Water Quality Studies Research Articles

Assessment of ichthyofaunal diversity of family Cyprinidae in River Panjkora Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

The study explores the Ichthyofaunal diversity of freshwater Cyprinidae fish in the Panjkora River of Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A total of 911 fish samples were collected from 5 different sites along the river and identified using standard identification keys. Out of the 911 fish samples, 204 were related to family Cyprinidae, having 4 sub families, i.e Cyprininae representing 3 species i.e Carassius auratus, Cyprinus carpio, Cyprinus watsoni, Danioninae representing 6 species i.e Barilius modestus, Barilius vagra, Barilius pakistanicus, Amblypharangodon mola, Salmophasia punjabensis, Rasbora daniconius, Labeoninae representing 5 species i.e Tor putitora, Crossocheilus diplocheilus, Gara gotyla, Labeo rohita, Labeo diplocheilus, and Barbinae representing 6 species i.e Puntius ticto, Puntius sophore, Puntius chonchonius, Schizothorax esocinus, Schizothorax labiatus and Schizothorax plagiostomus. This study adds 6 new species i.e Amblypharangodon mola, Salmophasia punjabensis, Labeo rohita, Labeo diplocheilus, Puntius chonchonius and Rasbora daniconius for the 1st time which are not reported earlier. EXCEL 2019 and XLSTAT were used for principal components analysis to study richness and correlation of fish diversity. Eigenvalues obtained from Sheringal to Zulam are 3.72, 0.511, 0.37, 0.29 and 0.09 respectively. The higher eigenvalue of Sheringal site shows higher diversity. Water quality study shows that the mean values of water temperature was 16.8°C, pH 7.08, total hardness134.6 mg/L, alkalinity 89.3 mg/L, Nitrate 5.93 mg/L, Chlorine 0.87 mg/L, Nitrite0.02 mg/L and Copper 0.04 mg/L, Iron 0.07 mg/L, Lead 0.002 mg/L. The physicochemical parameters of river Panjkora during the study time remained within the permissible limits as prescribed by the WHO (2005). Gut analysis revealed the presence of algae, nymphs insect's larvae, macroinvertebrates and protozoans.

Water-Quality Monitoring with a UAV-Mounted Multispectral Camera in Coastal Waters

Remote-sensing ocean colour studies have already been used to determine coastal water quality, coastal biodiversity, and nutrient availability. In recent years, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) equipped with multispectral sensors, originally designed for agriculture applications, have also enabled water-quality studies of coastal waters. However, since the sea surface is constantly changing, commonly used photogrammetric methods fail when applied to UAV images captured over water areas. In this work, we evaluate the applicability of a five-band multispectral sensor mounted on a UAV to derive scientifically valuable water parameters such as chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration and total suspended solids (TSS), including a new Python workflow for the manual generation of an orthomosaic in aquatic areas exclusively based on the sensor’s metadata. We show water-quality details in two different sites along the Maltese coastline on the centimetre-scale, improving the existing approximations that are available for the region through Sentinel-3 OLCI imagery at a much lower spatial resolution of 300 m. The Chl-a and TSS values derived for the studied regions were within the expected ranges and varied between 0 to 3 mg/m3 and 10 to 20 mg/m3, respectively. Spectral comparisons were also carried out along with some statistics calculations such as RMSE, MAE, or bias in order to validate the obtained results.

A Review of Sources of Uncertainty in Optimization Objectives of Water Distribution Systems

Many studies have applied optimization to the planning, design, rehabilitation or operation of water distribution systems. Recent reviews of the research literature in this area have identified hundreds of papers that address these topics. The objectives considered include variables measuring direct impact of the system such as cost, energy, greenhouse gas emissions, as well as performance variables such as pressure deficit and system reliability. Very few of these studies have considered the effects of the various sources of uncertainty on the objectives considered. The sources of uncertainty include model related uncertainty such as uncertainty in model structure and parameters (e.g., pipe roughness and chemical reaction rates for water quality studies), data related uncertainty such as uncertainty in water demand due to natural variability in the short-term or population growth and/or climate change in the long-term, and human related uncertainty such as lack of knowledge about the physical network as well as modelling errors. This paper is aimed at reviewing the relative importance of these various sources of uncertainty on the key optimization objectives. It also summarizes the key literature in this area and identifies areas where there have been few publications.

Study of Water Quality of Kedung Jumbleng River As A Liquid Waste Disposal of Tofu Industry and Community Behavior of The People in Krajan, Mojosongo, Surakarta

This study examines the water quality of the Kedung Jumbleng River which is used as a tofu liquid waste disposal site and the behavior of the surrounding community which aims to find out how the water quality of the Kedung Jumbleng River is, community behavior, and steps to control pollution. The study was identified through literature searches or field observations formulated in research questions: (1) How is the water quality of the KedungJumbleng river? ; (2) How is the behavior of the people in Krajan Mojosongo, Surakarta and (3) What are the steps to control pollution. This study is a descriptive mix method with a sequential explanatory design approach, and uses research data collection methods with field surveys and mapping and laboratory tests with parameters such as temperature, pH, BOD, COD, DO, TSS, and NH3. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The analysis used to determine water quality is the Pollution Index method. Descriptive analysis method is used to determine people's behavior in terms of knowledge, attitudes and actions. The results showed that the water quality of the Kedung Jumbleng river exceeded the quality standard in several water quality parameters. Pollution Index value for all classes of moderately polluted water. The results of the analysis of community behavior showed that the behavior of the people around the Kedung Jumbleng river had knowledge aspects of 55.1% High, 42.9% Enough, and only 2% had low knowledge. Attitude aspects 26.6% Good, 69.4% Fairly Good, and 4% Bad. Aspects of action 53% Good and 47% Poor. Based on the interpretation of the research results, it can be concluded that: (1) The water quality of the Kedung Jumbleng river is currently moderately polluted; (2) The behavior of the community in Krajan Mojosongo Surakarta is quite good in terms of the value of the aspects of knowledge, attitudes and actions.

Water quality study of the foggaras in the Adrar region (southwest Algeria) using WQI and GIS

Water quality study of the foggaras in the Adrar region (southwest Algeria) using WQI and GIS

Physical-Chemical Water Quality Study of the Sava River in Serbia Using the Statistical and Factor Analysis

Physical-Chemical Water Quality Study of the Sava River in Serbia Using the Statistical and Factor Analysis

A guideline for spatio‐temporal consistency in water quality modelling in rural areas

A guideline for spatio‐temporal consistency in water quality modelling in rural areas

Exploring the last 50 years of Indian research on the impact of coal mining using bibliometric analysis with an overview of water-related impacts.

This paper throws light on the bibliometric review of the impact of coal mining in India over the past 50years, emphasizing environmental, especially water-related impacts. The data were refined from the Web of Science database and analyzed in a bibliometric map visualization software tool, VOSviewer, to grasp the research focus, status quo and analyze the trend and direction of the work being carried out in this area. The methodology was covered in three phases: search and document selection, software and data extraction, and analysis of results and trends. The study results indicated that (i) the publication has increased in the past two decades (2001-2021) with a steep increase in the period from 2010 to 2021 with 74.68% article types documents and a mere 7.74% review documents. (ii) In India, the significant contribution is made by the Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad with Department of Science and Technology as a primary funding agency. (iii) The bibliometric map of co-occurrence of author keywords showed that keywords relating to the "pollution" (connected to air, water) from "Jharia coalfield" have highest occurrences in the relevant published works of literature and topics like "reclamation," "mine spoil," and application of approaches like "remote sensing and GIS" have lower linkage strengths in general. (iv) The result of the co-citation network study has marked the most significant authors and the highly cited sources of the database revealing Ghose M.K. and Singh A.K. as among the most cited authors with citations more than 150 in the field of our interest. (v) The trend of publication in the research area of Water Resources showed a significant increase after 2015. The keyword occurrence map reveals that water quality studies have been extensively studied, but quantifications of the coal mining-induced changes in water regimes at river basin scales are absent.

Effect of Agricultural Inputs on the Water-soil Couple in Cocoa-growing Area in the Department of Soubré, Southwestern of Côte d’Ivoire

Background: The cocoa crisis in the 1970s decade in Côte d’Ivoire was manifested by the proliferation of crops pests, reduced production and decreased rainfall. To cope with all these constraints, the producers adopted various strategies, including the use of agricultural inputs to improve the production. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the effects of these inputs on water-soil couple. Methods: First, 12 soil and surface water samples were taken for analysis. Second, determination of trace metal content was done using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Also chemical elements were analyzed using a HACH DR 6000 spectrophotometer. Results: Soil concentrations of exchangeable base Ca2+, K+ and Mg2+ are low with average values of 5.71 cmol/kg, 0.35 and 1.66 cmol/kg, respectively. The soils of cocoa orchards are quite rich in assimilable phosphorus (P). The average phosphorus content is 24.31 cmol/kg with a minimum of 3.92 cmol/kg and a maximum of 78.4 cmol/kg. The study of surface water quality showed that the average values of biochemical oxygen demand for 5 days (BOD5) (18.64 mg/L) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) (15.49 mg/L) are lower than the respective standards of 25 and 125 mg/L of the world health organization (WHO) standard. These surface waters have average concentrations of 0.015 mg/L for cadmium (Cd), 0.042 mg/L for zinc (Zn) and 0.062 mg/L for manganese (Mn), below the respective standards of 0.003, 3 and 0.4 mg/L. Conclusion: This study shows that surface waters are not yet very polluted by these inputs.

Prototyping a low-cost open-source autonomous unmanned surface vehicle for real-time water quality monitoring and visualization

A low-cost open-source autonomous unmanned surface vehicle (USV) named “iDroneboat” is developed for real-time monitoring and visualization of water quality. The iDroneboat equipped with Internet of Things (IoT) sensors transmits real-time water quality data, including dissolved oxygen (DO), electronical conductivity (EC), pH, and water temperature (WT) to the cloud for data sharing through Long-term Evolution (LTE) communication protocols. Since material and supplies needed are readily accessible from online marketplaces or local hardware stores, the iDroneboat is easily replicable for local water quality studies and citizen-science activities. The iDroneboat appears to be a promising tool to advance environmental research activities, especially for impaired waterways (e.g., lakes, rivers, and reservoirs). The preliminary result shows that the proposed low-cost platform, iDroneboat, effectively displays water quality components in real-time to the cloud web services (e.g., ThingSpeak), ultimately contributing to citizen science activities and environmental stewardship in water research ecosystems.

Biomathematical Model for Water Quality Assessment: Macroinvertebrate Population Dynamics and Dissolved Oxygen

Sustainable water management is important to ensure its availability for future generations. The study of water quality is fundamental for this purpose. Assessing the health of aquatic ecosystems through bioindicators has been shown to be reliable and inexpensive. The objective of this work was to evaluate water quality through a biomathematical model that involves environmental stress indicator organisms and their close relationship with dissolved oxygen. In this direction, a system of differential equations describing the population dynamics of aquatic macroinvertebrates under the influence of dissolved oxygen is proposed. The model is validated by its application in the Coyuca Lagoon, Mexico. Likewise, population changes over time were represented, which allowed us to deduce that the increase or decrease in the aeration/oxygenation rate significantly affects the population dynamics of the bioindicator organisms. In addition, to classify water quality, a one-to-one correspondence was established between water quality and the equilibrium points of the system of differential equations. The results obtained allow inferring that the proposed techniques are useful for the study of water quality since they can predict significant changes in the ecosystem and provide researchers and water managers with tools for decision making.

Justification of the priority indicators choice for water quality control in aquifers

Introduction. The study of the aquifers water quality is an urgent task due to the increasing volumes of groundwater consumed, on the one hand, and the supply of drinking water to the population with insufficient water treatment or without it at all, on the other. In the Leningrad Region, one thousand three hundred thirty two water sources are used for drinking and household water supply to the population, while water without water treatment is supplied to the population of a significant number of settlements. Materials and methods. In this study, a systematic analysis, statistical analysis, and the first stage of health risk assessment - the identification of danger were conducted. Research materials included 2634 water quality laboratory studies protocols (135200 studies) of 728 underground water sources of the Leningrad region for 2018-2021; data of the Federal Information Fund for Social and Hygienic Monitoring (FIF SGM) (34709 studies) for 2009-2019, reports on the results of searches and assessments of groundwater reserves for settlements water supply for 2003-2015; sanitary and epidemiological conclusions on the possibility of using water sources for drinking and household water supply, placed in the register of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing. Results. The analysis of the laboratory examinations results of the underground water quality, due to natural factors, from various aquifers was exploited in the studied area. Substances which concentrations exceed the maximum permissible level have been identified. The first carried out stage of health risk assessment included hazard identification with ranking of chemicals by hazard indices for all operational aquifers. Recommendations are given on the adjustment of social-hygienic monitoring and industrial control programs of underground water quality, as well as on the improvement of water treatment systems. Limitations. In this study there was a limitation on the nitrogen triad compounds origin and petroleum products analysis, in addition, the health risk assessment was limited to the hazard identification stage, due to the fact that exposure assessment was not performed. Conclusion. Based on the ranking, there were identified carcinogenic substances as follows: arsenic, beryllium, lead, cadmium and substances that don`t have a carcinogenic effect: fluoride ion, ammonium ion, calcium, sodium, barium, magnesium, nitrates, nitrites, manganese, iron, which must be included in the groundwater industrial control programs.

Spatial spectral contextual image analysis approach to map water quality of inland waterbody using AVIRIS-NG datasets

Remote sensing has already proven its capability in water quality studies. The technology enables the mapping of water quality parameters that affect its optical properties. Generally, multi-spectral remote sensing data has been utilized for such analysis. Mostly, the band rationing or simple regression approaches have been adapted to map the water quality, however, they result in qualitative estimates rather than quantitative. On the other hand, sensor technology has made steep advancements from multi-spectral to hyperspectral. The hyperspectral data provides contiguous spectral information over several hundred narrow spectral bands. This emerging technique provides a more in-depth means of investigating spatial, spectral, and temporal variations, leading to more quantifiable/accurate estimates of the process under consideration. At present, very few satellite-based hyperspectral data are available. Recently, the Indian Space Research Organisation has initiated an airborne hyperspectral remote sensing campaign to cover the important earth features in India using Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer – Next Generation (AVIRIS-NG) sensor in collaboration with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). As the AVIRIS-NG hyperspectral data measures the spectral response in the wavelength range from 380 to 2510 nm at very narrow spectral bandwidth of 5 nm. These advanagtes of AVIRIS-NG datasets enable researchers to analyse the spectra of each and every pixel of the image spatially to match its spectral characteristics with the spectra collected in the field. In the present study, this spectral similarity approach has been expoilted within the context of turbidity, the optical property of water for Chilika Lake, Odisha, India; using the AVIRIS-NG data and field reference spectra. The lake was surveyed synchronous to AVIRIS-NG flights over it during the month of December 2015. A field-based spectral library with respect to various concentrations of turbidity in the lake has been generated using sophisticated instruments like field spectro-radiometer, handheld Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver, and turbidimeter. The spectral angle mapper (SAM) spatial-spectral contextual image analysis has been carried out to map the turbidity of the lake. It was observed that almost at each and every pixel the image spectra were matching with the field-collected spectra. Further, the match between two spectra (field and image) measured in terms of SAM score was as high as 0.9 for most of the instances. Moreover, the estimated turbidity was in the agreement (R2 = 0.96) with the turbidity measured on the field. It was realized that the spectral similarity approach using hyperspectral remote sensing data provides more quantitative estimates as compared to multi-spectral data analysis.

Is flushing necessary during building closures? A study of water quality and bacterial communities during extended reductions in building occupancy

Drinking water stagnation can lead to degradation of chlorine residual, bacterial growth (including of opportunistic pathogens and nitrifiers), and metals release from plumbing materials; however, few studies have characterized building water quality and bacterial communities during the extended stagnation periods that occurred during COVID-19 pandemic-related building closures. Additionally, despite a lack of evidence-based guidance, flushing fixtures has been recommended to restore building water quality. We aimed to evaluate the impacts of reduced building occupancy (>2 months) and weekly restorative flushing on drinking water quality, bacterial communities, and the occurrence of undesirable microorganisms in three university buildings. Reduced occupancy led to diminished chloramine and elevated intact cell counts, but values remained stable after additional weeks of limited water use. Flushing temporarily improved water quality, with chlorine and cell counts remaining stable for at least 1 day but returning to levels measured prior to flushing within 1 week. Alpha diversity was lower under more stagnant conditions, and fixture identity, not flushing, was the most influential factor on bacterial community composition, suggesting a strong influence from local biofilm. Although Mycobacterium, Legionella, Pseudomonas, Nitrosomonas, and Nitrospira were detected in samples via amplicon sequencing, concentrations measured via qPCR of M. avium complex, L. pneumophila, P. aeruginosa, and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were very low or were undetected, supporting that stagnation alone did not lead to high occurrence of undesirable microorganisms. Findings from this study contribute to our understanding of the effects of stagnation on building water microbiomes and the efficacy of flushing to improve water quality. Under the conditions of this case study, repeated flushing on a weekly timescale during low occupancy periods was not sufficient to maintain chlorine residual and prevent bacterial growth in fixtures. Building managers need to weigh the temporary water quality benefits of flushing against the labor and water resources required considering local context.

Water Quality in Relation to Phytoplankton Diversity of Gautam Kund, Dehradun (Uttarakhand), India

This study deals with the study of water quality of Gautam Kund in relation to its phytoplankton diversityfrom December 2018 to April 2019 at two sites. A Total of 76 genera were identified belonging to 8 classes, 20orders and 40 families during the present study period. Class Chlorophyceae contributes maximum tophytoplankton population. Total density of phytoplankton was ranged in between 207.0 to 1615.67 Unit l-1.Three different ecological indices were applied to phytoplankton data show that water of Gautam Kundranges from moderately polluted to clean water. Principal component analysis was applied to explorerelationship between physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton diversity.

Spatial interpolation method comparison for physico-chemical parameters of river water in Klang River using MATLAB

Water quality is one of the most highly debated issues worldwide at the moment. Inadequate water supplies affect human health, hinder food production, and degrade the environment. Using contemporary technology to analyze pollution statistics can help solve pollution issues. One option is to take advantage of advancements in intelligent data processing to conduct hydrological parameter analysis. To perform conclusive water quality studies, a lot of data is necessary. Unfilled data (information gaps) in the long-term hydrological data set may be due to equipment faults, collection schedule delays, or the data collection officer’s absence. The lack of hydrological data skews its interpretation. Therefore, interpolation is used to recreate and fill missing hydrological data. From 2012 to 2017, the Klang River’s biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in Selangor, Malaysia, was sampled. This study examined three methods of interpolation for their effectiveness using the MATLAB software: piecewise cubic hermite interpolating polynomial (PCHIP), cubic Spline data interpolation (Spline), and modified Akima partitioned cubic hermite interpolation (Makima). The accuracy is assessed using root mean square error (RMSE). All interpolation algorithms offer excellent results with low RMSE. However, PCHIP delivers the best match between interpolated and original data.

A Review on Factors to be Incorporated in Water Quality Study

Water quality issues had been the main concern in worldwide as water resource keeps being polluted. River acts as the main source of drinking water, habitat for aquatic life, agriculture and industry. Poor in water quality led to the increase n water treatment expenses, water scarcity and affect health. River pollution is caused by industrial discharge, sewage and wastewater, chemical fertilizers and pesticides and mining activities. This paper aims to review and comments on factors to be incorporated in water quality study. Water quality index and pollutants are found to be the critical factors. USA, Canada, Iraq, Thailand, Vietnam and Malaysia used different parameters in calculating WQI. The parameters being considered in the WQI are then classified the river according to their classes and usage. Department of Environment (DOE) Malaysia has highlighted three main pollutants in water quality study which are Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3N) and Suspended Solid (SS) due to their great influence on WQI calculation. However, standard treated water quality in Malaysia is still based on Environmental Quality Act, 1974 which is nearly 50 years ago. Emerging pollutants which are mainly organic compounds present as pharmaceuticals and personal care products are found in water resources nowadays and the treatment should be improvised along time. Some modification of class on usage of water as irrigation should be considered and the relevant of considering two oxygen demands in calculating WQI (BOD and COD).

A numerical modeling framework for simulating the key in-stream fate processes of PAH decay in Muskeg River Watershed, Alberta, Canada

Most previous water quality studies oversimplified in-stream processes for modeling the fate and transport of critical organic contaminants, such as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Taking four selected PAHs as representative organic contaminants, we developed a numerical modeling framework using a Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program 8 (WASP8) and a well-established watershed model, i.e., Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to: (1) address the influence of in-stream processes, including direct photolysis, volatilization, partitioning of PAHs to suspended solids, and DOC complexation processes on PAH concentrations; and (2) establish relationships between spatiotemporal distribution of environmental factors (e.g., ice coverage, water temperature, wind, and light attenuation), in-stream processes, and PAH concentrations at a watershed scale. Using calibrated SWAT and WASP8 models, we evaluated the impacts of seasonal changes in environmental factors on in-stream processes in the Muskeg River watershed, which is part of the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR), the third-largest crude oil reserves of the world in western Canada. Among four selected PAHs, simulation results suggest that Naphthalene primarily decay in the water through volatilization or direct photolysis. For Phenanthrene, Pyrene, and Chrysene, DOC complexation, volatilization, and direct photolysis all contribute to their decay in the water, with a strong dependence on seasonality. Model simulations indicated that direct photolysis and volatilization rates are meager in cold seasons, mainly due to low river temperature and ice coverage. However, these processes gradually resume when entering the warm season. In summary, the model simulation results suggest that critical in-stream processes such as direct photolysis, volatilization, and partitioning and their relationship with environmental factors should be considered when simulating the fate and transport of organic contaminants in the river systems. Our results also reveal that the relationship between environmental factors and fate processes affecting PAH concentrations can vary across a watershed and in different seasons.

Study of surface water quality for domestic use near a municipal solid waste dumping site in Bhuasuni, Odisha, India

Study of surface water quality for domestic use near a municipal solid waste dumping site in Bhuasuni, Odisha, India

Open-source Internet of Things remote aquatic environmental sensing

This paper details the physical and hardware design of a flexible open-source IoT (Internet of Things) platform for environmental sensing. The application is a remote water quality monitoring buoy that can be deployed in calm, shallow near-shore aquatic environments with fresh or brackish water. The system’s development has been informed by experience through conducting multiple actual water quality studies over a prolonged period. The system runs an Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller using off-the-shelf Adafruit lux and temperature sensors. A light attenuation turbidity sensor is adapted and integrated into the design. A TinySine 3G GSM module transmits data to a server that is displayed via a ThingsBoard IoT dashboard. The system is stable over time, provides reliable remote sensor readings, has low energy consumption, and is powered by renewable energy (up-cycled batteries). The hardware aspires to be general-purpose so that future environmental monitoring applications can repurpose the electronics by adding new compatible sensors and modifying the physical design to match the requirements.