight (BW) and BW uniformity, e) litter condition (depth, moisture content, texture, amount removed, and bacteria concentration), f) environmental conditions, and g) welfare conditions (10 variables). Compared to FLA, PLA had a significantly lower incidence of floor eggs (1.4 ± 0.1 vs. 12.6 ± 1.1 eggs per hen housed as of 76 weeks of age (WOA), i.e., approximately 89% reduction), less manure deposition on the floor (0.53 ± 0.02 vs. 1.05 ± 0.04 kg/100 hens/d, dry basis, i.e., approximately 50% reduction), and lower ammonia concentrations due to drier litter (averaging 22% lower). Inclusion of 1.5% experienced hens in the young flock did not show benefit of reducing the incidence of floor eggs (P = 0.48). The percentage of hens remaining on the floor at night was low (< 0.01%) in all cases from 24 WOA onward. No differences were detected between FLA and PLA in hen welfare conditions, mortality, BW, BW uniformity, bacteria concentration in the litter, air temperature, or relative humidity.

The Endoscopic Endonasal Approach for Treatment of Craniovertebral Junction Pathologies: A Minimally Invasive but not Minimal-Risk Approach.

This paper has been edited for clarity, correctness and consistency with our house style. Please check it carefully to make sure the intended meaning has been preserved. If the intended meaning has been inadvertently altered by the editing changes, please make any corrections needed.

Endoscopic Endonasal Odontoidectomy and Posterior Fusion in a Single-Stage Surgery: Description of Surgical Technique and Outcome.

This paper has been edited for clarity, correctness and consistency with our house style. Please check it carefully to make sure the intended meaning has been preserved. If the intended meaning has been inadvertently altered by the editing changes, please make any corrections needed.

Tarpinstitucinių terminologų susitikimų aktualijos

[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English]&#x0D; The paper presents a short overview (2006 till the present) of terminology meetings, or- ganized in Brussels/Luxembourg by Lithuanian terminologists working with the Translation Services of EU institutions (the Council of the EU, European Commission, European Parliament, Court of Justice, Central Bank, Committee of Regions, Economic Committee, and Court of Auditors). It is argued that this history represents continuous and gradual evolution and approximation/consolidation of working methods and practices. Some examples of success stories in resolving the terminological differences of different EU institutions are presented. The paper also briefly presents the terminological exchange link between the EU institutions’ Lithuanian translation services on the one hand and Lithu- anian public authorities on the other. The implications of the “triple loyalty” of the EU translator are discussed: the loyalty to the “house style” and multilingual requirements of the EU institution vs. Lith- uanian institutions’ position vs. Lithuanian language principles. Furthermore, the paper concentrates on the issues raised in the meetings related to the use of metaphoric terms in EU translations (e.g., carbon footprint, whistleblowing, spill-over effect). The argument is presented that avoiding metaphor sometimes leads to unclear and imprecise translation or loss of terminological identity. To illustrate the political aspect of conveying important emphasis in a given term, the example of demarcated beds is presented. Furthermore, it is argued that re-terminologization of historicisms/dated words might be useful. Finally the paper presents terminological networking and outreach activities undertaken by the Lithuanian Translation Unit at the General Secretariat of the Council of the EU, including the recently created Facebook page „Europinės terminologijos aktualijos“.

Exploration of Ethnomathematics of House and Traditional Music Tools Biak-Papua Cultural

&lt;p&gt;This research is an ethnomathematics study of the Biak Papuan community. The ethnomathematics studied are houses and traditional musical instruments. The shape and style of the traditional Biak house still remain to this day. The purpose of this study was to examine and reveal the relationship between mathematics and the traditional home culture of the Biak community, namely rum Som, rum Sram and Sram Mankubui and traditional musical instruments namely Tifa. The research method used is an exploratory survey method with a qualitative approach. The results showed that the shape of the roof of rum Som, rum Sram, Sram Mankubui was rectangular, half elliptical and triangular trapezoid. Whereas Tifa's musical instruments look like the two most belted cones combined.&lt;/p&gt;

“I Come in Here So I Don’t Have to Hate Her”

Singing a barroom weeper is like writing a haiku about cherry blossoms or a Western about a laconic hero who cleans up a violent town. You’re under significant pressure to nail the obligatory elements of the form but you also have an opportunity to make fresh meanings by rearranging its familiar

The Capital Warning of “Annabel Lee”

The Capital Warning of “Annabel Lee”

Study on Bottom Damp-Proof Method of Cave Dwelling

The cave dwelling, as one of the most typical and traditional characteristic local housing styles in the loess area of Northwest China, has been adopted widely in many areas since ancient times. The construction of the cave dwellings supports environmental protection, makes use of innovative construction technology, and preserves historical cultural heritage. The cave dwellings have practical significance and play an important role in the current society. Although there are many natural advantages to use cave dwellings, they also pose many problems, such as high moisture, inadequate lighting, poor ventilation, insufficient strength, and so on. The most serious problem is related to moisture, which affects the comfort, security, and safety of the residents; it needs to be addressed. The authors propose to resolve this problem by developing a method of building a damp-proof course in the bottom of these cave dwellings. Meanwhile, specified experiments were carried out to validate the feasibility of this method. The results show that the method is reasonable and practical, and it can be implemented easily and conveniently in the future. This research has significant practical value; the results can improve people’s living environment and increase comfort and safety of cave dwelling.

The story of building healthful houses in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Abstract While the State plays an important role in actively transforming communities into conditions considered as ‘developed’, at the micro level there are some traditional features which persist. This short ethnographic observation carried out among the Dawan in the village of Oinlasi, South Amanatun, East Nusa Tenggara, revealed that the ume kbubu, a Timorese traditional house style, has experienced some changes as a consequence of the introduction of the Ministry of Health’s ‘healthful housing’ program around fifty years ago. It was found that this program, along with other development programs, has changed the traditional life of the communities in the village. However, the researchers also witnessed that the communities were responding to these changes in various ways. The traditional houses were, in some cases, built with modern materials, equipped with electricity, and used only as a kitchen, while the family lived in modern healthful housing nearby. It is concluded that, although the idea of healthful houses is accepted by the community, their traditional house persists.

Analysis of Heating Energy Reduction of Wooden-based Korean Hanok Using Passive Houses Planning Package (PHPP)

This study sought to design a low-energy Hanok house through the PHPP energy simulation program. The goal is to retain the spirit of Hanok, a traditional Korean house style, and spread the adoption of the Hanok style. Using the standard drawings of the wood-frame house and the Hanok, the analysis of the heat loss of each element and the annual heat demand showed that the Hanok had about six times higher energy demand, and the heat loss was mostly associated with the envelope. As a result of applying to the Hanok principles in the same way as the insulation condition of a modern wood-frame house, the analysis showed an opportunity for about an 80% energy reduction. The need for design standards for the development of low-energy Hanok was confirmed.

Hugh Craig and Brett Greatley-Hirsch, Style, Computers, and Early Modern Drama: Beyond Authorship

FOLLOWING John Burrows’ use of the commonest (function) words in English and principal component analysis as the ‘key method for what came to be known as computational stylistics’, Hugh Craig and Brett Greatley-Hirsch extend quantitative analysis to include Random Forests, Shannon Entropy, Delta, and Student’s t-test as tools of literary exploration. Random Forests and Shannon Entropy are explained in Chapter 1, although their thorough understanding requires greater familiarity than that enjoyed by literary scholars. Unfortunately for the exposition, the PCA biplot of Figure 1.3 (37) overprints Figure 1.2 (36) with scant regard for the reader. Although the focus of computational stylistics has been chiefly on authorship, Craig and Greatley-Hirsch use the extended methods of computational stylistics to engage with six questions that exclude the determination of authorship. These questions are explored individually in Chapters 2 to 7: the difference between prose and verse; the affinity (or not) of dramatic characters within and without the same authorial canon; analysis of the type and distribution of stage properties in the early modern theatre; the ‘cultural drift’ of the English language used by dramatists 1585–1624; the influence of theatre company house style on early modern dramatists in comparison with individual authorial style; the relationship of Restoration plays to plays before the Puritan closing of the theatres. The common theme is the methodology of quantitative analysis.

A Study on the Urban Regional Characteristics Affecting the Satisfaction of Residential Environment

Unlike in the past, housing styles and characteristics have gradually diversified. Therefore, there is a growing interest in residential environments that can meet people s needs beyond housing supply. The subjective satisfaction of the residents is the main factor for the sustainable development of the city. Therefore, this study aims to suggest implications for improving the satisfaction of residential environment through the empirical study. The 2014 housing survey data and GIS data were used for analysis. As a research method, multi - level logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influence of individual level and local level on the satisfaction of residential environment. As a result of the study, The more you stay in an apartment, the higher the overall satisfaction of the house. The higher the locational satisfaction, the higher the satisfaction of residential. In the second level of local variables, bus stops, libraries, and large commercial facilities showed a significant relationship. Through this study, various factors affecting the satisfaction of residential environment were identified. It also suggests that the planned supply and operation of the municipal infrastructure is necessary for residential satisfaction and housing welfare.

Cultural intercourse of the Lao Vieng ethnic groups that reflects on the architectural style and the use of space in the Korat house

Lao Vieng ethnic groups were taken as prisoners of war to Nakhon Ratchasima in 1778, resulting in a continuous cultural intercourse with the Thai Korat people, especially in the construction of Korat house styles. Recent research has investigated residential housing and the use of space by the two groups of Lao Vieng—Laos Vieng Taku and Laos Vieng Japoh—who settled either close to or away from the center of administration. This article focuses on the comparison of the cultural intercourse of these two groups against the main cultural group which is reflected in the development of housing and the use of interior space. A study of architectural history is applied along with anthropology and sociology. The methodology includes housing surveys, case studies, and interviews with residents. Comparative analysis between the two groups aimed at studying the phenomena of cultural intercourse, including its contributing factors. The study findings show that in a historical context, both groups have maintained to some extent, aspects according to traditional Lao culture. However, the housing patterns of the Lao Vieng Japoh reflect more the adoption of the Korat house than the other, as the location of their community is closer to the administrative center and trade routes, and is surrounded by different cultural groups, especially the Thai Korat group, resulting in social interactions, cultural intercourse, and blending in with the mainstream culture at a greater level.

The Crux of Minimalist Architecture: A Local Strategy of Housing Design in Jakarta or a Break Free from Traditions?

During the 1950s, the idea of Minimalism presents itself as one of the response of the search of universal language in art and architecture. This particular style, which was started as an art movement, has received many critics in the relation to the loss of art but nevertheless Minimalism has spread all over the world and influenced many disciplines, including architecture. In minimalist architecture, elements of design convey simplicity, basic geometrical forms, with no decoration, and the use of white color, modern materials and clean spaces. The “less is more” movement in architecture, which can be seen in the works of Mies van der Rohe and also in the International Style that celebrates materiality and rationality, is also understood as Minimalism. Moreover, an important historical connection to minimalist architecture is the relationship to popular representations of how the upscale modern family lived. Recently, the idea of minimalist architecture appears in Indonesia as a preferable housing style. Adapting minimalist architecture to be suitable for a tropical climate can be done partly by modifying the forms and the microclimate such as using passive system approach or additional equipment that creates comfort in the building. This paper investigates the idea of minimalist architecture in Jakarta, Indonesia, and how the idea is widely used for housing. Some questions related to this study are investigating whether minimalist architecture in Jakarta shares the same principles with minimalist architecture in its earlier time or it is only a trend in housing design. Not only this study analyzes the moment when the idea of Minimalism develops in the history of modern architecture but also some important characteristics of minimalist architecture in different era and space. In addition, this study also discusses how minimalist architecture that happens in Jakarta becomes a way of dealing with both modern and local conditions, including a break free from traditions.