Family Style Research Articles

An Innovative, Cross-Disciplinary Approach to Promoting Child Health: The Reggio Emilia Approach and the Ecological Approach to Family Style Dining Program

The Reggio Emilia approach is an international example of high-quality early care and education programs and this article offers innovative, practical strategies in which Reggio Emilia-inspired educators can link this approach while implementing the research-based EAT Family Style Dining program to foster a positive mealtime environment and promote better health for children.

Family styles in the Malaysian and Indonesian films

Family styles in the Malaysian and Indonesian films

Explanation of dyadic adjustment model based on components of schema modes and coping styles in blended and normal families

Aims: The lack of adjustment of couples is not only devastating families but also ruin family relationships in second marriage. The aim of the study was to explain the couples' adjustment model based on the components of the schematic modes and coping styles among blended and normal families. Materials and Methods: The research method was descriptive from type of correlation. The statistical population consisted of normal and blended families of Mazandaran. Samples were selected through stratified random sampling (313 normal and 250 blended). To gather the data, the Spaniel Marital Adjustment Scale (1976), schematic questionnaire (1999), and the Ultra Extreme Compensation Questionnaire (1994) were used. To analyze the data, path analysis was used. Results: The findings showed that in both families, childhood and dysfunctional modes predict couple adjustment in a negative way (P

Father’s involvement and parenting styles in Portuguese families. The role of education and working hours

Early studies on fathers focused mainly on his presence in or absence from children’s lives, and the amount of time they spent with them. More recently, several authors have stated the importance of understanding the quality of father involvement to comprehend fully its impact on child development. However, studies have also reported that socio-demographic variables, namely, father educational levels and employment status affect parenting and children outcomes. The aims of this study were to analyze a sample of 465 Portuguese two-parent families with pre-school age children, looking for associations between father involvement in care/socialization activities and paternal parenting styles while testing for the moderating effect of father educational levels and working hours. Fathers reported on their own parenting styles and mothers described the father’s involvement. Fathers’ working hours moderated the relation between his authoritative parenting style and involvement in teaching/discipline and play activities. In addition, fathers’ education moderated the relation between his authoritative style and involvement in direct care and teaching/discipline. Given the different roles that fathers can assume in their children’s lives, it is important to understand the mechanisms of paternal participation, and identify the factors which explain the differences in effective care so that we can promote higher positive involvement.

Cyberbullying and Family Ties

Technology has many advantages by helping society to solve many problems, but if not used properly it can harm society. Cyberbullying can be regarded as a bad use of technology. It is also known that family ties are stronger in southern EU than northern EU and the USA. Thus, it is expected that in these southern regions of EU cyberbullying will be a less severe problem than in the northern EU and USA, due to closer parental supervision. In the present paper an attempt has been made to examine across many countries (having different family styles) the family environment impact on restricting bullying behavior.

Parenting style in family and the risk of psychopathology

Parenting style is one of the exogenous factors, participating both in the etiology of psychopathology and in the healthy development of a child. Four main parenting styles, investigated so far, which evoke researchers interest most frequently, are: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive (liberal) loving and permissive uninvolved style. Research conducted in different countries has allowed us to describe connections between applying particular upbringing models and the occurrence of depression, eating disorders, addictions or violence. It has been evidenced that liberal- unloving parenting style, based on little control, and lack of emotional support, is positively associated with aggressive behavior. Parenting models based on excessive control and emotional coldness increase the risk of depression and substance abuse in children and adolescent, whereas authoritative parenting style applied by both parents minimalizes the risk of depression, suicidal tendencies and is also negatively correlated with substance abuse, bulimia and anorexia nervosa. Scientific reports indicate cross-cultural differences in young people’s perception of their parent’s style. For example, uninvolved parenting style was associated with higher depressiveness in Asian females than in African-American. Our paper presents a review of investigations on parenting styles and their results, conducted in different times and often in different cultures. The presented data allows us to formulate general conclusions and recommendations concerning parenting methods which may minimize the risk of psychopathology in youth. Authoritative style, consisting in high control combined with expression of emotional warmth, seems to be the most advantageous for the child’s development.

Center-Reported Adherence to Nutrition Standards of the Child and Adult Care Food Program.

The Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) sets nutrition standards for foods served in participating settings. Licensing regulations in many states, including Connecticut (CT), extend these rules to nonparticipating facilities. This study evaluates the food environment for preschool-age children in CT child care centers and describes center-reported adherence to the CACFP nutrition regulations. We surveyed directors of licensed CACFP-participating and non-CACFP centers that served meals and/or snacks. Food served, caregiver feeding behavior, nutrition practices and policies, and CACFP knowledge were reported by 256 non-CACFP and 87 CACFP centers. We conducted bivariate analyses to describe adherence to the CACFP regulations as reported by CACFP and nonparticipating centers. Data were collected in 2015-2016 and analyzed in 2017. CACFP centers reported more engagement in recommended feeding and nutrition practices than non-CACFP centers, including serving more fresh fruit and whole grains at snack time, serving low-fat milk for meals/snacks, and use of family style dining and positive caregiver behaviors. No center reported serving soda, only a few had fruit drinks, and the majority prohibited parents from sending in sugary drinks. Despite the licensing regulations about compliance with the CACFP nutrition standards, 52% of non-CACFP centers had never heard of CACFP and only 21% received information about following the CACFP standards and practices. CACFP participation is associated with better center-reported adherence to the CACFP nutrition standards and feeding practices. Poor awareness about CACFP among nonparticipating centers needs to be addressed to improve compliance with the CACFP nutrition standards.

Main risk factors symptoms of manifestation of urinary incontinence in childbearing age women with overactive bladder syndrome

Since many factors can affect the manifestation of urinary disorders in a particular woman at different periods of life, some of them can cause urinary incontinence, affect the choice of method and the success of treatment. Syndrome of a hyperactive bladder is, in addition to medical, a serious socio-economic problem and leads to social disadaptation of the individual. The aim of research was to identify predictors (provoking, contributing factors or risk factors) of hyperactive urinary bladder syndrome in pregnant women of different age groups in early stages of pregnancy. A total of 75 pregnant women with a hyperactive bladder syndrome (the main group) and 60 practically healthy pregnant women with no incontinence (control group) at the gestation period of 12 weeks were examined. It was determined that in the general group of women with hyperactive urinary bladder the working, with satisfactory and unsatisfactory economic conditions prevailed. Among occupational hazards, 61,3% of pregnant women noted permanent physical activity, forced delay in urination (44%), prolonged orthostatic body position (20,0%), and significant physical activity (29,3 %). It was found that among pregnant women more extragenital pathology, almost all women smoke (93,3%) and drink alcohol often enough (89,3 %), besides the length of smoking is much larger, compared with the swearing smokers of practically healthy women. It was found that in the hyperactive bladder group, unsatisfactory family relationships (58,7%) predominate, resulting in more single women. The overwhelming majority of women with hyperactive urinary bladder begin their sexual life up to 14 years old and have more than 4 sexual partners, which, in combination with contraception in the form of interrupted sexual intercourse, leads to an increase in the third and fourth degree of vaginal purity, as well as the appearance of more bacterial vaginosis and diseases in women with hyperactive urinary bladder, sexually transmitted infections. It was established that in the main group all the indicators of anesthetic history prevail in comparison with the main group. In the general group, the majority of pregnant women associated with the emergence of hyperactive bladder with pregnancy and childbirth (40%), a large weight of the fetus (18,3%); 14,7% of women were considered to be the reason for motility disorders, which were postponed during the lunar and gestational periods; 13.7% of urinary incontinence appeared after a change in sexual partner, and also after sexual intercourse (13,3%). The results of the research indicate that a survey of diseases such as hyperactive bladder syndrome requires a comprehensive approach by carefully collecting the socioeconomic status, style and quality of life, extragenital diseases, family, obstetric-gynecological and hereditary history, as well as sexual function women in the reproductive period.

Psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Invalidating Childhood Environment Scale.

The current study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the invalidating childhood environment scale (ICES) in a non-clinical and clinical sample of eating disorder (ED) patients. This study also investigated the between-sample differences regarding invalidating parental behaviors and family styles and explored the associations between invalidating childhood environments and eating pathology. A sample of 410 high school and college students and 101 patients with a diagnosis of ED completed self-report measures. Principal component analyses and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to examine the factor structure of the ICES. The internal consistency and the between-sample differences and associations between invalidating childhood environments and eating pathology were also tested. Principal component analyses and confirmatory factor analyses indicated a two-factor solution for each parent. The ICES demonstrated high internal consistency and was able to differentiate between non-clinical and clinical samples. The perception of parental invalidation was higher in ED patients, and the clinical sample presented higher scores in the chaotic and perfect family styles and lower scores in the validating family style, in comparison with the non-clinical sample. Both maternal invalidation and invalidating styles were significantly associated with a higher ED symptomatology. The Portuguese version of the ICES revealed adequate psychometric properties. Considering the relationship between invalidation in family and eating pathology, the ICES may be useful in clinical practice, especially among ED patients. Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.

The Effect of Family Style on Health Behavior, Subjective Health Status and Depression- A Comparative Study of more than One Household and Two Households

The Effect of Family Style on Health Behavior, Subjective Health Status and Depression- A Comparative Study of more than One Household and Two Households

P164 - Ecological Approach to Family Style Dining: A Responsive Feeding Program for Child Care Providers for Improving Children's Dietary Intake

P164 - Ecological Approach to Family Style Dining: A Responsive Feeding Program for Child Care Providers for Improving Children's Dietary Intake

P65 - Factors Influencing Childcare Providers' Engagement of Parents Regarding Child Nutrition

Background (Background, Rationale, Prior Research, and/or Theory): The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, parents, childcare directors, and health consultants agree that nutrition education is instrumental to improving children's and families' nutrition knowledge and eating behavior (Benjamin Neelon & Briley, 2011; Gupta et al., 2005). More recent research, however, has demonstrated that childcare providers often report challenges to engaging parents in topics about their children's nutrition (Lyn et al., 2014; Stage et al., 2017). Objective: To determine the factors influencing childcare providers' engagement with parents regarding child nutrition in childcare centers (CCCs) and family childcare homes (FCCHs). Study Design, Setting, Participants, Intervention: This was a cross-sectional, quantitative study on CCCs and FCCHs in Nebraska. CCC directors (n = 337) and FCCH providers (n = 1,153) completed self-administered surveys. Outcome Measures and Analysis: The dependent variable was parent engagement. Fifteen variables were examined as predictors for parent engagement—barriers to communication, participation in Go Nutrition and Physical Self- Assessment in Child Care (Go NAP SACC), National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) accreditation, participation in Quality Ratings and Improvement Systems (QRIS), feeding practices, professional development regarding child nutrition, and child-provider ratio. Structural equation modeling was conducted to examine the relation between variables for CCCs and for FCCHs. Results: For CCC's, NAEYC accreditation, providers' barriers regarding parents' cultural beliefs about food that are not always consistent with healthy eating, parents not liking the taste of healthy foods, and parents prioritizing other food related topics (allergies or children's food intake) significantly predicted parent engagement. For FCCHs, participation in Go NAP SACC, perceiving parents as busy, not wanting to offend parents, and practicing family style dining were significantly related to parent engagement. For both CCCs and FCCHs, professional development regarding child nutrition was related to parent engagement. Conclusions and Implications: Focusing professional development on childcare contexts and addressing providers' barriers may improve parent engagement. Funding: USDA.

Motivations and Family Functioning of Foster Families in Italy

ABSTRACTThe aim of this paper was to investigate foster family care to better understand this unique care-giving context. The research objective was to understand motivation, family functioning, and individual attachment styles in foster families. Participants were 33 foster parents who completed a questionnaire that included the motivations for choosing foster care, the relationship with the birth family and with social service workers, a measure of family functioning and adult attachment. The motivations for becoming a foster family were very different between families with a birth child and families without a birth child. The results showed that for the foster mother, the relationship with the birth family constituted a very critical element of the fostering experience. The same trend emerged in the relationship with the minor. The results showed that foster families were cohesive and expressive. With respect to attachment style, foster parents had lower scores than a normative sample on the discomfort with closeness, the tendency to consider relationships as secondary and the need for approval subscales. These results have implications for the practices of social work for foster family support and developing a shared commitment to the needs of the foster family in terms of both resources and weaknesses.

Healthcare providers' perspectives on perceived barriers and facilitators of compassion: Results from a grounded theory study.

To explore healthcare provider perspectives and experiences of perceived barriers and facilitators of compassion. Compassion is considered a component of quality health care that healthcare providers are increasingly expected to provide. While there have been some studies exploring facets of healthcare providers' perspectives on the barriers and facilitators to providing compassion, a comprehensive understanding based on direct reports from healthcare providers is lacking. Data were collected via focus groups and semi-structured interviews. Data was analyzed in accordance with Straussian grounded theory. Semistructured focus groups with frontline healthcare providers and individual interviews with peer-nominated exemplary compassionate care providers were audio-recorded, professionally transcribed and analysed. Fifty-seven participants were recruited from three healthcare settings within both rural and urban settings in Alberta, Canada, using convenience, snowball and theoretical sampling. Qualitative analysis of the data generated two categories and associated themes and subthemes delineating perceived barriers and facilitators to compassion. The first category, challenges to compassion, reflects participants' discomfort associating the notion of barriers to compassion and contained several themes participants conceptualised as challenges: personal challenges, relational challenges, systemic challenges and maladaptive responses. The second category, facilitators of compassion, included the themes of personal facilitators, relational facilitators, systemic facilitators and adaptive responses of intentional action. Although participants described certain factors such as system and time constraints along with interaction styles of patients and families that can challenge healthcare provider compassion, these challenges were not considered insurmountable. While acknowledging these as challenges, participants identified healthcare providers themselves, including their responses towards the identified challenges of compassion, as significant factors in this process-a novel finding from this study. This study provides insight into healthcare providers' perspectives on the notion of barriers and facilitators in the provision of compassion. This study provides a blueprint for optimising compassion on a personal, relational and system level.

The gambling disorder: family styles and cognitive dimensions.

In this study we present data from a research carried out on a population of people with gambling disorder (GD). This research investigated the representation of family styles for subjects with gambling disorder, using the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES-IV), their cognitive distortions through Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS-I), and the relation between these two dimensions. People with GD represent families with emotional detachment, while in the area of management of relational rules and roles, they reveal a perception of disorganization. Concerning their cognitive bias, GD people show the illusion of being able to control and predict the winnings and the perception of being unable to quit playing. Overall, these data provide specific directions for both the prevention and the therapeutic treatment of GD, highlighting the importance of a family therapeutic approach for the prevention of cognitive distortions.

Proč moje děti nechodí do mateřské školy. Přístup rodičů, jejichž rozhodování neomezuje socioekonomické znevýhodnění

The study presented here aims to understand why some parents from ordinary middle-class families do not send their preschool children to kindergarten or send them only very irregularly. Data from indepth interviews with mothers, which was obtained as part of the longitudinal monitoring of six families from the Liberec region during the pre-school year and commencement of compulsory education, was subjected to a content analysis. The analysis identified four main themes: a strong protective family style of education; compensating for problems experienced during the parents’ own childhood; mistrust that the kindergarten will ensure the child’s comprehensive development, and early scholarization. The results are discussed with regard to the enactment of compulsory attendance of the pre-school year of kindergarten.

Social Support and Coping Styles in Predicting Suicide Probability among Turkish Adolescents

This study aims to investigate whether the perceived social support and coping styles are predictors of suicide probability by gender. The study was conducted with 445 high schools students, 227 girls, and 218 boys. The participants were aged between 14 and 18, and their average age was 15.90. Data were collected through the 'Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support', the 'Ways of Coping Questionnaire', and the 'Suicide Probability Scale'. Data were analyzed using MANOVA, Pearson correlation test and regression analysis. Results showed that suicide probability, perceived support from friends and significant others and helpless approach scores of the girls were significantly higher than the boys. Besides, significant relationships were found between suicide probability and perceived social support and coping styles. Regression analyses were performed for girls and boys separately. Perceived social support from family, helpless and optimistic styles were found to predict female adolescents' suicide probability significantly. As for male adolescents, in addition to perceived social support from family, helpless and optimistic styles, seeking social support was also found to be a significant predictor of suicide probability. Findings were discussed in line with the related literature, and recommendations were made.

Father and son attachment styles in alcoholic and non-alcoholic families.

The theory of attachment is important to understand a lot of human behaviour. Styles of attachment could be important predictors in developing dependence on alcoholism. Insecure attachment patterns could be significant risk factors for future alcohol use. Participants for this study consist of fathers with alcohol dependence syndrome (ADS) from treatment centres and fathers from the community with no dependency on alcohol, and their sons (n=200). The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), socioeconomic status scale were administered, and attachment styles were derived by the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ). We hypothesised a prior concept reflecting theoretical predictions for the association between attachment styles and alcohol in both the generations. Statistics on SPSS-16 was used to test our hypotheses. As predicted, fathers with ADS had insecure attachments styles in comparison to the control group. Substance abuse/dependence and treatment participation were at an all-time low for the secure group. The findings from this study identify attachment styles as an influential factor in understanding the divergence between alcohol dependence in treatment seekers. The findings further imply that differential treatment may need to be provided taking into account one's attachment representation to promote successful recovery. It also highlights the need to develop secure ties in children of alcoholic parents to protect them from use of substances as a coping and a learned mechanism. Limitations of the study and suggestions for further research are highlighted and implications for diagnosis and treatment are discussed.

A Study on the Changing Paradigm of Parenting and Adaptation Strategies to Cope with Digital Age Children

In technology pervasive world, the art of parenting has evolved into a more complex job than it was a few decades ago. It is a matter of concern for most families to see their children withdrawn into isolation only to become ‘Digital Immigrants’. Given the fact that India is the second largest smartphone market, the number of children owning mobile phones or tabs are also on the increase. Of Com has studied that, children aged 8 to 15 spending time online has doubled in a decade. Simultaneously researches across the globe pertaining to online behavior of children warn that there is adverse effect on their wellbeing. It is also said the impact is three times higher than estimated earlier. This research intends to find on the difficulties of parents in educating their children on controlled use of social media and games available online. Psychologists suggest that family practices and styles are influential much with siblings. The scholar tries to understand the child obstinacy and their obsession with technological use and also the pressure faced by the parents to engage children qualitatively. Does this influence on their adolescent behavior and eventually their overall life? This research finds it a momentous issue because it is necessary to ensure the healthiness of younger generation shaping their attitude relying on the virtual world.

A psychological and medical analysis of temperament, character and behavior in children and adolescents of school refusal

Objective: To analyse the teenagers’ school refusal behavior and its relationship with their as well as their parents' temperament and character. Methods: The patients were matched by a ratio of 1:3 in age to gender for clinical studies. Adolescents who refused to go to school and their parents were selected from the mental outpatients of our hospital as the study group (n=55) and those who did not refuse to go to school together with their parents were the control group (n=165). Adolescents in the two groups were asked to fill out questionnaire of general information as well as Teenager Temperament Character Inventory (JTCI-S) and their parents were told to fill Chinese version of Temperament Character Inventory (TCI-R140). Results: The teenagers in the study group had higher HA score and lower score in NS, RD, SD, CO and PS than those in the control group with statistically significant difference in between (P<0.05). Fathers in the study group had lower RD than those in the control group. The mothers’ RD and ST scores in the study group were lower than those in the control group and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05) (SR<0). Conclusion: There are significant differences in self and parent’s temperament and character between the adolescent of school refusal and those of school refusal in the control group. For teenagers with unusual family style, factors like high harm avoidance pose certain risks to school refusal behavior. In addition, the teenagers have the characteristics of novelty seeking, reward dependency and cooperative disposition, which provides certain protective factors for school refusal behavior.