Translation Studies Research Articles

Translational evaluation of Gelsectan® effects on gut barrier dysfunction and visceral pain in animal models and irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea.

Gelsectan® is a formulation of xyloglucan (XG), pea protein, grape seed extract (PPGS) and xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS). Our aim was to examine the effect of Gelsectan® on rectal sensitivity in an animal model, abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea (IBS-D) subjects and intestinal permeability in both conditions. Animals: Wistar rats received gavage with XOS, XG+PPGS or XG+PPGS+XOS, as a single dose or for 7days before a partial restraint stress (PRS). Visceromotor response to rectal distension and total gut paracellular permeability to 51Cr-EDTA were assessed. Humans: IBS-D and control patients were involved. After initial colonoscopy with biopsy sampling Gelsectan® was administered to IBS-D patients for 12weeks. Stool count and pain scores were documented. After treatment, colonoscopy was repeated. The permeability of biopsy samples was measured in Ussing-chambers. Adherent mucus layer, Muc-2 expression as well as TNFα, Interferon IFNγ were evaluated by histology/immunohistochemistry and ELISA assays, respectively. Animal studies: In control rats, PRS significantly increased visceromotor response as well as gut paracellular permeability. Single dose administration of XG+PPGS+XOS failed to reverse PRS, but 7days of oral treatment reversed PRS-induced rectal hypersensitivity and gut hyperpermeability. Human studies: Gelsectan® treatment significantly reduced and abdominal pain. Intestinal permeability in IBS-D patients was elevated compared with controls, Gelsectan® restored permeability in the ascendent colon. Periodic acid-Schiff-stained mucus layer was significantly thinner in IBS-D patients compared with controls, In both segments, mucus thickness and the proportion of Muc-2 positive cells were not affected by Gelsectan® treatment. IFNγ tissue level in the sigmoid colon shows modest mucosal inflammation in IBS-D. Gelsectan® prevented rectal hypersensitivity in rats, abdominal pain in human and intestinal hyperpermeability in rat and human studies respectively. These effects involve restoration of gut permeability. Based on this translational study, Gelsectan® can be considered as an effective therapy for IBS-D symptoms.

A Corpus-based Comparative Study of Translators' Styles of Four English Versions of Chinese Classic

This article examines the translation styles of the first chapter of Six Chapters of a Floating Life at three levels using a corpus approach: readability calculations, statistical parameters, and the translation of culture-specific lexis. The translation by Pratt and Jiang has the most annotations and is easiest for the typical English reader to read. With an emphasis on the original language, Sanders' translation demonstrates the translator's goal of translating Chinese culture while veering toward thick translation. Black's translation is particularly unique because the translator frequently adopts the author's tone to infuse the original language with cultural context. The distinct socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds of the translators and the intended audience are the primary causes of the four translations' wildly divergent styles.

A corpus-based study of subtitling religious swear words from English into Arabic

Abstract Subtitling Hollywood films with religious taboo words for conservative and closed societies, such as an Arab society, is a difficult task. This study investigates the dominant religious terms and functions used in Hollywood films and to identify the dominant translation strategies used for them in Arabic subtitles and determines whether these strategies are source language-oriented or target language-oriented (domesticating or foreignising). A corpus of 90 Hollywood films released between 2000 and 2018 is used to answer these questions; insights from descriptive translation studies are also taken (Toury, 2012). The corpus is analysed quantitatively and qualitatively using a self-designed, parallel and aligned corpus of 90 films and their Arabic subtitles. Findings reveal that the functions of religious taboo words have significant impacts on the choices of subtitling strategies. Foreignization strategies are used in roughly two-thirds of all occurrences of religious taboo words despite the cultural distance between English and Arabic. Using Modern Standard Arabic in Arabic subtitles limits subtitlers’ linguistic options. Furthermore, the nature of audio-visual translation influences subtitler choices because the meaning of a word can appear on the screen as a gesture, image or sound.

Translation Paradigms: Translation in the Development of Digital Humanities

Translation research from the perspective of digital humanities is not only a methodology but also a research paradigm. The emergence of translation research from the perspective of digital humanities not only led to significant changes in translation research methods but also greatly expanded and deepened translation research. This article clarifies the definition of digital humanities in translation studies, traces the origin of digital humanities theory, sorts out the relevant research progress, discusses the application fields and advantages of digital humanities, and puts translation studies in the context of digital humanities development. By combing and analyzing the changes and developments, it discovers the development prospects of the new translation paradigm from the perspective of digital humanities so as to provide reference and inspiration for promoting the development of translation studies under the digital humanities approach.

Molecular characteristics of rhesus macaque interferon-lambda receptor 1 (mmuIFNLR1): Sequence identity, distribution and alteration after simian-human immunodeficiency virus infection in the skin and buccal mucosa

Interferon-lambda receptor 1 (IFNLR1) is the key to interferon-lambda's biological activities. Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) are supposedly more suitable for translational studies on interferon lambda-associated human diseases, yet little is known about their IFNLR1 (mmuIFNLR1). In this study, we cloned the coding sequence of mmuIFNLR1, examined its variants, and determined the distribution of mmuIFNLR1 mRNA and immunoreactivity in the buccal mucosa and arm skin of normal and immunodeficiency virus (SHIV/SIV) infected rhesus macaques. It was found that mmuIFNLR1 has 93.1% amino acid sequence identity to that of humans; all the amino acid residues of mmuIFNLR1 signal peptide, transmembrane region, PxxLxF motif and those essential for ligand binding are identical to that of humans; 6 variants of mmuIFNLR1, including the ones corresponding to that of humans were detected; IFNLR1 immunoreactivity was localized in primarily the epithelia of buccal mucosa and arm skin; SHIV/SIV infection could affect the levels of mmuIFNLR1 mRNA and immunoreactivity. These data expanded our knowledge on mmuIFNLR1 and provided a scientific basis for rational use of rhesus macaques in studies of IFN-λ associated human diseases like AIDS. Future studies testing IFNLR1-targeting therapeutics in rhesus macaques were warranted.

Abstract Mo015: Myeloid Specific PD-L1 Deletion Promotes Cardiac Dysfunction And Myocardial Inflammation

Background: Immunotherapy, particularly PD-1/PD-L1 blockers, is effective in cancer treatment but can cause rare, but potentially fatal heart issues. Despite the significant impact of these adverse events, there is limited research into the underlying mechanisms of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-mediated cardiotoxicity. PD-L1, which is abundantly expressed in cardiac tissue, particularly exhibits high expression levels over myeloid cells. However, the precise role of myeloid-specific PD-L1 signaling in mediating autoimmune cardiac disease pathology remains unclear. Methods and Results: To study the role of myeloid cell-specific PD-L1 (myeloid-PD-L1) in cardiac pathophysiology, we generated myeloid-specific PD-L1 KO mice, using Lyz2tm1(Cre) Ifo systems. As expected, PD-L1 expression was significantly down-regulated in Mφs from myeloid-PD-L1 KOs. The cardiac function was followed by echocardiography. Controls and myeloid-PD-L1-KO hearts had comparable ventricular function at 1 month of age. Interestingly, as early as 2 months of age, myeloid-PD-L1-KOs displayed marked cardiac dysfunction as reflected by reduced LVEF, LVFS, and HF markers. Immune profiling was conducted whether chronic inflammation contributes to cardiac dysfunction and remodeling at a later age as observed at 2 and 3 months of age. Interestingly, excessive systemic inflammation and substantial immune infiltration (innate and adoptive), activation, and a pro-inflammatory cytokine storm were detected in the KO hearts. Furthermore, myeloid-PD-L1 KO hearts showed increased recruitment of pro-inflammatory CCR2+ monocytes and macrophages. Conclusion: Our data with myeloid-PD-L1 KOs suggest that deleting PD-L1 in myeloid lineage promotes myocardial and systemic inflammation through innate and adaptive immune cell activation and recruitment of CCR2+ MΦs. Subsequently, this leads to impaired cardiac pathophysiology. Thus, these translational studies will directly evaluate the potential of targeting myeloid-PD-L1 signaling to alleviate cardiac damage.

Intratumoral Cell Heterogeneity in Patient-Derived Glioblastoma Cell Lines Revealed by Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing.

Glioblastoma cell lines derived from different patients are widely used in tumor biology research and drug screening. A key feature of glioblastoma is the high level of inter- and intratumor heterogeneity that accounts for treatment resistance. Our aim was to investigate whether intratumor heterogeneity is maintained in cell models. Single-cell RNA sequencing was used to investigate the cellular composition of a tumor sample and six patient-derived glioblastoma cell lines. Three cell lines preserved the mutational profile of the original tumor, whereas three others differed from their precursors. Copy-number variation analysis showed significantly rearranged genomes in all the cell lines and in the tumor sample. The tumor had the most complex cell composition, including cancer cells and microenvironmental cells. Cell lines with a conserved genome had less diverse cellularity, and during cultivation, a relative increase in the stem-cell-derived progenitors was noticed. Cell lines with genomes different from those of the primary tumors mainly contained neural progenitor cells and microenvironmental cells. The establishment of cell lines without the driver mutations that are intrinsic to the original tumors may be related to the selection of clones or cell populations during cultivation. Thus, patient-derived glioblastoma cell lines differ substantially in their cellular profile, which should be taken into account in translational studies.

Two decades of advances in preeclampsia research: molecular mechanisms and translational studies.

Two decades of advances in preeclampsia research: molecular mechanisms and translational studies.

Translating Ukrainian Poetry into Estonian: Acts of Identity

The reaction of Ukrainian poets to the full-scale Russian aggression against Ukraine in February 2022 has been remarkable and was noticed all over the world. Understandably, interest towards Ukraine increased, and translation of Ukrainian poetry is one of the ways to learn and to share Ukrainian culture. Estonian is a small language, not at all related to Ukrainian, and until recently, the general public knew little about Ukrainian literature; nevertheless, the reaction of Estonian translators was immediate. Given the shared experience of the Russian/Soviet domination, this is not surprising. The study seeks to explore translators’ motives and their history of discovering Ukrainian poetry and language. The theoretical framework employed in the article is that of Translator Studies, that is, the focus is on the translator’s trajectories (why and how they turn to a particular literature/author, why and how they learn the necessary language, their beliefs, ethos, personal development, etc.). A connection between Translator Studies and sociolinguistic disciplines such as language biographies, multilingualism and (personal) language policy is discussed. The data comes from interviews with three translators of Ukrainian poetry into Estonian, Igor Kotjuh, Maarja Kangro and Irena Peterson-Pavljuk who are poets themselves. Their ethnolinguistic background, language biographies and paths of becoming translators from Ukrainian into Estonian differ, but all three emphasise their dedication to Ukrainian poets.

Optogenetics in oral and craniofacial research.

Optogenetics combines optics and genetic engineering to control specific gene expression and biological functions and has the advantages of precise spatiotemporal control, noninvasiveness, and high efficiency. Genetically modified photosensory sensors are engineered into proteins to modulate conformational changes with light stimulation. Therefore, optogenetic techniques can provide new insights into oral biological processes at different levels, ranging from the subcellular and cellular levels to neural circuits and behavioral models. Here, we introduce the origins of optogenetics and highlight the recent progress of optogenetic approaches in oral and craniofacial research, focusing on the ability to apply optogenetics to the study of basic scientific neural mechanisms and to establish different oral behavioral test models in vivo (orofacial movement, licking, eating, and drinking), such as channelrhodopsin (ChR), archaerhodopsin (Arch), and halorhodopsin from Natronomonas pharaonis (NpHR). We also review the synergic and antagonistic effects of optogenetics in preclinical studies of trigeminal neuralgia and maxillofacial cellulitis. In addition, optogenetic tools have been used to control the neurogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells in translational studies. Although the scope of optogenetic tools is increasing, there are limited large animal experiments and clinical studies in dental research. Potential future directions include exploring therapeutic strategies for addressing loss of taste in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), studying oral bacterial biofilms, enhancing craniomaxillofacial and periodontal tissue regeneration, and elucidating the possible pathogenesis of dry sockets, xerostomia, and burning mouth syndrome.

THE DISREGARD OF THE CULTURAL DIMENSION IN TRANSLATION

The cultural turn in translation studies has propelled translation beyond a mere act of linguistic transposition. At this juncture, the cultural dimension has garnered significant attention, and translation has evolved into an act of cultural mediation. Within this framework, learners’ perceptions of the cultural dimension and classroom teaching practices are pivotal factors influencing translation quality. This study examines the classroom teaching practices vis-à-vis cultural learning and investigates learners’ perception of the significance of culture in translation. A survey questionnaire was administered to seventy-eight Master’s students of translation (Arabic-English-French) at the Institute of Translation, Oran University, Algeria. Additionally, an interview was conducted with 26 students from the same institute to accredit more validity and reliability to this study, to obtain more qualitative data, and to compare and crosscheck while interpreting the data from both the questionnaire and the interview. The analysis of the obtained data elucidated that cultural knowledge was impeached by classroom practices that do not foster intercultural learning despite learners’ positive attitudes towards the target cultures. This study offers some pedagogical recommendations to give the cultural dimension due attention in the translation classroom.

Chronic Kidney Disease-associated Lung Injury Is Mediated by Phosphate-induced MAPK/AKT Signaling.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with systemic phosphate elevations, called hyperphosphatemia. Translational studies have shown that hyperphosphatemia contributes to CKD-associated inflammation and injury in various tissues, including the kidney, heart, liver, and parathyroid gland. Mechanisms underlying pathologic actions of elevated phosphate on cells are not well understood but seem to involve uptake of phosphate through sodium-phosphate cotransporters and phosphate-induced signaling via fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 1. Clinical studies indicate CKD patients are more likely to develop inflammatory and restrictive lung diseases, such as fibrotic interstitial lung diseases, and here we aimed to determine whether hyperphosphatemia can cause lung injury. We found that a mouse model of CKD and hyperphosphatemia, induced by an adenine-rich diet, develops lung fibrosis and inflammation. Elevation of systemic phosphate levels by administration of a high-phosphate diet in a mouse model of primary lung inflammation and fibrosis, induced by bleomycin, exacerbated lung injury in the absence of kidney damage. Our in vitro studies identified increases of proinflammatory cytokines in human lung fibroblasts exposed to phosphate elevations. Phosphate activated extracellular signal related kinase (ERK) 1/2 and protein kinase B (PKB/AKT) signaling, and pharmacological inhibition of ERK, AKT, FGFR1, or sodium-phosphate cotransporters prevented phosphate-induced proinflammatory cytokine upregulation. Additionally, inhibition of FGFR1 or sodium-phosphate cotransporters decreased the phosphate-induced activation of ERK and AKT. Our study suggests that phosphate can directly target lung fibroblasts and induce an inflammatory response and that hyperphosphatemia in CKD and non-CKD models contributes to lung injury. Phosphate-lowering strategies might protect from CKD-associated lung injury.

Validated German PROMs for People with Major Amputation of the Lower Extremity - A Narrative Review Based on the Final Report of the LEAD and COMPASS Initiative of the ISPO

Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) play an important role in the rehabilitation of people with major limb amputations. Patient-completed questionnaires help collect specific constructs on this patient population. The COMPASS and LEAD initiatives, carried out by the International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics (ISPO), underscore the importance of regularly collecting high-quality PROMs. These are essential for the evaluation of rehabilitation needs, progress, and success. In the final report of ISPO's major international initiative, PROMs recommendations of the expert panel are tabulated. In Table 3.2 of the report, ISPO lists n=12 PROMs that were included in the narrow consensus process were considered to be of acceptable quality, and therefore recommended. The aim of this systematic review was to specifically search for these recommended PROMS regarding their availability in a German and validated version in order to identify potential gaps. All PROMs that were available in a German and validated version were then examined further with regard to the quality of the validation study, using the checklist of COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN). Through a systematic literature search, six validated German-language versions were found. Only four of these met the quality standards of the COSMIN checklist sufficiently. Overall, this review shows serious gaps in the availability in the German language of validated versions of PROMs used internationally and recommended as standard by the ISPO. This gap needs to be closed by guideline-oriented translation and subsequent validation studies in order to be able to offer and collect the PROMS recommended by the ISPO also for German-speaking patient populations.

Association between glutathione S-transferases M1 expression and treatment outcome in germ cell tumor patients.

Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is the mainstay in the treatment of germ cell tumors (GCTs). Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are polymorphic enzymes that catalyze the glutathione conjugation of alkylating agents, platinum compounds, and free radicals formed by chemotherapy and are thus implicated in developing treatment resistance. This study aimed to assess the expression level of GST mu 1 (GSTM1) and its association with treatment outcomes in patients with GCT. This translational study included tumor specimens from 207 patients with newly diagnosed GCTs, as well as cisplatin-sensitive GCT cell line xenografts and their resistant variants for all histological variants of GCTs. GSTM1 expression was detected by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies, scored by the multiplicative quickscore (QS) method. GSTM1 expression was correlated with patient/tumor characteristics and treatment outcomes. The highest GSTM1 expression was observed in seminoma, followed by choriocarcinoma, embryonal carcinoma, and yolk sac tumor, while the lowest was observed in teratoma (p<0.0001). There was no association between GSTM1 expression in tumor tissue and patient/tumor characteristics. The low GSTM1 expression was associated with significantly better relapse-free survival compared with high GSTM1 (HR=0.50, 95% CI 0.23-1.09, p=0.03) but not overall survival (HR=0.61, 95% CI 0.24-1.54, p=0.22). Multivariate analysis showed that the prognostic value of GSTM1 was independent of the International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group (IGCCCG) score. These data revealed the prognostic value of GSTM1 in GCTs, with a high GSTM1 expression associated with worse outcomes, suggesting that GSTM1 could be responsible, in part, for treatment resistance in GCTs.

Intersemiotic Translation: Mat Dollah’s Batik Paintings of the Malay Folktale “Puteri Gunung Ledang”

In translation studies, intersemiotic translation, which is the transference of a verbal sign system to a non-verbal sign, vice-versa or between two non-verbal modes, is a dynamically creative form of translation often involving literary works. Intersemiotic translations make it possible for written source texts to be brought to life in various artistic ways; they can usurp the power of the written word to transfer sense and meaning through unforgettable images from one culture to another. Folktales, documented in writings, have been translated into many different forms, such as in performing arts, animations, paintings, and illustrated books. This article examines the intersemiotic translation of the evergreen Malay folktale, “Puteri Gunung Ledang” or “The Princess of Mount Ledang” recreated in the form of batik paintings by the batik artist, Mat Dollah. The first specific objective of this study is to identify the variant and invariant features in Mat Dollah’s representation of the folktale by comparing his batik paintings to its original written account. The second objective is to investigate Mat Dollah’s skopos or purpose for recreating the folktale in his batik paintings in the ways that he has represented it. Six selected batik paintings of the folktale are analysed using Kress and Van Leeuwen’s (2006) multimodality approaches in visual grammar focusing on social actor representations and viewer networks (2008), colour (2011) and modality to fulfil the first objective. Transcripts from an email interview with the painter are analysed to fulfil the second objective. In this study, Vermeer's Skopos Theory underpins the overall discussion. The findings show that one invariant core links the batik paintings to the written source text. Next, the skopos or purpose of the artist in producing these recreations in his own unique ways is strongly influenced by his personal experience, his work as an artist, and his perspectives of the world. Two key insights can be surmised about intersemiotic translations from these findings. Firstly, it is the translators’ intent that determines the translation strategies used, ultimately shaping the final translated product. Secondly, this makes the translator’s presence highly visible in intersemiotic translations.

Review of International Translation Studies: A Visualized Scientometric Analysis in Citespace (2008-2022)

Taking research articles published in 11 SSCI-indexed translatology journals in Web of Science from 2008 to 2022 as example, this paper attempts to use Citespace to depict and visualize the overall development of international translation studies in terms of academic publication, highly influential scholars and institutions, key words, burst terms, and high-influence literature. Therefore, it is conducive to detect new frontiers in international research on translation with the aim of clarifying the structure of translation studies and its changes over time, so as to provide reference for the study of translation studies and the development of the discipline.

Western diets and chronic diseases.

'Westernization', which incorporates industrial, cultural and dietary trends, has paralleled the rise of noncommunicable diseases across the globe. Today, the Western-style diet emerges as a key stimulus for gut microbial vulnerability, chronic inflammation and chronic diseases, affecting mainly the cardiovascular system, systemic metabolism and the gut. Here we review the diet of modern times and evaluate the threat it poses for human health by summarizing recent epidemiological, translational and clinical studies. We discuss the links between diet and disease in the context of obesity and type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, gut and liver diseases and solid malignancies. We collectively interpret the evidence and its limitations and discuss future challenges and strategies to overcome these. We argue that healthcare professionals and societies must react today to the detrimental effects of the Western diet to bring about sustainable change and improved outcomes in the future.

Thinking solidarity and translation together: Towards a new definition of solidarity

In a cross-disciplinary roundtable discussion on the feminist politics of translation,Judith Butler (Nagar et al., 2017, p. 113)aptly notes that “there can be no solidarity without translation, and certainly no global solidarity”. This article is the first dedicated attempt to definesolidarity from within translation studies: it redefines the concept to foreground the role of translation, understood as a hermeneutic, interpersonal and semiotic process, in solidarity development. The article is also the first to bring together scholarship on solidarity from philosophy, political science and sociology, on the one hand, and translation studies, on the other. I show that insights from translation studies supplement scholarship on solidarity in the other disciplines, where translation is largely overlooked. I also apply analytical categories from those disciplines to discussions of solidarity in translation studies and demonstrate the de factodifferent understandings of solidarity behind translation scholars’ use of the term, thus initiating a discipline-wide theoretical conversation on the concept. Moreover, upon noticing that the roleof translation in generating solidarity is not captured in any existing definition, I redefine solidarity as a sense of interconnection and commonality in difference –developed through caring, careful and inherently incomplete translation –that pursues inclusion and impels action towards common good. Finally, I signal how the definition can inform our understanding of the interlingual human translator as an active agent, adept at forging and facilitating solidarity.

COMPARISON OF THE POSTCOLONIAL ELEMENTS IN THE ARROW OF GOD AND ITS TURKISH TRANSLATION WITHIN THE SCOPE OF VENUTI’S FOREIGNIZATION STRATEGY

Postcolonial literature has emerged as a significant field in recent decades, sparking exploration across various disciplines, notably in translation studies. Translation within the context of postcolonial literature involves assessing decisions made in the light of resistance against colonial cultural impositions. This has led to the development of postcolonial translation as a burgeoning area within translation studies. Chinua Achebe, a pivotal figure in postcolonial literature, has produced seminal works characterized by linguistic elements that challenge conventional norms, deliberately incorporating the "foreign" elements within ostensibly "fully English" texts. This essay primarily aims to examine the foreignization strategy proposed by Lawrence Venuti by comparing original texts with their Turkish translations, particularly those by Nazan Arıbaş Erbil. Through this analysis, the extent to which Erbil's translations maintain the foreignizing effect of the original texts will be explored. By scrutinizing linguistic decisions within the context of postcolonial literature and translation, this study seeks to shed light on the complexities and nuances of cross-cultural communication and the preservation of linguistic identity in translated works. Ultimately, the research aims to provide a deeper understanding of the translator's role in postcolonial literature and the implications of their decisions on cross-cultural communication and the preservation of linguistic identity in order to ensure an awareness.

Development of a tightly regulated copper-inducible transient gene expression system in Nicotiana benthamiana incorporating a suicide exon and Cre recombinase.

Chemical-inducible gene expression systems are commonly used to regulate gene expression for functional genomics in various plant species. However, a convenient system that can tightly regulate transgene expression in Nicotiana benthamiana is still lacking. In this study, we developed a tightly regulated copper-inducible system that can control transgene expression and conduct cell death assays in N. benthamiana. We tested several chemical-inducible systems using Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression and found that the copper-inducible system exhibited the least concerns regarding leakiness in N. benthamiana. Although the copper-inducible system can control the expression of some tested reporters, it is not sufficiently tight to regulate certain tested hypersensitive cell death responses. Using the MoClo-based synthetic biology approach, we incorporated the suicide exon HyP5SM/OsL5 and Cre/LoxP as additional regulatory elements to enhance the tightness of the regulation. This new design allowed us to tightly control the hypersensitive cell death induced by several tested leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins and their matching avirulence factors, and it can be easily applied to regulate the expression of other transgenes in transient expression assays. Our findings offer new approaches for both fundamental and translational studies in plant functional genomics.