English Style Research Articles

THE DIVERSITY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE STYLE IN THE BOOK BY JEROME DAVID SALINGER “THE CATCHER IN THE RYE“

The paper began with a description of the way the American English emerged and differed by its variety owing to a particular course of shaping in history. The survey explained the factors having involved diversity of the American English, and further has shown that the language is divided into formal and informal (colloquial) styles; the slang (the paper provided with the definition of it) to be referred to the latter. Slang being part to the colloquial language presents an example of diversity of (variety in) the English language style, and writers often made use of it in their fiction pieces. Slang is a reflection of actuality being an example of language’ alteration. Moreover, slang is particularly popular among young people. The author took as an example the book by Jerome David Salinger "The Catcher in the Rye" being the best contribution to literature for its being filled with the diverse American slang. The discourse by the main character while being diverse provided insight into the whole generation. The main character frankly narrated about the social medium inhabited by him and his friends. Slang underlined the peculiarities of that period of history and discovered the diversity of language.

Challenges Face Arab Students in Writing Well-Developed Paragraphs in English

This study aimed to investigate problems facing Palestinian Arab students from Israel who are majoring in teaching English as a Foreign Language (EFL) in developing well-written paragraphs in English. They usually transfer the stylistic features of their first language, Arabic to the target language, English. For example, they tend to write long sentences with coordinating conjunctions (Al-Khatib, 2001), repeat themselves and argue through presentation and elaboration (Almehmadi, 2013), and often talk around the topic and repeat phrases before stating the main points (Alsamadani, 2010). The data had been accumulated for the last fourteen years include samples of 205 students, which show similar repeated types of mistakes and errors made by the participants of the first year writing course. The accumulated data show that students face many problems in writing good topic as well as concluding sentences, supporting details by adding examples and reasons and using discourse markers appropriately. To help these learners write good samples of paragraphs in English, a variety of approaches such as contrastive analysis, error analysis, and the process approach have been employed. The findings indicated that by the end of their first school year, most of them succeed in writing topic and concluding sentences. However, (1) providing supporting details including examples and reasons is not fully mastered; (2) the style of English is not completely acquired: Some students continue transferring the style of Arabic writing; and (3) developing a cohesive paragraph using the right coordinators and transition words still needs a lot of practice.

English Grammar and Style

English Grammar and Style

The preferences of tourists in their expectations of chateau gardens: a Central and Eastern European perspective

As most of the chateau gardens and parks in Central and Eastern Europe have been neglected or misused, there is a strong need for their transformation. This transformation has become even more important now due to the growing competition in the tourist destination market. The chateau gardens are at the crossroads of choosing the variant of their future development. Tourism of this kind is able to maintain its original features and it can also find new commercial uses. The aim of this paper is to identify the demand segments and to assess the relation of the visitors to the elements that form the character of a chateau park. We have succeeded in identifying three motivating factors for tourists in the making their choice. While some types of use are mutually complementary (knowledge and relaxation), other types are not used as much (amusement). The introduction of an entrance fee implies that there will be a change in the preference for those parks with the presence of peacocks and ducks, as well as the outdoor collections of plants including both French and English style gardens and they are equipped with detailed information board.

English Grammar and Style

English Grammar and Style

THE ‘GLOUCESTER BENEFACTORS’ AFTER FOUR CENTURIES

Some time in the early years of the seventeenth century, the city fathers of Gloucester evidently commissioned twelve paintings of past benefactors to that city. The paintings survive in the Gloucester Folk Museum and were exhibited in the spring of 2014 to mark the approximate date of their four-hundredth anniversary. Given the absence of critically important sources that would have given precise information on their commissioning, their origin and history have remained somewhat obscure. This paper nevertheless strives to understand why, and by whom, they may have been painted, and why they remain significant today, both to the City of Gloucester and to the history of English portraiture. It argues that they were commissioned to bolster a sense of community identity and to encourage further benefaction at a time of local hardship and stress. It comments on them as examples of the regional English vernacular style in portraiture of the day, reflects on their current condition and very tentatively suggests who might have painted them.

English Grammar and Style

English Grammar and Style

Britain as Sjónhverfing: Decoding the Landscape in Strengleikar

Geitarlanf is an Old Norse translation of Marie de France's lat du Chievrefoil. Only 118 lines long in the original, and covering just under one manuscript page in the Norse, the lai describes a single episode in the long and complicated story of Tristan and Isolde. Banished from the court of King Mark, Tristan hears that the queen plans to ride to Tintagel for Pentecost. He hides in the forest along the route and carves a message on a hazel branch. In the Anglo-Norman text, the exact nature of this message is unclear, (1) but the Old Norse version quotes it in full: Sva ferr med ocr kvad hann sem viduindil sa er binnz um haeslivid. Medan pessir tveir vidir bua bader saman. pa liva ok bera lauf sitt. En sa er paessa vide skildi hvarn fra odrum. pa deyr haslenn ok pui nest uidvinndillenn ok berr hvarki lauf. nema porna ok firir verdaz baede. Hin frida unnasta min. Sva ok eftir peim haetti ero vit. Ei ma ec lifa on Jain, ok ei pu on min. (Cook and Tveitane 1979, 198) (2) goes with us, he said, with the honeysuckle that fastens itself around the hazel tree. As long as these two trees are together they live and produce foliage, but if anyone should separate these trees from each other, the hazel will die and then the honeysuckle, and neither of them will produce foliage; instead, they will both dry up and perish. My beautiful sweetheart, such and in the same way are we. I cannot live without you, nor you without me. (Cook and Tveitane 1979, 199) hazel branch functions as both message and metaphor in a telescopic layering of interpretative meaning. Isolde must find, read, and decode the message inscribed upon it; the message then invites her to compare the physical object she holds to the emotional and sexual ties that bind her to Tristan. (3) As Peter Haidu writes: The stick is a natural sign of itself. sign, which normally supposes the absence of the signified, here signifies its presence (2004, 130). very wood through which Isolde rides becomes a symbol of secret communication and illicit desire. Isolde successfully interprets both message and metaphor, and the resulting meeting between the lovers gives rise to a new text, the lai itself. Geitarlauf demonstrates well the symbolic relationship between the act of traveling through the natural world and that of interpreting the written text. Indeed, this relationship is developed throughout the whole of Strengleikar, the compilation of translated Breton lais in which Geitarlauf is found. In particular, the island of Britain emerges as a key site for such explorations. It will be argued here that the Strengleikar collection demonstrates a sustained interest in the role of Britain as a setting for the romance text, and that travel through the British landscape parallels the process of reading and decoding the romance genre itself. Consisting of twenty-one prose tales, Strengleikar translates into Old Norse eleven of the lais attributed to Marie de France, as well as six anonymous French poems; a further four of the Old Norse texts have no known origin. collection is largely preserved within one manuscript, Uppsala University Library, de la Gardie 4-7. (4) manuscript dates to around the year 1270 and was likely produced in Bergen or the surrounding area. translation was reputedly commissioned by Hakon Hakonarson, king of Norway, as part of a campaign to import Continental romance texts to his country. Ruling from 1217 to 1263, Hakon developed a keen interest in the life of the Anglo-Norman court and seems to have commissioned the translation of the lais as part of a wider cultural program that included the translation of several romance texts into Norse, as well as the adoption in Norway of English styles of painting, sculpture, and architecture. Such forms of cultural exchange were supported by a mutual reliance on trade and an increasingly close relationship between political and ecclesiastical authorities (Leach 1921; Helle 1968; Kalinke 2011). …

“Name your price” – online auctions and reference prices

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the presence of varying price points on the impact of product valuations in both English and reverse auctions on potential bidders, that is, those not yet engaged in the auction. Internet auctions, both English style and reverse, constitute one of the success stories of digital commerce. Design/methodology/approach – As its method of research, this paper uses an experimental approach to explore the effects of multiple reference prices. Findings – While previous research has done well to show that a lower initial price decreases barriers to entry and can lead to a higher final price in English-style auctions, this research shows that such a strategy may harm potential bidders’ product perceptions due to multiple reference prices. The authors explore situations of multiple reference prices in the context of reverse auctions, where both higher and lower reference prices are shown to be able to increase product valuations. Research limitations/implications – Additional research of a variety of products and using a representative sample would enhance the findings of this paper. Practical implications – The findings show that reference prices have differing impacts, which are dependent upon the goal of either maximizing or minimizing the distance between the initial price and the price consumers are willing to pay in an online auction. Originality/value – The investigation links differing goals created by the type of auction to the potential impact of the reference price. In addition, we explore the effects of multiple reference prices on consumer valuations.

Fifteenth-Century Settings of the Gloria and Credo

FIFTEENTH-CENTURY SETTINGS OF THE GLORIA AND CREDOFifteenth-Century Liturgical Music VIII: Settings of the Gloria and Credo. Transcribed and Edited by Peter Wright. (Early English Church Music, 55.) London: Published for the British Academy by Stainer & Bell, 2013. [Foreword, p. v; acknowledgements, p. vi; contents, p. vii-viii; abbrevs. & list of plates, p. ix; introd., p. xi-xxiv; score, p. 1-303. ISMN 979-0-2202-2349-5, ISBN 978-0-85249-933-7. £95.]Anonymous music, especially polyphonic music from before 1600, creates endless problems for the musicologist. Unlike paintings, there are no x-rays to reveal ear- lier layers of composition, or paint pig- ments to analyze via mass spectrometry. The tools for analyzing stylistic features re- main unrefined, compared to the elegant assessments of brush strokes, perspective, color, and narrative typical of art history. For fifteenth-century Latin music, musicol- ogists rely on large-scale markers including genre, mensuration, text distribution, and cantus firmus treatment to determine the origins of anonymous works. This is true for English music, which retained distinc- tive characteristics even as it circulated anonymously across Europe, often with the ascription Anglicanus or de Anglia. During the same period, virtually no music from the Continent was copied in England itself.These circumstances inform Peter Wright's impressive edition of individual Gloria and Credo movements for the series Early English Church Music. The volume is divided in four parts: complete settings of the Gloria and Credo, followed by fragmen- tary settings of the Gloria and Credo. Only five of the nineteen complete works have composer attributions, to which Wright provisionally adds two more. Three of the twenty-nine incomplete settings survive with attributions. The edition prefaces each work with an editorial commentary that in- cludes easy-to-read critical notes, plainsong cantus firmi, and an individual discussion of text setting. In keeping with the current editorial policy of the series, the music is rendered in diplomatic notation, but tran- scribed in score, to the extent of displaying coloration and conflicting mensurations among voices, of which there are many. Each part has measure markers to denote the length of one breve. Because mensural notation is contextual in orientation, the length of individual notes and the coordi- nation among voices are shown by their rel- ative spacing on the page. Conceptually, this editorial method offers a strong visual representation of the separate, yet interde- pendent voices that sound in performance.The parameters of the edition-the de- termination of which settings are English- are based on the work of a small cadre of scholars, notably Brian Trowell (Music un- der the Later Plantagenets [Ph.D. diss., University of Cambridge, 1960]), Charles Hamm (A Catalogue of Anonymous English Music in Fifteenth-Century Conti- nental Manuscripts, Musica Disciplina 22 [1968]: 47-76), Gareth R. K. Curtis (Stylistic Layers in the English Mass c. 1400-1450, Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association 109 [1982-83]: 23-38), and Andrew Wathey (Gareth R. K. Curtis and Andrew Wathey, Fifteenth- Century English Liturgical Music: A List of the Surviving Repertory, Royal Musical Association Research Chronicle 27 [1994]: 1-69). It is disappointing that the introduc- tion sidesteps a discussion of thirteen ex- cluded works, which are listed only in foot- note 27. As Wright notes, however, views of what defines a musical composition as English are bound to change as our un- derstanding of English style increases (p. xiv). It is to this understanding that the edition makes its greatest contribution.The inclusion of the twenty-eight frag- ments is important from a historical point of view; all occur in sources of English provenance. Of these, only Gloria no. 27 has questionable origins. A single voice part in alto clef, it possesses a bouncy tune- fulness more characteristic of Latin music from Italy. …

English Grammar and Style

English Grammar and Style

The Survival of the Subjunctive in Australian English: Ossification, Indexicality and Stance

Research on the subjunctive in Australian English has typically relied on corpus interrogation to ascertain frequency of occurrence of the target forms across text types. Such work has been valuable in confirming trends in usage, such as the increasing use of the mandative subjunctive and the decline of the were subjunctive, but has yet to explore in detail motivations behind the continued survival of what had widely been described as a moribund variant. Based on syntactic evidence, we distinguish the plain form subjunctive, which includes the traditional mandative subjunctive, from the were subjunctive. Using existing corpus-based results as well as data from additional corpus searches, we suggest that there are two primary factors in the subjunctive's continued existence in Australian English; firstly, the presence of a growing set of ossifying subjunctive frames within which the subjunctive is marked, and secondly, the role of the subjunctive in indexing formal-prestigious-standard English style, with the were subjunctive indexing literariness and the plain form subjunctive indexing a stance of power and epistemic authority.

Recommended nursing undergraduate students' experiences on taking the selection test of comprehensive quality

Objective To describe the recommended nursing undergraduate students' real feelings during participating in the selection test of comprehensive quality,so as to provide reference for improving the quality of nursing undergraduates education.Methods 12 recommended nursing undergraduate students were surveyed by using deep half-structural interviews and were recorded,noted during the whole interviews.Data were analyzed by coding step by step.Results The primary feelings of the participants included:Reflection on theory gap of imbalanced knowledge structure,competence of English language affected by periodical study and lack of real situation,and comprehensive quality training was weak after classes.Conclusions Nursing humanistic education,English learning styles and comprehensive quality training should be taken seriously and implement deep reform in nursing higher education. Key words: Nursing; Recommended undergraduate student; Comprehensive quality; Selection test; Interview

English Grammar and Style

English Grammar and Style

The Journey to the West ed. by Anthony C. Yu (review)

(or rereading) of Topley’s lucid and brilliantly descriptive essays is recommended for anyone who has a serious interest in the practice of Chinese religion. JAMES L. WATSON Harvard University ANTHONY C. YU, trans. and ed., The Journey to the West. Revised edition. 4 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013. xx, 552 pp., ISBN 978-0-22697132 -2 (vol. 1); xvi, 410 pp., ISBN 978-0-226-97134-6 (vol. 2); xvi, 422 pp., ISBN 978-0-226-97137-7 (vol. 3); xvi, 428 pp., ISBN 978-0-226-97139-1 (vol. 4). US$27.00 per vol. (pb). Among the earliest long prose narrative texts in Chinese that are considered to be novels are a series having to do with gods and monsters that appeared late in the Ming period. Probably the first, and certainly the most challenging, is Xiyou ji 西遊 記, generally known in English as Journey to the West. Many of these novels seem to be less than serious despite the unquestioned religious status of their central characters, among them Guanyin 觀音 (the Buddhist bodhisattva of compassion, Avalokite svara), Mazu 媽祖 (Tianhou 天后 or Empress of Heaven, patron goddess of fishermen and seafarers), and the Daoist Eight Immortals 八仙; they are more often adventure tales than morality texts. By contrast, in addition to humor and adventure, generations of commentators have consistently found profound religious teachings in Journey to the West, and yet over the last century the novel has often been considered a ‘‘folk novel’’ and a humorous tale meant for the amusement of children. Only in recent decades have the novel’s ubiquitous references to Buddhist and Daoist concepts again been taken seriously, but few modern readers are sufficiently scholarly in the lore of both religions to plumb their significance. Anthony C. Yu 余國藩 is a rare exception. Yu published his first complete translation of the text between 1977 and 1983. At the time it was remarkable for its innumerable scholarly notes: they explained historical, religious, philosophical, and literary references, discussed matters of characterization and structure, and drew attention to stylistic matters. No Chinese text available then had anything like that degree of explanatory commentary, making his Journey to the West an essential aid for understanding Xiyou ji even if one could easily read the original. Professor Yu’s translation was a work of tremendous ability and enthusiasm, but in small ways it also appeared to be the product of haste, a rush to finish an enormous undertaking—for the translator but even more for the Press. The fourvolume set was widely recognized as a tremendous accomplishment, meriting a slightly revised printing that corrected some of the typographical errors that bedeviled the first. Now Professor Yu, recently retired from the University of Chicago, has spent years revising every page. Significantly, the old standard WadeGiles Romanization scheme has been converted to the far more widely read Hanyu pinyin in order to facilitate its use in the classroom. What was originally an erudite introduction has been further expanded to incorporate thirty years of active scholarship on the novel in Chinese, Japanese, English, French, and German. But the real contribution here is the incomparable effect of three decades of Professor Yu’s own reading and reflection on the text, its contexts, and its meanings. The result is 134 BOOK REVIEWS both an academic tour-de-force and a literary milestone: now readers of all levels of preparation can appreciate the complexity of the original in a style of English that is both complex and colloquial, engaging, and thus far more directly comparable to the rich and varied language of the original than was Yu’s earlier Journey to the West. Surely this revised edition is the crowning glory of a highly productive scholarly career, an event to be celebrated and a text worthy of very wide reading. Professor Yu’s Introduction takes up 96 pages of volume 1. It begins with a biographical sketch of the historical monk whose name is given to a protagonist here, Xuanzang 玄奘 (596?–664): in 627 he secretly left Tang 唐 on his own, an act of treason, to travel widely through Central Asia and far into the Indian subcontinent on a personal quest to learn whether Buddha nature was...

English Grammar and Style

English Grammar and Style

Dendroflora of manor gardens of the early twentieth century in Łęczna county

<p>In the late nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries, new styles in the concept of a naturalistic park were created. The sites from this period located in the Lublin region include, among others, the Milejów manor and the Ciechanki <em>Ł</em>a<em>ń</em>cuchowskie manor. The manor park in Milejów was founded in the nineteenth century in English style. In the park there is a wooden, well–preserved mansion from 1903. However, the manor in Ciechanki is a building in modernist style. Both these park and manor complexes have a rich history and they fully deserve conservator’s protection. A dendrological inventory in Milejów showed 190 woody plants belonging to 22 species, while in Ciechanki – 590 woody plants belonging to 24 species. They are mostly native species associated with deciduous forests – <em>Fraxinus excelsior </em>L., <em>Acer pseudoplatanus </em>L., and <em>Carpinus betulus </em>L. Currently, the parks are gradually becoming naturalised, losing their original spatial arrangement, and they require restoration.</p>

“…I would like to have a residence like those of English lords…” On the English models for the palace in Jabłoń

AbstractOut of all Polish residences that represent the historical trend, the palace in Jablón built in 1904-1909 at the behest of Count Tomasz Zamoyski borrowed most fully from English architecture. Conscious of his expectations, the investor founded a magnificent country house, the builders of which drew liberally on the wealth of English historical styles.

Exhibiting Englishness: John Boydell's Shakespeare Gallery and the formation of a national aesthetic

In the late 18th century, as a wave of English nationalism swept the country, the printseller John Boydell set out to create an ambitious exhibition space, one devoted to promoting and fostering a distinctly English style of history painting. With its very name, the Shakespeare Gallery signaled to Londoners that the artworks on display shared an undisputed quality and a national spirit. Exhibiting Englishness explores the responses of key artists of the period to Boydell's venture and sheds new light on the gallery's role in the larger context of British art. Tracking the shift away from academic and Continental European styles of history painting, the book analyzes the works of such artists as Joshua Reynolds, Henry Fuseli, James Northcote, Robert Smirke, Thomas Banks, and William Hamilton, laying out their diverse ways of expressing notions of individualism, humor, eccentricity, and naturalism. Exhibiting Englishness also argues that Boydell's gallery radically redefined the dynamics of display and cultural aesthetics at that time, shaping both an English school of painting and modern exhibition practices.

CLARE A. LEES (ed). The Cambridge History of Early Medieval English Literature.

Some books deserve to be read in full, from cover to cover, and this is one of them. In 29 lucid chapters, the Cambridge History of Early Medieval English Literature presents important surveys of all the major aspects of Anglo-Saxon literary production that expert or non-expert readers might expect from a handbook of this type. The topics covered include cultural history and book production (Smith, Crick, Karkov, Rowley, Bremmer, Irvine, Watt, Treharne), Old English style (Momma, J. Davies), literary genres (riddles, Dailey; hagiography, Weston; religious poetry, Scheil; liturgy, Jones; lyrics or elegies, Davis; science, Liuzza; law, Oliver; Latinity, Townsend, Love) and two individual texts (Overing, Beowulf; Trilling, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle). The volume is inclusive in terms of non-Germanic cultures and period limits, thus also covering Celtic aspects (S. Davies, Clancy, Ní Mhaonaigh), Scandinavian influences (Poole) and post-Conquest matters (O’Donnell, Townend and Tyler). Precise article titles and contributors’ details can be found on the publisher’s website.