Reference Style Research Articles

Writing scientific thesis/dissertation in biology field: Knowledge in reference style writing

Thesis or dissertation writing is an important and essential task for postgraduate students that must be performed correctly through following the standard guidelines for scientific writing. Any thesis/ dissertation or articles must involve writing a reference list in the last. References must be written correctly and honestly by following one of the well accepted international reference writing style. Many reference styles have been established worldwide and every style may meet the requirement of particular discipline. However, variation in using specific style within specific discipline is usually noticed in many academic institutes. In Iraq, postgraduate students in the field of biology are supposed to use Vancouver style for reference writing in their theses/dissertations. This study hypothesized that error in reference writing may be demonstrated in those theses/dissertations as previous studies showed deterioration in writing process as general. For a period of twelve years 124 fully performed theses/dissertations were analyzed carefully for that purpose. Moreover, interview with 114 postgraduate students in biology field was performed to discuss reference writing process. The results showed that almost all students had neither any idea about types of reference writing styles nor what style they had used in their reference writing. It seems that their style tended to meet the American psychological Association style mixed with Harvard style rather than the Vancouver style. Almost all theses or dissertation revealed different reference writing styles, and even in the same thesis or dissertation or in the same single reference more than one reference writing style was noticed. Many other different errors in reference writing were noticed in every thesis or dissertation. The interview with the students confirmed the results obtained from theses and dissertation analysis, indicating the deficiency in their ability to write reference correctly. This article gives evidences that scientific writing practices and abilities of postgraduate students do not reflect expected quality criteria. Postgraduate students severely lacked the skill and knowledge in scientific writing especially in reference writing. It is highly recommended to introduce extensive courses in their curriculum concerning scientific writing in order to improve the writing process to be scientifically well accepted level by following the standard guidelines for writing.

New Style for AGU Journals and Books

A major standardization of reference and grammatical styles will be rolled out across AGU publications from September 2017.

Using referencing software: Mendeley

Reviewing literature for scientific research used to be a mundane task and for those still living in analogue age, it remains a herculean task. This involved selecting relevant journals and books from the library shelves, jotting down relevant facts on small cards or pages of exercise book and finally writing well thought-out essays. It does not end there, the researcher painstakingly had to note the author(s) names, title of the journal, publisher and also be mindful of the prescribed referencing style. However, in this digital age, literature review and referencing have been made far easier to the extent that we now talk of desk review as every task enumerated above can now be undertaken on the office desk top while sipping a cup of coffee. Specifically, this is made possible by the appearance in the market of referencing software like End Note, Qiqqa, Zotero, Reference Manager and Mendeley, among others. These software are truly “Research Assistants” in that virtually everything that needs to do done as far as literature review and referencing is concerned has been automated. Researchers can also choose or switch from one of the hundreds of referencing styles to another automatically. This paper reviews the use of Mendeley referencing software in carrying out these tasks.Keywords: Literature review; Referencing; Referencing Style; Mendeley

“The wording is on occasion somewhat emotional”

Peer reviews are an essential text type in academia. Due to their internal character, however, few empirical studies of the text type exist. This paper reports on a study of a large corpus of peer reviews of manuscripts submitted for publication as communication/Zuschrift in the high impact chemical journal Angewandte Chemie. There are both German and English peer reviews, although the language of the review is not always identical with the language of the reviewed manuscript. Apart from the language choice of reviews, meta-linguistic comments in them are analysed as well as the vocabulary and style of evaluation and reference to the members of the communicative triad of reviewer, journal editor and manuscript author(s) in the reviews.

Extraction and visualisation of citation relationships and its attributes for papers in PDF

This paper presents a method to process a content of research papers in binary PDF format at a server side that gives research information systems new features of citation content analysis. This method efficiently generates JSON versions of PDF documents that allows an easier recognition of papers' references, in-text citations, citation context, etc. As a result, one can parse an extended set of citation data, including a location of citations in a research paper's structure, frequency of mentioning for the same references, style of reference mentioning and so on. Based on these data we upgrade traditional citation relationships by adding some semantics and other attributes. Formatting these data according W3C Web Annotation Data Model and integrating the data with some annotation tools, we visualise the citation relationships, its semantic attributes, related statistics and some other data as annotations to content of PDF documents available for users of a research information system.

The Face of the Good Death: Euthanasia and Levinas

SOMETHING IS AMISSThe philosopher and medical ethicist Margaret P. Battin has published, adopting the term used in a well-known New York Times Magazine article about her life and work, 'wheelbarrows full' of book and articles championing the cause of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide since entering the debate in the early 1980s.1 It might be somewhat surprising, then, that she began her article on the topic for the 2003 Oxford Handbook of Practical Ethics with the statement: 'Something is amiss with the debate over euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide'.2What makes this claim stand out is that those who support the legalisation of euthanasia, simply using this word from now on, tend to sound quite satisfied with a debate that they seem convinced they are winning or have effectively already won. Organisations in the UK such as the Campaign for Dignity in Dying champion statistics such as 82 per cent of the British population supporting a change in the law on assisted dying for terminally ill adults, rising to 86 per cent among the disabled and only falling to 79 per cent among those who identify as religious.3 The former chairwoman of that of that group, Margaret Branthwaite, expressed a common sentiment among campaigners when she stated that 'it's only a matter of time before it's legalised'.4 While rival organisations such as Care Not Killing marshal rather different statistics and the UK parliament recently rejected a proposed 'right to die' in England and Wales by a significant enough majority that the issue is unlikely to return for some time, the tone of campaigning in the legalisation movement remains that the march of history is on their side and inexorable. If it is only a matter of time, what, then, is amiss?According to Battin, the primary problem with the ongoing debate relates to established patterns of discourse in which the issue is posed in for-andagainst terms. While adversarial debate is vital for social and ethical issues that are 'just breaking open' - a situation where for-and-against analysis isolates, identifies, catalogues and critiques relevant elements - 'once a debate begins to mature, it becomes time to pursue attempts at resolution'.5 Rather than an interminable back and forth over already well-churned ground that promises at best to unearth only an occasional new subtlety, the call for the debate to move from infancy to maturity is a push for not only theoretical but practical consensus. The obvious obstruction to such a development is that the euthanasia debate barely merits its definite article, being highly stratified between a public debate where the strong majority support change and specialised debates in legal, political and medical circles where such consensus is lacking. For example, while the British Medical Association shifted its position on assisted dying to neutrality in 2005, it returned to opposition in 2006 and since then the proposal for adopting a neutral stance has been put to the vote and rejected a further five times.In such a situation, it is not uncommon to hear philosophers promoting their own block of the debate as the keystone around which harmony might be established. As Thomas Nagel wrote in his review of L.W. Sumner's Assisted Death: A Study in Ethics and Law, such a book:provides a superb example of the relevance of philosophy of public policy. The reason is that public policy governing treatment at the end of life is to a great extent shaped by philosophical confusions. It may not be too much to hope that a book such as this will help to rectify the situation.6Indeed, such a hope does not seem entirely unrealistic when sources ranging from the public-facing website NHS Choices to Medical Ethics Today: The BMA's Handbook of Ethics and Law do indeed engage with the issues and a vocabulary that was developed in the adversarial debates of philosophers. However, without giving too much credence to traditional divisions between analytic and continental philosophy, it is notable that both public and specialised discussions engage with a relatively limited spectrum of thought in terms of its provenance, style and range of references. …

New Face of MJFAS

The Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences (MJFAS), has come a long way since its beginnings in 2005 when six papers appeared in the first issue. As the Editor-in-Chief of the Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, I am writing to invite you to submit your most important research to the Journal. We envision the Journal as the best place to publish all of the levels of research in fundamental and applied sciences from all over the world, especially from researchers in Malaysia dan Indonesia. Working with our knowledgeable and international Editorial Board members and I can assure you of a rapid, robust and fair peer-review process.As the Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences is now indexed by Thomson Reuters Web of Science, we are especially aiming to reduce time to decision. We also have begun to work towards raising the Journal’s impact factor. For the coming submissions, the Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences will start implementing the "Your Paper, Your Way" initiative. In this way, authors can focus on the scientific quality of the paper. Journal-specific formatting such as reference style is no longer needed. The Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences is now entering its twelfth year and it is now the official journal of the Indonesia-Malaysia Research Consortium (I'M Research Consortium). The consortium's aims are to foster the development of the field through a crossdisciplinary approach and to reach consensus in areas of common interest in fundamental and applied sciences field. By making the Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences the official journal of the I'M Research Consortium, we hope to provide a forum to bring together society members and to publish peer-reviewed consensus documents that emerge from the activities of the consortium. The year of 2016 marks the next in a series of regular changes to the Editorial Board. Several of the Editorial Board members have been with the journal for a large part of its development and have been responsible for its success through their contributions both as authors as well as reviewers and advisors. In the course of 2016, the Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences launched its Facebook page (see www.facebook.com/mjfas2016), providing its readers with information about events of general interest to researchers and scientists as well as details and links to papers and research featured in the Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences. Thank you in advance for your valuable contributions to the Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences.

Investors Decision Making Style in Equity Market

The purpose of the paper is to determine the investors' decision making style of equity market investment. Each and every investor follows some way of style or pattern of investment. This paper based on different factors influencing investors' decision making style of the equity market. Investors decision making style include seven factors such environmental analysis, financial analysis, economic analysis, emotion, intuition, frame of reference and risk aversion. The study conducted among the individual investors in equity market through convenience sampling method. This study will provide information about the investment decision making of people belonging to different age group, different financial sectors, and their investment preferences and knowledge. Furthermore, it will help in determining whether the more experienced investor can only make a good investment decision or the financial literacy, accounting information can also help less experienced investors in making a good investment decision. The study resulted that there is significance relationship between decision making style and frame of reference. The study also evidences that investors have an experience they rely on pros and cons of past investment activity and to take rational decision making. Finally, they should also consider the sources of information (Expert recommendation and fundamental analysis) while making an investment in equity shares.

The Work of Iron, in Nature, Art, and Policy: A Lecture Delivered at Tunbridge Wells, February 16, 1858

This lecture was delivered at Tunbridge Wells on February 16, 1858, and later reprinted in The Two Paths, being Lectures on Art, and its application to Decoration and Manufacture (1878). It is a typical piece of Ruskin’s lecturing style (not least in its length) and range of reference. He seeks at the start (this is omitted here) to position himself vis-a-vis his audience, noting a childhood visit to the town and explaining that he did not have any drawings to display and musing on what he might be able to communicate to them that evening. Then he explores how iron is used and received in the three areas that his title announces, and in the process admits—as he notes in the 1878 Preface—to “find them full of things which I did not know I had said.” He notes that his address is directed to “the general student, and to indicate their practical bearing on modern design,” which law he describes as “the dependence of all noble design, in any kind, on the sculpture or painting of Organic Form.”—John Dixon Hunt

Christ in the Life and Teaching of Gregory of Nazianzus by Andrew Hofer, O.P.

Reviewed by: Christ in the Life and Teaching of Gregory of Nazianzus by Andrew Hofer, O.P. Lewis Ayres Christ in the Life and Teaching of Gregory of Nazianzus. By Andrew Hofer, O.P. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. Pp. xi + 270. $105.00 (cloth). ISBN 978-0-19-968194-5. Fr. Andrew Hofer has written a cleverly conceived treatise on Gregory Nazianzen, one whose main focus is Gregory’s vision of his own life (and the life of Christians more generally) as both imitatio Christi and participatio Christi. Hofer grounds his account of this imitatio and participatio in Gregory’s core dogmatic account of the person of Christ. The book thus offers us a study, focusing on one central author, of the ways in which a Nicene Christology could shape and stimulate (as well as be shaped and stimulated by) an account of the Christian life. The first chapter is an extended meditation on the nature of the “word” in Gregory. Here, Hofer begins by exploring how Gregory situates himself in the ancient battle—or at least the ancient literary topos of such a battle—between philosophy and rhetoric. Not surprisingly, Hofer emphasizes that Gregory sees himself as a philosopher, but one for whom the Christian life offers the true form of a philosophical life. The discussion then turns toward ways in which Gregory sees the Scriptures as providing a basis for discussing and modeling virtually all aspects of the Christian life. Hofer offers a little discussion of the manner in which Gregory adapts ancient rhetorical traditions of, for example, the paradeigma (see 44), but these debts are acknowledged mostly en passant. The second chapter takes us to the heart of the book and does an excellent job of setting up the author’s theme. Considering Gregory’s poetic auto-biographical [End Page 314] writing, Hofer argues that Gregory not only “blends Christ into the troubles, fears, and joys of his own life” but that he also “makes present the baptismal mysteries of one’s life immersed in Christ’s life” (56). In chapter 5, this extra dimension will receive a foundation in an account of the ways in which Gregory sees Christians drawn into the very events of Christ’s life (156-60, commenting particularly on Gregory’s Or. 40). There, Hofer emphasizes that Christ’s life is itself “a mimesis of ours” (160), creating realities that may be models for ours, models into which we are then drawn. But, in chapter 2 itself, Hofer’s main concern is to show the sheer variety of ways in which Gregory interweaves the scriptural account of Christ’s life and ministry with his own. This complex set of reference styles is termed Gregory’s “autobiographical Christology.” Chapter 3 pursues this agenda by turning to the ways in which Gregory uses the terminology of “mixture” to describe Christ—and to describe Christ’s relationship to Christians. It is this chapter that Stanley Hauerwas, were he endorsing the book, would say is “worth the price of the book alone.” Two things are particularly noteworthy. The first is the helpful discussion of the philosophical traditions that lie behind the terms Gregory uses. Hofer wishes us to take seriously traditions of thought on this theme that run between Aristotle and Alexander of Aphrodisias, rather than to place most weight on the Stoic tradition. Hofer advocates for his thesis in a sensitive fashion, emphasizing the difficulty in distinguishing distinct traditions in late antiquity. Second, there is much to be learned from the manner in which Hofer stretches discussion of Christ himself as “mixture” so that it provides insight into Gregory’s account of the Christian’s relationship with Christ. Chapter 4 follows a similar pattern, showing that a discussion of Christ’s person in Gregory’s writings (in this case, the famous sequence epp. 101, 102, and 202) has repercussions for wider themes. This chapter is less successful, in large part because of the sheer scale of the exercise attempted by Hofer. The largest section of the chapter (123-47) offers an extended discussion of Gregory’s ep. 101. This famous letter gives an extended critique of Christological error. Hofer begins by situating...

Improved bibliographic reference parsing based on repeated patterns

Parsing details like author names and titles out of bibliographic references of scientific publications is an important issue that has received considerable attention recently. However, most existing techniques are tailored to the highly standardized reference styles used in the last two to three decades. They do not perform well with the wide variety of reference styles used in older, historic publications. Thus, they are of limited use when creating comprehensive bibliographies covering both historic and contemporary scientific publications. This paper presents a generic approach to bibliographic reference parsing, named RefParse, which is independent of any specific reference style. Its core feature is an inference mechanism that exploits the regularities inherent in any list of references to deduce its format. In addition, our approach learns names of authors, journals, and publishers to increase the accuracy in scenarios where human users double check parsing results to increase data quality. Our evaluation shows that our approach performs comparably to existing ones with contemporary reference lists and also works well with older ones.

References for scientific papers: why not standardise to one global style?

The different reference styles demanded by journals, both for in-text citations and manuscript bibliographies, require that significant time and attention be paid to minute detail that constitute a tedious obstacle on the road to publication for all authors, but especially for those from resource-limited countries and/or writing in a second language. To illustrate this, we highlight different reference styles requested by five popular journals to which operational research papers are often submitted. We call for a simpler, standardised format for in-text and bibliography reference citations, so that researchers can concentrate on the science and its interpretation rather than fonts and punctuation.

A Short Note on Pointless Reference Formatting

In the last few years, several authors have opined that the multitude of reference styles used in scholarly journals is entirely pointless. In this brief note, a back-of-the-envelope calculation shows that this profusion of styles leads to significant waste of researchers' time and financial resources, all of which could be spent on far more meaningful pursuits. A simple solution is for all journals to adopt a single reference format. This could happen relatively easily, it is argued, if major funding agencies decided to back the idea.

Challenges with Reference Citations among Postgraduate Students at the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

Referencing or citing sources a writer uses is an important part of academic writing. It allows the writer to acknowledge the ideas or words of others used in his/her work and avoid plagiarism. Referencing also demonstrates that the writer has read relevant background literature and can provide authority for statements made. Proper citation allows others to locate the materials used. The researchers’ experience while working on the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) Institutional Repository brought to the fore challenges postgraduate students encounter in citing references in their academic work. These include poor citing of reference works, inconsistencies in reference citation, use of different citation styles in theses submitted to the repository from the same department among others. Questionnaires and interview methods were employed. Five hundred and six questionnaires were distributed representing ten percent of the total population of postgraduate students of KNUST. Information sought in the questionnaire included students’ biographical data, mode of assessment, departmental referencing format, knowledge of reference style formats, students’ confidence in citing references and faculty’s perception about the way students cited references. This paper seeks to identify and discuss some of the challenges KNUST postgraduate students face in their academic writing. The study found out that KNUST postgraduate students have problems in mastering reference style formats because of the variations in citation. Students tend to rely on books, lecturers or librarians for assistance in ensuring the accuracy of citations they use in their work. Students were not able to identify the citation format they used; they could not cite references for books and journal articles with confidence. Among the recommendations made were that, librarians should play a wider role in the arena of academic integrity, faculty and librarians should collaboratein teaching students about reference citation formats used in academia. College librarians should advocate for the standardization on reference styles in their various colleges. Library orientation given by librarians should be replaced with Information Literacy skills to be offered to students in the first and final years.Keywords: Documentation Styles, Citation, Bibliographic, KNUST

New Year's Resolutions – 2013

It is that time of year when we make a list of resolutions for the upcoming new year. In preparation for formulating my resolutions, I did my editor's due diligence and went to the Merriam Webster on-line dictionary for the definition. Turns out there are at least 6 different meanings, but the one that seemed to fit the setting for the pending declarations was: “something that is resolved; as in made a resolution to mend my ways” (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/resolution). I believe the example of resolving to mend one's ways is a perfect case, in that it provides the proper tone without going into specifics, so that by the end of the year, the proud declaration that you are making progress on a goal is counted as success. The operative word in this phrase is “mend,” as it gives you room to improve, if not completely solve the situation. This allows us to aim high at hard to achieve goals, rather than pick those that are easily achievable due to a low degree of difficulty. So here goes. I plan to mend my ways as an Author. I will read all of the instructions – especially the sections on reference style, figures, and tables – and make sure I provide names of several un-biased and highly qualified reviewers (sorry friends, family, and former students). With the revised manuscript, I will provide a list of all reviewer comments and, under each comment, a detailed account of my response and include line numbers where my changes can be found in the text. I will mark all changes in red font. Finally, I will check the PDF file of the revised manuscript to assure correctness and that the line numbers have not changed. I plan to mend my ways as a Reviewer. When asked to review, I will remember that for every manuscript I submit I should review 2 or 3 so that my efforts reflect the author/reviewer involvement in each and every manuscript published. I will return my reviews before the deadline. I will provide fair and un-biased analysis of the manuscript. In my analysis, I will clearly declare where I do and do not have expertise to provide insightful comments. If my decision is reject, a detailed account of the reasoning leading to that conclusion will be provided. I plan to mend my ways as a Scientific Editor. I will help my Associate Editors by making sure manuscripts are quickly assigned to editors and give them all the support needed to do their job in a timely manner. For authors, I will assure a level of consistency concerning the basis for rejection or acceptance. I plan to mend my ways as the Editor in Chief. I will continue to take steps that improve the quality of manuscripts published in the Journal of Food Science, Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, and the Journal of Food Science Education. I will work with my Scientific and Associate editors to assure the highest standards of scientific quality in articles and professional behavior in interactions with authors. Finally, for the people who count the most, the authors, I will strive to set policies that convey a professional, fair, and ethical treatment whether your manuscript is accepted or rejected. Speaking for all of us associated with IFT Scientific Journals, we want to be at the top of your list when decisions are made on where to publish. Having said that, we are also constantly reviewing our Aims and Scope to assure we are fulfilling our niche in providing a focused Food Science story. Unfortunately, that means that many manuscripts, although scientifically sound, may not be appropriate for our journals. As 2013 moves along, I will periodically review these resolutions and see if progress is being made or if it resembles that 10 lbs of body weight that was scheduled to go in 2012, but decided to stay around for 2013. Cheers and Happy New Year,

Construct- and Criterion-Related Validity of the German Core Self-Evaluations Scale

This research presents an in-depth investigation of the core self-evaluations (CSE) construct in several German samples. The English language (U.S.-American) version of the Core Self-Evaluations Scale (CSES; see Judge, Erez, Bono, & Thoresen, 2003 ) was adapted and translated into German. The study expands knowledge of CSE relationships with work-relevant experience constructs by providing the first reports of relationships with professional experience and job tenure. Criterion-related validities were examined for grade point average, organizational citizenship behaviors, and turnover intentions, extending English language based findings to a new language and cultural context (German) for the first time. The explicit examinations of the German CSES and other demographic (age, gender) and experience variables (organizational tenure) also provide the first investigations of these relationships, advancing the knowledge about the nomological network of the CSE construct. A constructive discussion of CSE measurement issues (frame of reference and item-specific response styles) is provided in order to improve future CSE measurement.

Kildekompasset - å navigere seg frem til riktig referansestil

One of the main tasks of an academic library is to guide students in critical evaluation and the ethical use of sources so that they can interpret, evaluate and create information in a correct and proper way. This should be integrated into the subjects, which is a huge challenge. Many students are told that they can freely select the reference style as long as they are consistent. But it is difficult to be consistent when you barely know what a reference style is. It is not easy for the librarian to answer how one refers to a governmental white paper in a self-designed reference system. To do this in a simple way, it is desirable to share the task between academic tutors and the library. The recommendation of a reference style should come from the subject department of a faculty and from the sample collections provided by the library. The libraries at the University of Agder (UoA) and Telemark University College (TUC) joined forces to create a survey in which various reference styles were listed, complete with examples. The respondents were asked to choose the style they preferred and would advise their students to use. The response rate among the academic staff at the TUC and the UoA was 40%. We consider this to be a representative sample. The purpose of the final web resource aims to be as simple as possible. Students who do not know what a reference style is, and students who do not know which style they should choose, are now guided to make a confident choice of style.

Moving from Graduation to Post-Graduation in Portuguese Universities: Changing Literacy Practices, Facing New Difficulties

In this article we analyse Portuguese postgraduate students’ problems and difficulties when performing written tasks in the context of postgraduate programmes. The data presented are the result of a study based on two different data collection procedures: a) the analysis of students’ written work, organised in a portfolio; b) a questionnaire focussing on the difficulties encountered when performing different tasks involving writing: note-taking; planning a text; writing and editing a text (a literature review); and referencing and quoting according to a reference style (APA). The analysis of students' work revealed problems and difficulties in different areas, namely with selecting information, planning the text, and writing the literature review using academic writing conventions. When asked about the reasons for those problems, students often referred to the difference between the literacy tasks they were used to performing in their undergraduate studies and those that they are requested to develop at the postgraduate level. These differences seem particularly relevant when those tasks are related to assessment practices. At undergraduate level, assessment is often based on examinations while at postgraduate level, it is more dependent on the production of other genres such as literature reviews or essays.

How to be an Effective Technical Writer?

Abstract--This paper has focused on technical writing as a skill for engineers. It has sought to define technical writing and throw light on the content and technique of writing the various components of successful technical reports (for example, articles, papers, or research reports, such as theses and dissertations). Then, it has highlighted other special features and principles of effective technical writing. The material in this paper is divided into seven major parts. Part 1 (Technical writing for engineers) stresses that a successful engineering career requires strong writing skills. Part 2 (How to write the major sections or elements of a report) describes the techniques of writing the abstract, introduction, literature review, procedure/methods & materials, results, discussion, conclusion, and recommendations. Part 3 (Special features of technical writing) brings into focus some of the special features of technical writing such as tables & graphs in the text, graphics in instructions, team writing, ethics (plagiarism), document sources, three citation styles and IEEE reference style. Part 4 (Technical usage) deals with writing abbreviations, initialisms and acronyms, numbers, units of measurement, and equations.Part 5 (Technical style) highlights the imperative writing style and other features of technical writing such as the use of active and passive voices, plain vs. complex syntax, avoiding redundant or superfluous expressions, and vague generalities, using words or expressions with visual impact, the past tense to describe experimental work, the present tense to describe hypotheses, principles, theories and truths, and breaking up the text of the report into short sections. Part 6 (Document specifications) emphasizes the technical writer’s need to conform to such document specifications as word count, format, font, number of words per line of text imposed. Part 7 (Reader-friendly technical writing) suggests choosing the varied writing modes (patterns of organization of information) to suit the technical writing task, checking for technical accuracy and following three levels of editing to help increase the readability of a technical text. Finally, in part 8 (Ethical/legal considerations for the technical writer), the authors suggest ways for the technical writer to overcome ethical/legal dilemmas on the job.

Current Innovations: HTML and a New Reference Style

Current Innovations: HTML and a New Reference Style