Style Arms Research Articles

Mastigostyla moqueguensis (Tigridieae: Iridaceae), a new species from southern Peru

A new species, Mastigostyla moqueguensis Huaylla & Llalla, is described from the Andes of Moquegua in southern Peru. Mastigostyla, which belongs to the tribe Tigridieae, is widely distributed in the Puna and Andean dry valleys of southern Peru and central Bolivia. The new species can be recognized by its ovate-lanceolate, acute inner tepals with glands at the base. It shows some affnity with M. torotoroensis because of the fliform, bifid style arms with apical stigmas. We present photographs and a table highlighting differences between the new specie and some similar species.

Aster chuanshanensis (Asteraceae), a New Species from Shanxi and Sichuan, China

Aster chuanshanensis W.P. Li, a new species of Asteraceae from Shanxi and Sichuan, China, is described and illustrated based on morphological, micromorphological, molecular and cytological evidence. It is similar to A. indicus and A. shimadae, but differs from them in rhizome type, leaf size and texture, receptacle shape, floral tube and pappi lengths, and in the ratio of stigmatic line to the style arm appendage. Phylogenetic analysis based on nrDNA (ITS and ETS) sequence data supported A. chuanshanensis as a distinct species belonging to sect. Asteromoea. It is diploid with a karyotype 2n = 2x = 18m, which distinguishes it from the morphologically similar species.

New Rulers, New Rules? Changes in Military Equipment during the 13th and 14th Centuries in the Area of the Sanok Land

This paper discusses problems of changes in military equipment that was in use in the historical Sanok Land. Being situated in the borderland of Piast Poland and the Halych-Volhynia Principality, Sanok was located at the interface of two civilisations – Latin and Byzantine. This was naturally reflected in both the material and spiritual culture of this region which was incorporated into Kievan Rus’ in the 11th century and then became part of the Kingdom of Poland (Red Ruthenia) after 1340. A question asked by the authors is: did the change of state sovereignty in the mid-14th century and the appearance of colonists from the West result in popularisation of the ‘Latin’ model of weaponry or were medieval Rus’-style arms and armour still in use? On the basis of a confrontation of written, iconographic and archaeological sources which concern this region in the period between the 1st half of the 13th and the late 14th century the authors draw the conclusion that after the year 1340 some types which are characteristic for the Eastern European model of weaponry were replaced to a considerable degree by weapons evolving in the Latin sphere.

Synopsis of Senecio series Culcitium (Asteraceae: Senecioneae, Senecioninae) in the Andean region of South America

Based on a detailed study of morphology and a critical analysis of species limits, we present a synopsis of Senecio ser. Culcitium from Andean South America. In this synopsis, Senecio ser. Culcitium is circumscribed including Aetheolaena and Lasiocephalus, two genera which are nested within Senecio. Forty three species are recognized in S. ser. Culcitium that are either rosette or scapiform herbs or subshrubs (sometimes scandent) bearing usually entire leaves, discoid and nodding capitula usually with conspicuous calycular bracts, penicillate style arms with or without a tuft of long hairs, and microechinate pollen. The new combination Senecio hyoseridis is proposed. The following names are proposed as synonyms: Senecio comosus var. debilis and S. comosus var. blancus with S. comosus; Senecio cuencanus var. tomentella with S. cuencanus; Senecio decolor, S. iscoensis and S. rosanus with Senecio antisanae, Senecio eliseae with S. rhizomatus; Senecio hypsobates var. parvulus with S. hypsobates; Senecio mochensis with S. pindilicensis; Senecio modestus with S. candollei; Senecio neeanus and S. haenkeanus with S. nivalis; Senecio quitensis with S. superandinus; Senecio santanderensis with S. cocuyanus; Senecio yacuanquensis with S. otophorus; Senecio zoellneri with S. keshua. Ten species previously placed in Senecio ser. Culcitium, i.e., S. aspleniifolius, S. candidans, S. comosus, S. diemii, S. gilliesii, S. jarae, S. julianus, S. magellanicus S. martinensis and S. stylotrichus, are excluded. Two of them, Senecio gilliesii and S. candidans are placed within Senecio ser. Hualtatini mainly by their herbaceous habit, stems usually leafy up to the apex, and erect capitula. Senecio jarae and S. aspleniifolius are placed in a new series based on the previously described Senecio sect. Repentes because of their solitary erect capitula and entire or deeply lobed leaves. Lectotypes are designated for 13 names. Additionally, 11 new illustrations, distribution maps, and identification keys are presented.

Geometric morphometrics of functionally distinct floral organs in Iris pumila: Analyzing patterns of symmetric and asymmetric shape variations

The Iris flower is a complex morphological structure composed of two trimerous whorls of functionally distinct petaloid organs (the falls and the standards), one whorl of the stamens and one tricarpellary gynoecium. The petal-like style arms of the carpels are banded over the basal part of the falls, forming three pollination tunnels, each of which is perceived by the Iris pollinators as a single bilaterally symmetrical flower. Apart from the stamens, all petaloid floral organs are preferentially involved in advertising rewards to potential pollinators. Here we used the methods of geometric morphometrics to explore the shape variation in falls, standards and style arms of the Iris pumila flowers and to disentangle the symmetric and the asymmetric component of the total shape variance. Our results show that symmetric variation contributes mostly to the total shape variance in each of the three floral organs. Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) was the dominant component of the asymmetric shape variation in the falls and the standards, but appeared to be marginally significant in the style arms. The values of FA indexes for the shape of falls (insects? landing platforms) and for the shape of standards (long-distance reward signals) were found to be two orders of magnitude greater compared to that of the style arms. Directional asymmetry appeared to be very low, but highly statistically significant for all analyzed floral organs. Because floral symmetry can reliably indicate the presence of floral rewards, an almost perfect symmetry recorded for the style arm shape might be the outcome of pollinator preferences for symmetrical pollination units.

Depressive symptoms, antidepressant medication use, and new onset of diabetes in participants of the diabetes prevention program and the diabetes prevention program outcomes study.

To assess in the Diabetes Prevention Program and Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study whether diagnosis of diabetes predicted elevated depressive symptoms (DS) or use of antidepressant medicine (ADM) following diagnosis; whether diabetes status or duration had significant effect on DS or ADM use; and to determine the associations between A1C, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), normalization of FPG, and DS or ADM use after diagnosis. Diabetes Prevention Program participants in three treatment arms (intensive life style, metformin, placebo) were assessed for diabetes, glucose control, ADM use, and DS, measured using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Among 3234 participants, 1285 developed diabetes. Depression levels were measured before and after diabetes diagnosis. Neither DS nor use of ADM increased after diagnosis; higher FPG was associated with greater ADM use in the intensive life style arm; a 10-mg/dl rise in FPG is associated with greater odds of ADM use. Higher FPG and A1C were associated with higher BDI scores in all three arms; A 10-mg/dl rise in FPG had a 0.07 increase in BDI. A 1% higher A1c was associated with a 0.21-point increase in BDI. Normalization of FPG was associated with lower BDI. When FPG had normalized, there was a decrease of 0.30 points in the BDI score compared when FPG had not normalized. Contrary to clinical attributions, diabetes diagnosis did not show an immediate impact on BDI scores or ADM use. Higher glucose levels after diagnosis were associated with a small but significantly higher BDI score and more ADM use. DPPOS: NCT00038727; DPP: NCT00004992.

Saussurea haizishanensis sp. nov. (Compositae, Cardueae) from Sichuan, China

Saussurea haizishanensis B. Q. Xiu, G. Hao & N. H. Xia sp. nov., a new species from Sichuan, China, belonging to Saussurea subg. Eriocoryne (DC.) Hook. f. sect. Cincta Lipsch., is described and illustrated. It is similar to S. delavayi, but differs in its narrowly elliptic, lanceolate or broadly lanceolate leaves, outer phyllaries that are broadly triangular with irregularly dentate margin, and densely yellowish stipitate glandular stem, leaf blades, and adaxial phyllaries. It is also similar to S. schlagintweitii, but differs in possessing numerous capitula and having adaxially glabrous petiole bases. Color plates, line drawings, a distribution map of S. haizishanensis, photographs of phyllaries and leaf blades, and SEM microphotographs of the adaxial surface of style arms, the leaf blades, the abaxial surface of phyllaries of S. haizishanensis and S. delavayi are provided.

Herbertia Amabilis Deble & F. S. Alves (Iridaceae), a New Species from Brazil

Deble, L. P. & F. S. Alves (2013). Herbertia amabilis Deble & F. S. Alves (Iridaceae), a new species from Brazil. Candollea 68: 133–137. In English, English and French abstracts.A new species, Herbertia amabilis Deble & F. S. Alves (Iridaceae), is described and illustrated from Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Herbertia Sweet is a predominately South American genus, now comprising 8 species with 7 of them occurring in southern Brazil. Herbertia amabilis is closely related with Herbertia lahue subsp. amoena (Griseb.) Goldblatt, but can be distinguished principally by robust habit, narrowly linear leaves, style arms recurved at the apex, and smaller obovate-clavate ovary. With just two known populations occurring in central Rio Grande do Sul State, with an extent of occurrence comprised in less than 100 km2 and the populations size being smaller than 10 km2 the new species is preliminary considered as critically endangered. The geographic distribution of the new species is presented as well as the key for the Brazilian species of Herbertia.

Exploring phenotypic floral integration in Iris pumila L.: A common-garden experiment

The angiosperm flower is a complex integrated phenotype, but within this structure there are partly independent units or modules. The interconnections among floral organ traits are hypothesized to be mostly generated by pollinatormediated selection. In this study, we explore whether floral dry mass per area (DMA) in an insect-pollinated herb, Iris pumila, exhibits a modular correlation pattern as has been reported for some size-related traits. We found that the overall pattern of floral organ integration with regard to DMA was uneven in the offspring of Iris pumila derived from a sunexposed and a shaded natural population. Since principal component analysis (PCA) showed that most of the eigenvalue variance was explained by the first two principal components (PCs), these PCs were considered as two floral modules. The greatest factor loadings on the first PC axis was that of the perianth and style arm DMA (PSDMA) and perianth tube DMA (PTDMA),while on the second PC axis, the greatest factor loading was that of stamen DMA (STDMA). The results indicate that the function of the first module would be to attract a pollinating vector, while the second one would reflect male functions. Selection analyses revealed that the targets of phenotypic selection were both intra-floral integration and individual floral traits. Both PSDMA and PC1DMA were under strong linear selection, while PTDMA experienced direct stabilization selection. The level of integration in floral organ DMA expressed in the term of relative eigenvalue variance appeared to be rather low, as was documented for other angiosperm taxa.

Tamia (Iridaceae), a Synonym of Calydorea: Cytological and Morphological Evidence

The monotypic genus Tamia was described by Ravenna in 2001 based on specimens of Calydorea pallens from Bolivia and West-Central Argentina (excluding Córdoba and San Luis). At the same time, Ravenna described Calydorea undulata as a new species to accommodate the excluded specimens. He used floral morphology to segregate Tamia from Calydorea. He described Calydorea as having the anthers twisted/circinate after dehiscence, whereas in Tamia, the anthers are straight. Similarly, in Tamia the upper third of the anther is adnate to the style arms while in Calydorea the anthers are free from the style branches. We here evaluate the validity of Tamia and C. undulata based on morphological and cytological approaches. An examination of living plants of both taxa showed the anthers to be straight during dehiscence and twisted when the pollen was exposed, likewise the stamens were completely free from style branches in both taxa. Both have a base chromosome number of x = 7 (C. undulata diploid, 2n = 14; T. pallens tetraploid, 2n = 28). The karyotype formula for C. undulata was 5 m + 2 sm and 7 m + 7 sm for T. pallens. The karyotype is bimodal in C. undulata and moderately asymmetrical in T. pallens. These chromosomal differences and differences in petal shape (the outer are flat for both taxa while the inner are geniculate in T. pallens but flat with undulate margins in C. undulata) and flower color (pale lilac with dark violet dots in T. pallens and violet-blue with violet stripes in C. undulata) suggest that these taxa are distinct species of Calydorea, where a polyploid series based on x = 7 is known. The divergence of their karyotypes is within the observed chromosomal variability of genera in Iridaceae. Thus, we conclude that Tamia should be regarded as a synonym of Calydorea, with the return of its species to Calydorea pallens, because the floral differences between them are not enough to merit generic segregation. Calydorea undulata is nonetheless a valid species.

A new species, Herbertia crosae (Iridaceae), from Uruguay

Abstract Roitman, G. G. (Catedra de Jardineria. Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martin 4453. 1417. Buenos Aires, Argentina; roitman@mail.agro.uba.ar) & A. Castillo (Jardin Botanico de Ezeiza, Jujuy 1037, 1804, Ezeiza, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina; ezeizabotgard@hotmail.com). A new species, Herbertia crosae (Iridaceae), from Uruguay. Brittonia 56: 361–364. 2004.—Herbertia crosae (Iridaceae) is described from the stony grasslands of northwestern Uruguay. The new species resembles Herbertia lahue but can be easily distinguished by the narrower leaves, slender habit, the smaller pale lilac flowers, the presence of yellow spots at the base of the tepals, the red, adpressed hairs along the filament column, the presence of filaments free at the apex, the channeled style arm, the recurved secondary divisions of the style arm, and the smaller fruits. A key to the species of the genus is provided in which five species are now recognized.

Globalization as an Enabling Force

Does the increased economic openness associated with globalization reduce the capacity of the state to manage the economy? The contributors to Linda Weiss’s States in the Global Economy consistently answer this question with a fairly strong ‘‘no.’’ In the process, they point to the importance of domestic institutions as a criticalFperhaps the criticalFmediating variable in determining how states manage openness. Why do the contributors see domestic institutions as a decisive source of difference? Clearly not because they accept the usual globalization storyFwhich sees capital mobility and an ever tightening web of international trade and investment agreements as a constraint on state policy and a force for homogenization that reduces state capacity. Instead, as Weiss points out in her extensive opening essay, they see globalization as an enabling force. Specifically, by increasing economic insecurity, globalization generates political pressures for increased social protection and economic pressures for innovation. But domestic institutions bring diverging normative orientations and organizational capacities with their responses to globalization. As a result, domestic institutions generate great differences as states translate these globally sparked domestic political pressures into new policies. Does this mean that divergent state responses to globalization will also generate heterogeneity among economies rather than convergence? Here Weiss’s interesting conclusion ultimately reflects her earlier work (Weiss 1998) and her association with Michael Mann (1986). In her concluding essay, Weiss argues that the analyses in the book show that a convergence on a new model is indeed occurring, but it is not the neoliberal model long predicted by the crude globalists she critiques. Instead, Weiss argues, the book’s chapters demonstrate a growing convergence around ‘‘governed interdependence.’’ Governed interdependence is an institutionalized relationship of negotiation between the state and, preferably, sectorally coherent business organizations. In this relationship, each side maintains their autonomy, but the state sets broad developmental goals and monitors businesses’ achievement of those goals. Governed interdependence works through political exchange between the state and societal actors. The state receives the information and cooperation it needs from societal organizations to transform the economy. In return, the state legitimates those organizations, ameliorates social risks surrounding investment, and provides a focal point for resolving struggles among firms and sectors. Weiss thus argues that governed interdependence enhances state capacity, understood as Mann’s infrastructural power. She predicts that globalization will cause a withering of both French style statism and US style arm’s length regulation in favor of governed interdependence. Weiss has mobilized a sufficiently broad array of contributors to test this proposition across an array of issues that exceeds most similar volumes: taxation, the welfare state, and industrial governance. John Hobson’s essay attacks the conventional wisdom that globalization will cause a race to the bottom on taxation or a shift

A New Species of Emilia (Compositae: Senecioneae) from Western Tanzania

During work on generic accounts for the Flora of Tropical East Africa, Compositae part 3, a new species came to light, which is described below. It belongs to the group of Emilia species with discoid capitula and semi-amplexicaul leaves, hairy achenes, and white, yellow or red corollas. It is closest to Emilia coccinea in the style arms, which terminate in a subulate appendage of fused papillae, but differs from that species in the almost sessile leaves, the lower number of phyllaries (5 6 as opposed to 821), and the white (not red or orange) corolla. A curious feature is that a few, but not all, of the outer florets are slightly zygomorphic, with two of the corolla lobes slightly larger than the other three. This is unique among East African Emilia species, as far as we know, but E. pseudactis, E. lejolyana, E. malaisseana and E. robynsiana, all from Congo (Kinshasa), show the same character. Of these taxa our new species most resembles E. pseudactis, but differs in having a basal rosette of leaves (not spaced as in E. pseudactis), in the shorter petiole, in the larger leaves (10 27 x 10 18 as opposed to 712 x 210 mm); in the capitula with fewer florets (811 rather than 1663) with larger lobes in the zygomorphic florets (outer lobes 1.72.1 mm rather than 1.2 mm); and in the shorter pappus (1 1.5 mm and subplumose as opposed to 2 3 mm and barbellate). E. mbagoi grows in woodland at altitudes of 850 950 m rather than in woodland, on moist riverbanks or on rocky outcrops at 1400 2790 m like E. pseudactis. The name is in honour of one of the collectors, Mr Frank Mbago of Dar es Salaam herbarium, who has participated in many plant-hunting expeditions. Emilia mbagoi Beentje & Mesfin, sp. nov. E. pseudactis C. Jeffrey floribus zygomorphis habituque affinis sed foliis majoribus plerumque in rosulas basales confertis, petiolis brevioribus, flosculis per capitulum paucioribus, in flosculis zygomorphis lobis corollae majoribus, pappo breviore sed subplumoso differt. Typus: Tanzania, Nkansi Distr., 45 km on Namanyere Karonga road, Bidgood, Mbago & Vollesen 2656 (K!, holotypus, DSM, isotypus).

Colima (Tigridieae: Iridaceae), a new genus from western Mexico and a new species: Colima tuitensis from Jalisco

Con base en información citológica, palinológica y secuencias de ADN se propone la elevación de Nemastylis subgénero Colima al nivel de género para incluir en éste a Nemastylis convoluta. Este nuevo género se caracteriza por presentar filamentos unidos, anteras libres con dehiscencia longitudinal, estilo dividido en tres brazos con seis ramas dispuestas en ángulo recto, superficie estigmática apical, falta de nectarios, ausencia de mucrón entre las ramas del estilo y polen bisulcado. Un estudio preliminar basado en la variación de caracteres morfológicos y de secuencias de ADN, sugiere una cercana relación filogenética entre Colima y los géneros que integran la subtribu Tigridiinae. Sin embargo, las relaciones de Colima a nivel genérico no están completamente resueltas por el análisis molecular. Por último, se describe e ilustra una nueva especie del género Colima de El Tuito, Jalisco. En esta última los tallos, pedicelos, ovarios y frutos son alados. Además, los tépalos son de color amarillo-crema, oblanceolados con ápices acuminados y el androgineceo es más pequeño que en Colima convoluta.

Arms availability and the situation of civilians in armed conflict — Summary of an ICRC study for the 27th International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent

As international arms transfers, particularly of small arms, have become easier, the promotion of respect for international humanitarian law has become vastly more difficult. The proliferation of weapons in the hands of new and often undisciplined individuals or groups has outpaced efforts to ensure compliance with basic rules of warfare. The result is appalling levels of wanton violence and a stream of horrific images which threaten to immunize the public and decision-makers to ongoing violations of international humanitarian law. In the absence of vigorous action to restrain the availability of military style arms and ammunition, those responsible for training combatants in the laws of armed conflict have little hope of reaching all those capable of waging war. The price to be paid is high, in terms of human suffering, social and economic disruption and the burdens of intervention when the international community decides to act.

Biodiversity in the New Zealand divaricating tree daisies: Olearia sect. nov. (Compositae)

The trees and shrubs in Olearia sect. Divaricaster, sect. nov., are found in North, South, and Stewart Islands of New Zealand. They are distinguished by their small, opposite leaves borne on brachyblasts (short shoots), long shoots which abort apically, solitary or fascicled capitula, flowers with purple style arms, and a very distinctive insect fauna. The ten species and three subspecies, including the new O. fimbriata, O. gardneri and O. virgata subsp. centralis are revised and a key and distribution maps provided. The section includes four threatened species: O. hectorii, O. polita and the two new species. Species density is mapped in grid cells 1∞ latitude by 1∞ longitude. Areas west of the geological Median Tectonic Zone (Nelson, Westland and Fiordland) show relatively low diversity. The highest diversity, six species in one grid cell, is recorded in north-west Otago, around Mt Aspiring and the Humboldt Mountains. This region is also geologically significant as several allochthonous terranes are juxtaposed there. In the central South Island O. laxiflora, O. fimbriata and O. odorata have concentric distributions around what were Tertiary basins and inland seas. Members of the section favour fertile, lowland sites on alluvium and have suVered reduction in population size over the last century due to agricultural development. Several species, such as O. hectorii, the ‘swamp gum’, occur in sites which are periodically flooded. Olearia solandri is a coastal species, often growing as a mangrove associate, but occasionally found inland. The anomalous inland populations are discussed and their location attributed to geological uplift.

Biodiversity in the New Zealand divaricating tree daisies:Oleariasect. nov. (Compositae)

The trees and shrubs inOleariasect.Divaricaster, sect. nov., are found in North, South, and Stewart Islands of New Zealand. They are distinguished by their small, opposite leaves borne on brachyblasts (short shoots), long shoots which abort apically, solitary or fascicled capitula, flowers with purple style arms, and a very distinctive insect fauna. The ten species and three subspecies, including the newO. fimbriata,O. gardneriandO. virgatasubsp.centralisare revised and a key and distribution maps provided. The section includes four threatened speciesO. hectorii,O. politaand the two new species. Species density is mapped in grid cells 1° latitude by 1° longitude. Areas west of the geological Median Tectonic Zone (Nelson, Westland and Fiordland) show relatively low diversity. The highest diversity, six species in one grid cell, is recorded in north-west Otago, around Mt Aspiring and the Humboldt Mountains. This region is also geologically significant as several allochthonous terranes are juxtaposed there. In the central South IslandO. laxiflora,O. fimbriataandO. odoratahave concentric distributions around what were Tertiary basins and inland seas. Members of the section favour fertile, lowland sites on alluvium and have suffered reduction in population size over the last century due to agricultural development. Several species, such asO. hectorii, the «swamp gum», occur in sites which are periodically flooded.Olearia solandriis a coastal species, often growing as a mangrove associate, but occasionally found inland. The anomalous inland populations are discussed and their location attributed to geological uplift.

The Effect of Rotary Arms on Corotating Disk Flow

This investigation studied the impact of rotary style arms on the flow between corotating disks contained by a stationary cylindrical enclosure. Both ventilated and nonventilated hub configurations were considered. The particular geometry used represents a simplified model for common disk drives. Flow visualizations were performed over the Reynolds number range of 3.4 × 104 to 3.4 × 105. The arms were observed to dramatically alter the flow field and to produce an azimuthal pressure gradient throughout the flow field. The dominant feature of the flow between two disks was the arm wake. Moreover, an exchange of fluid across the shroud opening, which provided arm access, was observed. Arm effects became stronger as the arm tips were positioned closer to the hub. The combination of arms and radial through flow was studied over a similar Reynolds number range. In this case, the flow field remained dominated by arm effects, although some effects arising from the radial flow were observed.

A Checklist of the Brazilian Senecioneae (Compositae)

The family Compositae is generally recognised as one of, if not the, largest of the families of flowering plants in the world with an estimated 25,000 species (effrey 1978) in about 1500 genera (effrey, pers. comm.). Roughly half are from the New World and are centred in Central and South America. Using these figures an estimate can be made as follows c. 3,000 species, i.e. about 25% of the 12,500, for the Brazilian Compositae which would place the family on a par with its general representation in most floras, i.e. c. 10%. The family is one of the most dominant in arid, semi-arid and montane vegetation types, but is absent or very poorly represented in tropical rain forests. The tribe Senecioneae Cass. is one of the larger tribes in the family with an estimated 3,400 species, about a third of these occurring in the New World. Cabrera (1985) has recently provided a breakdown of the numbers of species of Senecio in several countries in the New World, clearly demonstrating that the genus is relatively poorly represented in Brazil. A draft list was compiled by the present author a year or two ago in response to interest in the Brazilian Compositae, especially in the state of Bahia. The stimulus for this revised checklist of Brazilian Senecioneae came largely from three excellent papers, by Cabrera (1950, 1957) and Cabrera & Zardini (1980), on east tropical South American taxa and the results of several projects initiated since; one (effrey 1992) has required significant changes to the draft list following a review of the tribe on a global scale. A study of the protologue and accompanying illustration of Cacalia dichroa Bong., (Bongard 1838) suggests a strong similarity with Graphistylis organensis (Casar.) B. Nord. and G. itatiaiae (Dusen) B. Nord. as indicated by Cabrera (1957). The latter two species were placed in the genus Graphistylis (Dusen) B. Nord., which is characterised by having penicillate apical appendages to the style arms, auriculate basal anther appendages, glabrous achenes and radiate capitula, usually with few rays. One of the obvious difficulties in placing C. dichroa alongside these other two species was the presence of discoid capitula reported by Bongard. Examination of the type (LE), confirmed the presence of ray-florets;

New species, chromosome cytology and notes on the southern African Iridaceae-Irideae: Moraea, Roggeveldia and Homeria

A new species for each of Moraea (120 species), Homeria (32 species) and Roggeveldia (2 species), African genera of Iridaceae–Irideae subtribe Homeriinae, is described. Moraea vlokii from the interior Swartberg Mountains of the southern Cape, is most closely related to the widespread winter rainfall area species M. gawleri, from which it differs by its short, crestless style arms, obtuse subequal tepals and solitary leaf. In Roggeveldia, until now monotypic, the new R. montana is a plant of low stature with a single long, terete and slender leaf, occurring locally in the Kamiesberg (central Namaqualand) and Swartberg Mountains. Although its flowers correspond closely to those of R. fistulosa in their free stamens and simple style branches that alternate with the stamens, the taller R. fistulosa has a short, straight and thick hollow leaf. Homeria serratostyla, restricted to the Richtersveld, northern Namaqualand, is assigned to section Homeria, and seems most closely related to H. patens. Notable additional populations, including significant range extensions, are reported for Moraea incurva, M. insolens, M. linderi, Homeria fenestrata, H. galpinii and H. schlechteri. Original chromosome counts for each of the new species and several more of Homeria are also included here.