Style Of Scientific Thinking Research Articles

From the structure of the scientific text to the 1950s-80s bard song genesis

The main purpose of this article is to clarify some controversial questions about the genesis of the bardic songs. This cultural phenomenon is seen as a system of "author-listeners". It has already been noted that the macro-structure of the dialectical opposition "private-universal" manifests itself much more often in bardic song than in other cultural directions. The hypothesis that the bardic song originated in the scientific intelligentsia is put forward in this article. In order to confirm the hypothesis, a brief analysis of scientific texts in the context of the identification of "private-universal" structures is carried out. As a result, it is shown that the structural rhythm "private-universal" is originally characteristic of the scientific tradition. Its presence is an invariable factor across all cultures. Moreover, it is also an integral part of the style of scientific thinking. This way of thinking affects the whole social community and defines the bardic song of listeners and authors. The mechanics of the emergence of this cultural phenomenon have been the subject of research. The verification of the results was carried out by applying the scientists number dynamics in the country to the creation dynamics of the bard songs. Once linked to the structural analysis results, the identified correlation was converted into a dependency rank. Thus, the hypothesis of how the Bard's Song got started was confirmed.

Synergetic paradigm of the global world

All sociological paradigms are based on the existing picture of the world, which determines them through cognitive models. Thus, the Darwinian evolutionism and dialectical materialism that developed in the last century were mainly based on four cognitive models: scholastic (nature and society as texts), mechanistic (nature and society as machines), statistical (nature and society as balances of average values) and systemic (nature and society as organisms). Contemporary sociological paradigms - of social facts, social behavior, social definitions and determinism - are also based on these cognitive models; however, today social processes go beyond these cognitive models, and there is a growing interest in an interdisciplinary approach called ‘synergetics’ (1). The synergetic approach uses such concepts as ‘order’, ‘chaos’, ‘nonlinearity’, ‘uncertainty’, ‘instability’, ‘dissipative structures’, ‘bifurcation’, ‘attractor’ and etc. Synergetics studies the general laws of self-organization, stability and destruction of ordered structures in complex systems of various nature; it is a theory of self-organization and development of open systems of any origin [6]. The synergetic style of scientific thinking presupposes a probabilistic vision of the world, which developed in the 19th century. Synergetics contributes to the formation of a new type of scientific thinking - post-non-classical, to the inclusion of humanistic and axiological parameters in scientific research and to the development of non-linear thinking, proving the inadequacy of the model of consistent and gradual cumulative development. The new sociological paradigm should accept the idea of synergetics about the interconnectedness of epistemology and ontology, i.e. the idea that the cognitive activity of the subject changes reality: the very choice of the object, conceptual scheme, methods and the use of the results obtained forms, changes and destroys the ontological basis; therefore, the researcher is responsible for the world that he creates and reforms.

Philosophical Analysis of the Special Theory of Relativity on the Correspondence of its Content to the Necessary Condition of its Objectivity.

The subject of this study is the special theory of relativity (SRT) by A. Einstein, the debate about which has been going on for more than a hundred years. The aim of the study is to evaluate SRT from the side of whether everything that is discussed in this theory and thus in the new, relativistic physics is possible in nature itself. At the same time, the author pays special attention to three issues: the principle of relativity, the necessary condition for the objectivity of the content of scientific theories and the Einstein style of scientific thinking, which predetermined the ideological component of SRT and all relativistic physics. But such issues as relativistic reductions of lengths and durations, the relativity of simultaneity and a single space-time do not remain without attention. The study revealed the fallacy of a long-standing and widespread opinion about the relativity of properties. The necessary condition for the objectivity of scientific theories is revealed. The natural form of expression of quantities is revealed and the non-relative nature of all natural quantities is shown. The hidden form of relativity inherent in the SRT postulate about the constancy of the speed of light in all inertial reference frames and extended in SRT to the magnitude of all lengths and durations considered in it is revealed. It is shown that such relativity is based on the dependence of the quantities on the choice of their reflection systems. It is shown that such dependence is impossible in nature itself. It is concluded that the SRT is erroneous. At the same time, the factors that served as favorable ground for the emergence and spread of this erroneous theory are listed.

The Problem of the Relationship between Ontology and Theory of Knowledge in the Works of Samara Philosophers of the Late Soviet Period

The article discusses the issue of the relationship between ontology and theory of knowledge in the works of Samara philosophers of the late Soviet period. The purpose of the study is to identify the local specifics of Samara philosophical thought by revealing the system-forming significance of the problem of the conditional unity of being and thinking at the level of a distinctive separation between ontological premises and epistemological prospects of methodological reflection in scientific knowledge. The objectives of the article are (1) to establish the characteristic features of the views of Samara philosophers on the general methodological significance of the problem of the relationship between ontology and the theory of knowledge, (2) to demonstrate the methodological relevance of their theoretical principles in the context of the philosophy of science, (3) to substantiate the applicability of the latter for the activity approach to the social interpretation of theoretical results. In the course of the study, the author uses the method of distinctions, formed in onto-epistemology by M.A. Lifshitz, methods of functional analysis, diachronic reconstruction and rationing of the worldview legitimation of a particular subject theoretical entity. Thus, the article reveals the local specificity of the Samara philosophy of the era of developed socialism. The author analyzes the program for optimizing scientific knowledge based on the Borisov–Dukhanin methodology, tied to the materialistic solution of the “main question of philosophy” (i.e., the issue of the relationship of the being and consciousness). The article pays attention to the theory of the style of scientific thinking, proposed by V.T. Salosin, to the methodological foundations and reception of the socio-philosophical theory of M.S. Kvetnoy. The author examines the productivity of the Samara precedent of the interaction of worldview and methodological aspects in philosophy. The article concludes that the specificity of the Samara philosophers’ solution of the problem of the unity of being and thinking on the basis of the Marxist understanding of the the main question of philosophy lies in the fact that it is considered as a methodological problem of achieving logical consistency to express the balance between ontological premises and epistemological perspectives.

«Викладач-студент»: нелінійність взаємодії особистостей

The idea of considering the nonlinearity of interactions between personalities in «teacher-student» relationship is determined the transition of science from classical to non-classical and post-classical stages of its development. Paradigmatic shifts that require semantic explication of the «teacher-student» relationship in a certain discourse are associated with a synergetic research program and the formation of complex and nonlinear styles of scientific thinking. Since there are a number of approaches to the philosophical and methodological study of the «teacher-student» relationship, we can talk about a number of complications, because each of the components of this relationship shows the diversity of their interactions and so on. That is why there is no single understanding of the problem of the «teacher-student» relationship, which could be applied to different contexts. Based on a nonlinear approach to understanding the teacher-student relationship, the nonlinearity of each of the components of this relationship and their interaction with each other is revealed. Clarification of the problematic spectrum of the term «personality» in the article was based on the study of classical and modern research. The methodological perspective through which the study took place gave a holistic view of the understanding of the nonlinearity of the features of personality in both components of this relationship. It was found that a person can be interpreted as nonlinear only in his interaction with others, that is why any person involved in the educational process will acquire nonlinear characteristics. The importance of understanding the nonlinearity of personality characteristics in modern post-classical discourse is clarified and the methodological potential of the nonlinear approach to understanding personality is investigated. Based on the synergetic approach it is revealed the understanding of nonlinear characteristics of personalities as active subjects of the «teacher-student» relationship, who are capable to self-organization, self-development, self-regulation, self-analysis and self-realization, and are carriers of nonlinear thinking.

Монистическое истолкование опыта в позитивизме А. Богданова

The article is devoted to intellectual heritage of Alexander A. Bogdanov and fo­cuses on the philosophy of empiriomonism, a common thread running through all his work. The relevance of his way of understanding the world lies in the fact that the monistic understanding of experience is linked to the activity approach. Defending the position of positivism as a “scientific” philosophy, Bogdanov tried to substantiate the dynamics of the social process on the Marxist platform. But this led him to break with his colleagues in the revolutionary movement and to excommunication from revolutionary activity, because his innovative thoughts comparable only to the transition from Newtonian mechanics to quantum physics, were not understood. From Bogdanov’s point of view, any dogmatiza­tion leads to the transformation of a scientific concept into a religious doctrine, which orthodoxly consolidates its tenets/postulates. He develops these ideas in the book “General Organizational Science”. Tektology, in his opinion, already went beyond the framework of philosophy and was not just a science, but also a methodology of knowledge, as well as a style of scientific thinking, which sci­ence was striving to master, initially without realizing it. As shown in the article, his approach turned out to be quite consistent with today's worldview based on the principles of quantum mechanics and the idea of the interdependence of the object and the researcher.

Modern change in the tools of the system-structural approach to the style of scientific thinking in the Earth sciences

The characteristic features of our time are globalization and the intensification of human activities, which lead to large-scale changes in the environment. There are more crisis points, they are interconnected, and the problems that arise at the same time become more complicated. In this case, we should already talk about the possibility of a global environmental crisis, and therefore any more or less large project should take into account environmental risks. That is, each object of geo-ecological research is considered both as an independent self-organizing system and as part of a larger system. It is the initial approach to the study and construction of a conceptual model, the trajectory of data processing of the object of research that currently causes the greatest number of disputes and difficulties. Often, the entire volume of problems related to the interpretation of data, their lack, complexity of processing, inconsistency with the real state of affairs, is associated precisely with the initial spatial approach to research, that is, with the sphere of epistemological tools of the thinking style.

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The article deals with the author�s perception of legal research methodology as multilayered, integral system of various methods which contribute to in-depth knowledge of essential, meaningful and formal features of law. The author defined its structure that consists of two levels (blocks) of methodological knowledge: philosophical and instrumental ones. The paper concentrates on philosophical and attitudinal level of methodological knowledge that has intrinsic structure: dominating perspective, scientific paradigm, style of scientific thinking and understanding. Dominating ideology is analyzed as the holistic set of prevailing values of people�s educational and practical activities. There are such kinds of perspective in the history of human civilization: mythological, theological and scientific. The scientific one is considered to be the dominating perspective nowadays. The focus of the study is on the style of scientific thinking as the way of cognitive position, formed by the research communities on the basis of historically entrenched, attitudinal, epistemological and logical standards. Its content is defined by scientific paradigm and technology-oriented research. The phenomenon manifests itself on different levels: philosophy of science in general, in particular sciences and even academic disciplines. As it is shown in the research scientific paradigm is the significant conception used by the research community as the basis for solving of some science-based tasks. In the branch of legal science�s paradigm is defined by different kinds of understanding of law. The main paradigms in legal sciences are the positivist and sociological ones. While the positivist paradigm is based on assimilation of the law and statute (acts of law), the sociological paradigm is based on their distinguishing. In some branches of legal sciences, there are more specific paradigms: human-oriented, humanistic, etc. The importance of basic principles of scientific cognition is highlighted as the common attitudinal regulations which foster the subject to receive objective knowledge. Among them are mentioned: principle of historism which requires definite, historically entrenched procedure for considering events; principle of objectivity which presupposes completely unbiased approach of facts selection; principle of social humanism which involves evaluation of legal phenomena in the universal value-centered light. The article demonstrates the methodological importance of philosophical and ideology level that lies in the opportunity to define conceptual way of legal research on the basis of scientific perspective, pluralistic style of thinking, appropriate paradigm of law and such cognitive principles as historism, objectivity and social humanism.

FORMATION OF RESEARCH COMPETENCE OF FUTURE HIGHER SCHOOL TEACHERS IN THE PROCESS OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING

The article reveals the theoretical aspects of the problem of forming the research competence of future teachers of higher education, which is associated with the transition to a unified European education system and the renewal of the educational process of higher education with an orientation towards the formation and development of the personality of a competent teacher-researcher who owns the technology of scientific and pedagogical activity. The necessity of the development of the intellectual consciousness of the future teacher of higher education, which determines the style of scientific thinking, is substantiated by the main indicators of consistency, dynamism, problematicity, categoricality, reflexivity, evidence, predictability, projectivity, search ability, creativity. The authors have revealed the structure and the content of the research competence of the future teachers of higher education. The structural components of the research competence of future teachers of higher education are highlighted: cognitive, diagnostic, project constructive, technological, reflective, communicative. The pedagogical conditions for the formation of research competence of the future teacher of higher education are scientifically substantiated: motivational and value, creating needs and determining the persistent positive motivation of the future teacher of higher education in mastering research qualities; meaningful and constructive, which combine the individual and technological capabilities of scientific and pedagogical activity and the requirements of the forthcoming professional activity of a teacher of higher education; organizational and pedagogical, determining the establishment and retention of pedagogically expedient relationships between teachers and students, based on cooperation and mutual interest in research; reflexive-corrective, contributing to the analysis, accounting and correction of the process and the result of the formation of research competence in future teachers of higher education.

ВИПАДКОВІСТЬ У СИСТЕМІ НАУКОВОГО ЗНАННЯ: СВІТОГЛЯДНИЙ ТА МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНИЙ АСПЕКТИ

In the article the author's attention is focused on modern scientific interpretations of the phenomenon of chance. The author also focused on the generalization of the results of research by scientists of nonlinear processes of self-organization of complex systems. The main goal of the article is to study the phenomenon of the so-called "nonlinear thinking" in science. Of particular interest was the philosophical assessment of the very subject of this thinking. The author tried to reveal the essence in the interpretation of statistical laws. He also sought to prove that these patterns represent a more fundamental aspect of reality than the laws of dynamics. The choice of the topic of the article, the application of its theoretical and methodological approaches is determined by the very subject of thought and the nature of the tasks. So it turned out that many dynamical systems – physical, chemical, biological – fall under nonlinear dynamic equations. Here they are quite predictable. However, they become unpredictable if they appear at the macro level. After all, individual systems are considered "normal" and function according to deterministic laws only up to a certain time. This is the period between situations of bifurcation. Here their "behavior" can be fully predicted. However, in their own development, they can come to certain extreme changes. To overcome them further, two variants of the quality state appear. Each of them can happen first. This happens when an object passes through so-called tipping points. It is impossible to predict which variant will achieve ontological legitimation. The object experiences microwaves between the two physical alternatives for some time. But with an increase in the value of the key parameter of one of the alternatives, further complication of the state occurs. This process is a sequential bifurcation, similar to the alternation of two existing states. It is characterized by periods of instability. In this case, it is impossible to predict the state of development of the object. Here, as you know, "His Majesty the case" enters the scene. The case in such systems cannot be neglected. After all, here the relationship between necessity and chance, between fluctuations and deterministic algorithms, is different than in a stationary environment. Not far from the bifurcation nodes, micro-fluctuations or chances reign supreme. Whereas in the distance there is a deterministic order of things. Even more effective is the study of the phenomenon of non-determinism in relation to the space-time models of the behavior of systems. Through scientific research, it has been reliably established that at the bifurcation points of such a medium, successive microchanges reach large values. Their scale is sometimes compared to the system itself. Here the system changes due to fluctuations, up to the appearance of a new quality. A deep understanding of the significance of the new style of scientific thinking is closely related to a radical revision of the idea of self- organization of matter in nature. This ability to change has previously been studied only in the framework of macroscopic statistical equilibrium states. This is a new style of scientific thinking and a new picture of the world. They are related to the study of nonlinear and unbalanced open systems. All this demonstrates a non-trivial understanding of matter itself and its ability to self-organize. Matter takes on new forms of existence. Their appearance is due to their own internal forces and properties of matter itself. The worldview generalizations of such discoveries are important here. After all, they allow you to see the world more clearly, which is self-organizing as a single whole and is at different levels of its existence. The generalized results of studying the topic give grounds to draw the following conclusion. The subject of the new style of scientific thinking is the nonlinear processes of self-organization of matter. This style of thinking, as well as the discoveries of nonlinear natural science, allow us to understand the nature of the surrounding world in a new way. Namely – the ability of a substance to self-organize as a whole and at various levels of its own being. This is due to the internal forces and properties of this world. However, to fully understand the nature of this world, it is necessary to comprehend randomness. After all, it is precisely chance that is an essential part of reality. That is, randomness is that part of reality that gives a more perfect picture of the surrounding world.

Live experience philosophy. The theory of knowledge of A.A. Bogdanov

Considering the philosophical heritage of Alexander Bogdanov, the author focuses on the aspect of the theory of knowledge, which passes through all the work of the famous philosopher and revolutionary. Doubts about the possibility of an exhaustive knowledge of the surrounding reality are also visible in Bogdanov’s earliest works. An attempt to build a new approach to human knowledge, having rinked him with activity experience, was undertaken by him in his main philosophical work, “Empiriomonism”. Standing on the positions of positivism as a “scientific” philosophy, Bogdanov tried to substantiate the dynamics of the public process, while remaining at the Marxist platform. The further development of his ideas led to the creation of a “universal organizational science” – tectology, which, in his opinion, has already passed beyond philosophy and was not only science, but also methodology of knowledge, as well as the style of scientific thinking, to which science, initially not realizing this, always sought. Thus, studying the legacy of Bogdanov, we see the development of views on the ideas of knowledge in the Russian philosophy of the beginning of the XXth century.

Scientific thinking styles: The different ways of thinking in psychoanalytic case studies

ABSTRACT Historian and philosopher John Forrester argues that psychoanalysis is characterized by a style of scientific thinking and reasoning that he coins “thinking in cases”. Since Freud, case studies have been used as a medium for sharing, demonstrating, discovering, expanding, consolidating and “thinking” psychoanalytic knowledge. In this paper, we seek to clarify and enrich Forrester’s idea of thinking in cases. We first attend to issues around the lack of definition for thinking styles, and we propose a more detailed description for what might constitute a scientific thinking style. Second, we outline how thinking in cases differs from other kinds of thinking styles. In doing so, we argue that some of the criticisms directed at case studies are the result of a confusion between statistical and experimental thinking styles and thinking in cases. Finally, we propose that there is more than one way of thinking in cases. We distinguish between cases as exemplars for analytic generalization, cases as exemplars for analogical learning, and cases in the service of empirical generalization. By making these implicit thinking styles explicit, we seek to demonstrate the importance of case studies at all levels of psychoanalysis: clinical, research, training and teaching.

Pre-service Biology Teachers\u2019 Responses to First-Hand Anomalous Data During Modelling Processes

In this research project we investigate the role of responses to anomalous data during modelling processes. Modelling is seen as a comprehensive practice that encompasses various aspects of scientific thinking; hence, it is an important style of scientific thinking, especially if analysed from a process-based perspective. Therefore, it provides the opportunity to understand the role of anomalous data on scientific thinking from a broader perspective. We analysed how pre-service biology teachers (N = 11) reacted to self-generated anomalous data during modelling processes induced by investigating a water black box. The videotaped and transcribed modelling processes were analysed using qualitative content analysis. If anomalous data were recognised, a majority of explanations were based on methodical issues. This finding supports results from previous studies investigating responses to first-hand anomalous data. Furthermore, we found four response patterns to anomalous data during modelling processes: no recognition, no explanation, methodical explanation, and model-related explanation. Besides, our study indicates by trend a systematic relation between response patterns to anomalous data and modelling strategies. Consequently, the improvement of responses to anomalous data could be a promising way to foster modelling competencies. We are convinced that an integrated approach to anomalous data and modelling could lead to deeper insights into the role of data in scientific thinking processes.

Феномен нелінійного мислення у науці

In the article, the author’s attention is focused on modern scientific interpretations of the phenomenon of non-determinism. The author also focused on generalizing the results of the study by scientists of nonlinear processes of self-organization of complex systems. The main objective of this article is to study the phenomenon of the so-called “non-linear thinking” in science. Of particular interest was the philosophical assessment of the very subject of this thinking. The author tried to reveal the essence in the interpretation of statistical laws. He also sought to prove that these patterns represent a more fundamental aspect of reality than dynamic laws. The choice of the topic of the article, the application of its theoretical and methodological approaches are determined by the very subject of thought and the nature of the tasks set. The following methods of cognition were used in the article: general philosophical, special general scientific theoretical methods. The author followed the principle of objectivity, applied causal analysis. So it turned out that many dynamical systems - physical, chemical, biological - fall under nonlinear dynamic equations. Here they are entirely predictable. However, they become unpredictable if they appear at the macro level. After all, individual systems are considered “normal” and function in accordance with deterministic laws only up to a certain time. This is the period between situations of bifurcation. Here their “behavior” can be fully predicted. However, in their own development, they can come to certain extreme changes. To further overcome them, two options for the state of quality appear. Each of them can happen first. This happens when the object passes through the so-called critical points. It is impossible to predict which variant will achieve ontological legitimation. For some time, the object experiences microfluctuations between the two physical alternatives. But with an increase in the value of the key parameter of one of the alternatives, further complication of the state occurs. This process is a sequential bifurcation, like the alternation of two existing states. It is characterized by periods of instability. In this case, it is impossible to predict the state of development of the object. Even more effective is the study of the phenomenon of non-determinism in relation to space-time models of the behavior of systems. By means of scientific research, it was reliably established that at the points of bifurcation of such an environment, successive microchanges reach large values. Their scale is sometimes compared to the system itself. Here the system changes due to fluctuations, up to the appearance of a new quality. In modern cosmological concepts, the results of the study of nonequilibrium systems are fully used. Mainly in the field of verification of the new hypothesis of cosmogenesis. Scientists hypothesize that the universe was in extremely nonequilibrium states in the first moments of Planck's time. If it were otherwise, then the Universe at the dawn of its own formation would be in a state of equilibrium. Then, according to the law of action of the masses, a quantitative equality of matter and antimatter would arise. Therefore, in opposition of matter and antimatter, equal amounts of them would annihilate each other. A deep understanding of the significance of the new style of scientific thinking is closely related to a radical revision of the idea of self-organization of matter in nature. This ability to change was previously studied only within the limits of macroscopic statistical equilibrium states. This is a new style of scientific thinking and the resulting new picture of the world. They are related to the study of nonlinear and unbalanced open systems. All this demonstrates a non-trivial understanding of matter itself and its ability to self-organize. Matter takes on new forms of existence. Their appearance is due to their own internal forces and the properties of matter itself. Here, worldview generalizations of such discoveries are important. After all, they allow you to more clearly see the world, which is self-organizing as a whole and at different levels of its existence. The generalized results of studying the topic give grounds for the following conclusion. The subject of the new style of scientific thinking is the nonlinear processes of selforganization of matter. This style of thinking, as well as the discoveries of non-linear natural science, make it possible to understand the nature of the surrounding world in a new way. Namely - the ability of a substance to self-organize as a whole and at various levels of its own being. This is due to the internal forces and properties of this world

Онтологии, интерсубъективное управление и эвергетика В.А. Виттиха

This year we celebrated the 80th anniversary since the birth of the famous scientist, talented pedagogue, accomplished jazz musician and composer, professor Vittikh Vladimir Andreevitch. Successfully combining the style of scientific thinking and the breadth of creative flight, Vladimir Andreevitch in science, as well as in music, appreciated inspiration, excitement and improvisation. He was always full of new ideas and inspired his colleagues and disciples. The last years of his life the scientist dedicated to the formation and development of a new science about the management processes – evergetics that complements and expands the capabilities of the traditional systematic approach to the resolving the problem situations in the life of society. For the first time the article attempts to analyze the V.A. Vittikh’s theoretical legacy, considering the modern realities and ideas that are being laid in the model of a new economic order, better known as the superintelligent "Society 5.0". It is shown, that V.A. Vittikh anticipated a lot of things that are only now being reflected in the concept of "Society 5.0" and his innovative ideas can serve as a theoretical basis, a stepping-stone for overcoming the famous "five walls" on the way to the digital society of the future. It is noted that the desire to "digitalize" everything and everyone often happens in oblivion of what, or rather for the benefit of whom, the new information technologies should be created and used. In this sense, V.A. Vittikh's evergetics eliminates one of the most "bottlenecks" associated with the often weak adequacy of the decisions made to the realities of the life. At the same time the modern information and intelligent technologies, including ontological modeling and ontological data analysis form the technological basis of evergetics, providing a "conjugation" of the points of view of the participants in the decisionmaking process and a certain automation of their communicative actions. Examples of the first practical attempts to implement the main ideas and provisions of evergetics in the management of social processes in society are given.

The phenomenon of New Knowledge in the conceptual framework of the philosophy of science

The article, as a result of the analysis of the philosophical and methodological content of the new knowledge and dynamics of science concepts, substantiates the thesis about the necessity to radically shift the research priorities of the modern philosophy of science. The author critically evaluates the current methodological potential of the philosophy of science, which has developed on the basis of postpositivist concepts of scientific knowledge, and he attempts to outline the philosophical-methodological problems associated with modern scientific trends. According to the author, attention on the philosophy of science should be focused today, first of all, on interdisciplinary research programs that are implemented in the most popular and advanced areas of scientific knowledge. Within these programs, it is not the theoretical constructions (and their relationships), but the disciplinary structures of knowledge that act as the main cognitive unit of the organization of knowledge. Thus, to the fore of the philosophical-methodological approaches come the tasks related to the search and the analysis of methodological guidelines that provide cognitively effective communication (mutual understanding) of scientists within collaborations, i. e. interdisciplinary scientific teams. The author believes that the epistemological perspectives of comprehension and methodological development of such guidelines open up when referring to the cultural-historical dimensions of scientific knowledge. It is the cultural-historical epistemology that takes into account the existential, motivational attitudes of the scientist, which at the same time assume methodologically significant parameters of scientific research (the style of scientific thinking, the dignity of knowledge, and the historical continuity of science as a cultural phenomenon). As a result, the cultural-historical epistemology opens up the possibility of an effective methodological orientation of the most important areas in modern science.

Nadiia Goryukhina’s Individual Style of Scientific Thinking in the Context of the Issue of the Scientific Rationality Type

Nadiia Goryukhina (1918-1998) was an outstanding scientist, a hieratical Ukrainian musicologist with a profound individual style of thinking. She was head of the most significant theoretical scientific school, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Arts of Ukraine, Doctor of Arts, Professor, member of the National Union of Composers of Ukraine. Her doctrine of musical form, which had been formed throughout the scientific life of the coryphaeus of the Ukrainian music theory of the 20 th century, became an invaluable foundation for the professional training of musicians. The phenomenon of her individual style of scientific thinking has become a deep learning resource, a scientific value for the development of a creative personality in the field of musical analytics. The period of Nadiia Goryukhina’s scientific work coincides with the turning point, when the change in the types of rationality, in particular, the transition from non-classical type to post-nonclassical one, took place. The post-nonclassical type is characterized by the remarkable link between science and culture, development of humanitaristic and interdisciplinary approach, involvement of non-scientific context into research. Nadiia Goryukhina’s research papers reflect a new scientific perception of the world. They also contain the anticipation of future methods and research techniques, new approaches to musical art and musical form, and, consequently, the features of the formation of epochal style of scientific thinking. The individual style of scientific thinking of Nadiia Goryukhina with its pronounced categories and levels represents the turning point in the change of rationality types. Thus, these rationality types can be researched as a separate phenomenon of science of the 20 th century.

Semantic Conception of Law

The article is a continuation of the author’s publications about integrative conception of the meaning of law in the Russian Journal of Legal Research No. 2 for 2016 and No. 1 for 2017. The author understands under the semantic conception of law an a integrative holistic and collective image of law, which always has a specific historical content (in this modern society) and operates in accordance with the principle of complementarity of different types of legal understanding. This conception contains several basic assumptions. First, the semantic conception is not an absolutely new type of legal understanding, and the meaning of law is one of the supporting connecting structures that, from the point of view of modern philosophy and methodology of science, characterize the interpretational style of scientific thinking. Secondly, the dispute between the philosophy of law and the theory of law for the priority in legal understanding can be solved by a scientific convention based on the concept of the meaning of law, which harmoniously combines the internal nature of law and its external relations with economics, politics, culture and other subsystems of society. Thus, the opposition between the law “from the inside” and that which is “outside” the law is removed. Thirdly, the semantic conception of law is able to set the optimal vector for improving the conceptual apparatus of jurisprudence and for modernizing the criteria of the scientific novelty of modern legal knowledge from the position of the so-called “classical” and “postclassical” legal paradigms. If the meaning of the law is improved by the internal logic of the development of the law itself, then the scientific novelty will always be postulated as “understanding traditional ideas at a new stage”. But if the meaning of law derives its sources from the social space, then, of course, it is necessary to recognize that philosophical concepts, terms and institutions can be included in the conceptual apparatus of law within the framework of a new objective interpretation. The semantic conception of law has significant theoretical and practical potential for system analysis of the problem of modern Russian legal understanding.

Abduction and styles of scientific thinking

In philosophy of science, the literature on abduction and the literature on styles of thinking have existed almost totally in parallel. Here, for the first time, we bring them together and explore their mutual relevance. What is the consequence of the existence of several styles of scientific thinking for abduction? Can abduction, as a general creative mode of inference, have distinct characteristic forms within each style? To investigate this, firstly, we present the concept of abduction; secondly we analyze what is understood by styles of thinking; thirdly, we give some comments on abduction and styles of thinking by analyzing examples of scientific discovery or innovation within each style. We develop a case-based comparative investigation of creative aspects of abductive reasoning with examples drawn from different styles of scientific thinking and doing as understood by the Crombie/Hacking tradition. We argue that abduction, as a general mode of reasoning, can have a variety of specific expressions enabled and constrained by the styles of scientific thinking. Finally, we draw some conclusions on the relationship between abduction and styles of thinking suggesting that scientific discovery is a dynamical goal-directed activity within the scientific community that benefits from distinct styles of thinking and doing research.

Cybernetics and the Russian Intellectual Tradition

Understanding the differences between scientific approaches to cybernetics is difficult because of the very different histories and intellectual traditions in Russia and the West, i.e. the U.S. and Europe. This paper, firstly, describes the peculiarities of the Russian style of scientific thinking, considering as an example Alexander Bogdanov’s theory (tectology) in context of the Russian intellectual tradition. Secondly, the paper compares Vladimir E. Lepskiy’s and Stuart A. Umpleby’s theories of cybernetics looking at them through the prism of Russian and American intellectual traditions. Western cybernetics of the second order includes biological and social versions. It arose from “experimental epistemology.” The goal was to understand the processes of cognition on the basis of neurophysiological experiments, as a result of which cyberneticians came to the conclusion that the observer cannot be excluded from science. Biological cybernetics is concerned with how the brain creates descriptions of the world. Little attention is paid to the world since it already is included in the perceptions of the observer. Social cybernetics is concerned with how people act in the world. Theories or descriptions are thought to be less important than appropriate actions. The Russian interpretation of second-order cybernetics develops its social version. The paper concludes that the differences described demonstrate the great potential for ideas from Russian and Western scientists to enrich further development of cybernetics and science in East and West.