Stability Studies Research Articles

QbD Enabled Development and Evaluation of Pazopanib Loaded Nanoliposomes for PDAC Treatment.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the highly fatal types of cancer with high mortality/incidence. Considering the crucial role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in PDAC progression, its inhibition can be a viable strategy for the treatment. Pazopanib, a second-generation VEGF inhibitor, is approved for the treatment of various oncological conditions. However, due to associated limitations like low oral bioavailability (14-39%), high inter/intra-subject variability, stability issues, etc., high doses (800mg) are required, which further lead to non-specific toxicities and also contribute toward cancer resistance. Thus, to overcome these challenges, pazopanib-loaded PEGylated nanoliposomes were developed and evaluated against pancreatic cancer cell lines. The nanoliposomes were prepared by thin-film hydration method, followed by characterization and stability studies. This QbD-enabled process design successfully led to the development of a suitable pazopanib liposomal formulation with desirable properties. The % entrapment of PZP-loaded non-PEGylated and PEGylated nanoliposomes was found to be 75.2% and 84.9%, respectively, whereas their particle size was found to be 129.7nm and 182.0nm, respectively. The developed liposomal formulations exhibited a prolonged release and showed desirable physicochemical properties. Furthermore, these liposomal formulations were also assessed for in vitro cell lines, such as cell cytotoxicity assay and cell uptake. These studies confirm the effectiveness of developed liposomal formulations against pancreatic cancer cell lines. The outcomes of this work provide encouraging results and a way forward to thoroughly investigate its potential for PDAC treatment.

Nanofiber-based Delivery of Luliconazole: Fabrication, Characterization, and Therapeutic Performance Assessment.

This study introduces and assesses the potential of a Luliconazole-loaded nanofiber (LUL-NF) patch, fabricated through electrospinning, for enhancing topical drug delivery. The primary objectives involve evaluating the nanofiber structure, characterizing physical properties, determining drug loading and release kinetics, assessing antifungal efficacy, and establishing the long-term stability of the NF patch. LUL-NF patches were fabricated via electrospinning and observed by SEM at approximately 200nm dimensions. The comprehensive analysis included physical properties (thickness, folding endurance, swelling ratio, weight, moisture content, and drug loading) and UV analysis for drug quantification. In vitro studies explored sustained drug release kinetics, while microbiological assays evaluated antifungal efficacy against Candida albicans and Aspergillus Niger. Stability studies confirmed long-term viability. Comparative analysis with the pure drug, placebo NF patch, LUL-NF patch, and Lulifod gel was conducted using agar diffusion, revealing enhanced performance of the LUL-NF patch. SEM analysis revealed well-defined LUL-NF patches (0.80mm thickness) with exceptional folding endurance (> 200 folds) and a favorable swelling ratio (12.66 ± 0.73%). The patches exhibited low moisture uptake (3.4 ± 0.09%) and a moisture content of 11.78 ± 0.54%. Drug loading in 1 cm2 section was 1.904 ± 0.086mg, showing uniform distribution and sustained release kinetics in vitro. The LUL-NF patch demonstrated potent antifungal activity. Stability studies affirmed long-term stability, and comparative analysis highlighted increased inhibition compared to a pure drug, LUL-NF patch, and a commercial gel. The electrospun LUL-NF patch enhances topical drug delivery, promising extended therapy through single-release, one-time application, and innovative drug delivery strategies, supported by thorough analysis.

Studies on Quantitative Determination of Polyphenols in Seven Harvesting Times of Salvia deserta Schang Leaves and its Stability Evaluation

Introduction: Leaves of Salvia deserta Schang at seven harvesting times in the same year were collected as the materials. Method: The polyphenols were determined by the Folin–Ciocaileu method and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to compare the quality of samples. The stability of polyphenols was studied under different conditions (light, temperature, pH, common additives). objective: The contents of total polyphenols in samples of different growth stages were determined by Folin-Ciocaileu colorimetry. The contents of rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid in samples of different growth stages were determined by HPLC. The stability of polyphenols in Salvia deserta Schang Leaves was investigated by measuring the change of polyphenol retention rate in different media (light, temperature, pH, oxidant, sugar, preservative, salt and citric acid) Results: The results showed that the established method is fast, simple and reliable, which is fully validated in terms of outstanding validation data. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for the determination of total polyphenol content can be quickly and accurately detected, reducing the error of manual determination of the content. The study of polyphenol stability was carried out using a UV spectrophotometer (UV) in order to explore the potential factors affecting polyphenol stability as much as possible and to make the study as scientific and rigorous as possible. The results of quantitative determination showed that there are obvious differences in the content of polyphenols in seven samples. The contents of total polyphenols, rosmarinic acid (RA) and caffeic acid (CA) in the samples harvested in July reached the highest level of 41.37, 26.73 and 1.05 mg/g. Conclusion: The results of the stability assay found that light could damage the stability of polyphenols in samples, especially UV light. Polyphenols are quite sensitive to high temperatures. While polyphenols are less stable when exposed to high alkali conditions and salt treatment, they are much more stable when subjected to low concentrations of redox agents, carbohydrates, and preservatives. The developed methods and stability evaluation provide valuable basis information for quality evaluation and the following use of polyphenols in S. deserta Schang leaves.

A hit expansion of 3-benzamidopyrazine-2-carboxamide: Towardinhibitors of prolyl-tRNA synthetase with antimycobacterial activity.

This study presents an exploration of the chemical space around derivatives of 3-benzamidopyrazine-2-carboxamides, previously identified as potent antimycobacterial compounds with predicted binding to mycobacterial prolyl-transfer RNA synthetase. New urea derivatives (Series-1) were generally inactive, probably due to their preference for cis-trans conformation (confirmed by density functional theory calculations and experimentally by nuclear overhauser effect spectroscopy NMR). Series-2 (3-benzamidopyrazine-2-carboxamides with disubstituted benzene ring) demonstrated that substituents larger than fluorine are not tolerated in the ortho position of the benzene ring. This series brought two new compounds (21: R = 2-F, 4-Cl and 22: R = 2-F, 4-Br) with in vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv as well as multidrug-resistant clinical isolates, with minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 6.25 to 25 μg/mL. The lactone-type derivatives 4H-pyrazino[2,3-d][1,3]oxazin-4-ones (Series-3) were inactive, but solvent stability studies of compound 29 indicated that they might be developed to usable lactone prodrugs of inhibitors of mycobacterial aspartate decarboxylase (PanD).

HSPiP and QbD oriented optimized green nanoemulsion to treat chloramphenicol contaminated water

Nanoemulsion is an isotropic and kinetically stable system used for multiple purposes. Exhaustive flow of chloramphenicol (CAMP) in the water systems raised global thereat to aquatic and human lives. Innate cohesive energy of the material is the basis of predictive HSPiP program. We aimed to prepare biocompatible nanoemulsion employing eugenol oil, lecithin, tween 80, and propylene glycol) for the contaminated water treatment. Furthermore, experimental design oriented robust nanoemulsion (OCEN1) investigated the impact of composition, CTime (exposure time), and nanoemulsion characteristics on percent removal efficiency (%RE). Thermodynamic stability study was conducted at different temperatures. Finally, the presence of CAMP in the treated water was negated by ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy). HSP (Hansen solubility parameters) and experimental solubility data were the basis of excipient selection. A blend of tween-80 and lecithin served as surfactant mixture (Smix) to stabilize nanoemulsion. OCEN1 was associated with high desirability (D = 0.93), low size (43 nm), low PDI (0.19), high %RE (90.72 % over period of 17 min of exposure time), optimal viscosity (1.12 cP), and high zeta potential (−25 mV). Experimental design identified significant impact of composition, exposure time (CTime), and nanoemulsion characteristics on %RE as prime factors to consider before wastewater treatment plant installation. Thus, the approach is simple, rapid, ecofriendly, and scalable to treat CAMP contaminated water with high selectivity and efficiency.

Modified Amber Particles as a Stabilizer to Construct Oil-in-Water Pickering Emulsions for Improved Thermal Stability of Acorus tatarinowii Essential Oil.

Lingzhu Pulvis is a classic formulation for treating febrile convulsions in children. However, Acorus tatarinowii essential oil (AT-EO) in this prescription is prone to volatilization and oxidation, compromising the efficacy and quality control of this formulation. Herein, based on the concept of "combination of medicine and adjuvant", Pickering emulsion technology was applied to enhance the stability of AT-EO using modified amber as a stabilizer. Amber was a resinous medicinal powder in Lingzhu Pulvis and was modified into a suitable stabilizer for Pickering emulsion through surface modification. A thermal stability study indicated that Pickering emulsion, stabilized by modified amber, exhibited a higher retention rate of AT-EO and lower levels of peroxide value and malondialdehyde content compared to those of the pure AT-EO group after heat treatment at 40 °C for 1, 3, and 8 h. Additionally, component analysis in content and composition revealed that the volatile components of AT-EO in the Pickering emulsion were more stable during the thermal treatment process. This study convincingly illustrates the potential of a Pickering emulsion stabilized with modified medicinal powders to improve the thermal stability of the essential oil.

A GMP-compliant manufacturing method for Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stromal cells

BackgroundWharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) hold great therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine. Therefore, it is crucial to establish a Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compliant methodology for the isolation and culture of WJ-MSCs. Through comprehensive research, encompassing laboratory-scale experiments to pilot-scale studies, we aimed to develop standardized protocols ensuring the high yield and quality of WJ-MSCs manufacturing.MethodsFirstly, optimization of parameters for the enzymatic digestion method used to isolate WJ-MSCs was conducted. These parameters included enzyme concentrations, digestion times, seeding densities, and culture media. Additionally, a comparative analysis between the explant method and the enzymatic digestion method was performed. Subsequently, the consecutive passaging of WJ-MSCs, specifically up to passage 9, was evaluated using the optimized method. Finally, manufacturing processes were developed and scaled up, starting from laboratory-scale flask-based production and progressing to pilot-scale cell factory-based production. Furthermore, a stability study was carried out to assess the storage and use of drug products (DPs).ResultsThe optimal parameters for the enzymatic digestion method were a concentration of 0.4 PZ U/mL Collagenase NB6 and a digestion time of 3 h, resulting in a higher yield of P0 WJ-MSCs. In addition, a positive correlation between the weight of umbilical cord tissue and the quantities of P0 WJ-MSCs has been observed. Evaluation of different concentrations of human platelet lysate revealed that 2% and 5% concentrations resulted in similar levels of cell expansion. Comparative analysis revealed that the enzymatic digestion method exhibited faster outgrowth of WJ-MSCs compared to the explant method during the initial passage. Passages 2 to 5 exhibited higher viability and proliferation ability throughout consecutive passaging. Moreover, scalable manufacturing processes from the laboratory scale to the pilot scale were successfully developed, ensuring the production of high-quality WJ-MSCs. Multiple freeze-thaw cycles of the DPs led to reduced cell viability and viable cell concentration. Subsequent thawing and dilution of the DPs resulted in a significant decrease in both metrics, especially when stored at 20–27 °C.ConclusionThis study offers valuable insights into optimizing the isolation and culture of WJ-MSCs. Our scalable manufacturing processes facilitate the large-scale production of high-quality WJ-MSCs. These findings contribute to the advancement of WJ-MSCs-based therapies in regenerative medicine.

In-depth Exploration of the Pharmacological, Analytical, and Pharmaceutical Attributes of Irbesartan

Irbesartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB), has gained prominence in the management of hypertension and diabetic nephropathy due to its potent antihypertensive and Reno protective effects. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the pharmacological, analytical, and pharmaceutical characteristics of Irbesartan. Pharmacologically, Irbesartan selectively antagonizes the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptors, leading to vasodilation, reduced aldosterone secretion, and consequently blood pressure lowering. The drug also exhibits favourable effects on renal function, making it a cornerstone therapy for diabetic nephropathy. Analytically, various chromatographic methods including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) have been developed and validated for the quantification of Irbesartan in biological samples and pharmaceutical formulations, owing to its importance in pharmacokinetic studies and quality control processes. Moreover, spectroscopic techniques such as UV-visible spectrophotometry have been utilized for Irbesartan determination due to their simplicity and cost-effectiveness. Pharmaceutical considerations encompass formulation strategies, stability studies, and bioavailability enhancement techniques aimed at ensuring the efficacy and safety of Irbesartan formulations. The regulatory approval of Irbesartan-containing products by major health authorities underscores its clinical significance and quality assurance.

A novel Pt2+ complex containing 1,4-benzodioxan-6-amine: Stability, DNA binding, and antitumor effects against human breast cancer cells

In this work, a new platinum(II) complex was prepared by the reaction of K2PtCl4 with 1,4-benzodioxan-6-amine (bda) at room temperature in the molar ratio 2:1 (L:M). The complex was characterized by physicochemical (elemental analysis, TGA/DTA, and conductivity measurements) and spectroscopic methods (UV–Vis, FTIR, 1H, 13C and 195Pt NMR). According to the spectroscopic data, two bda ligands coordinate to the platinum ion in a monodentate manner through the nitrogen atom to give the complex cis-[PtCl2(bda)2]. Stability studies were carried out under different conditions and showed that the complex is stable in pure DMF, although it undergoes slow solvolysis in DMSO. The interaction of this complex with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) was studied using circular dichroism (CD), electronic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The complex binds to CT-DNA with a Kb value of 1.06 ​× ​103 ​M−1 and according to data from CD and fluorescence spectroscopy, appears to interact with DNA by electrostatic forces and or other no intercalative binding mode. Compared to cisplatin, the complex exhibited good cytotoxic activity and selectivity against the MCF-7 tumor cell line, displaying an IC50 value of 17.33 ​± ​1.1 ​μM, as well as inhibited MCF-7 ​cells migration.

Study of structural, dynamical stability, electronic magnetic and optical properties of RbSnO3 oxide perovskite compound using the density functional theory approach

This study investigates the structural, phonon, elastic, electronic, magnetic and optical properties of cubic perovskite RbSnO3. The calculations are based on the linearized augmented plane wave method with total potential (FP-LAPW), implemented in the Wien2k code; two approximations are used for calculate properties, PBE-GGA and TB-mBJ . The values of the tolerance factor and the formation energy of this material indicate that it is stable in the cubic structure of Pm3̅m symmetry. The Born criteria for the compound under study confirm its mechanical stability, while its phonon dispersion curves confirm its dynamic stability. The results of the electronic and magnetic properties show that the compound is ferromagnetic (FM) semi-metallic (DM) with semiconductor behavior in the majority spin channel and with an indirect gap in the M → Γ direction and having a total magnetic moment equal to 1 μB and a Curie temperature equal to 527 K. Optical spectra of the compound show high optical conductivity in the infrared region and towards the end of the spectrum at around 6 eV, high reflection in the infrared region with a maximum at 0.25 eV, and high absorption in the ultraviolet region at 6 eV. In view of these results, the RbSnO3 perovskite can be a promising candidate for spintronics applications as it can be used in optical devices working in the ultraviolet (UV) light region.

An eco-friendly and facile method for oil-water separation using the bio-Zn oxide-based superhydrophobic membrane.

This manuscript presents a novel approach for developing an environmentally friendly and effective oil-water separation membrane. Achieving a superhydrophobic (SH) coating on textile fabric (TF) involved a two-step process. Initially, the surface roughness was enhanced by applying bio-zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles obtained from Thymbra spicata L. Subsequently, the roughened surface was modified with stearic acid, a material known for its low surface energy. The bio-ZnO nanoparticles exhibit a circular morphology with an average size of 21 nm. The coating demonstrated remarkable mechanical stability, maintaining SH properties even after an abrasion length of 300 mm. Chemical stability studies revealed that the prepared membrane retained SH properties within a pH range of 5-11, which ensures robust performance. Absorption capacity measurements showcased different capacities for n-hexane (Hex), corn oil (C.O), and silicone oil (S.O), with consistent performance over 10 absorption-desorption cycles. High oil-water separation efficiencies were achieved for hexane, C.O, and S.O, emphasizing the coating's versatility. Flux rate measurements demonstrated that oil passed through the membrane efficiently, with the highest flux observed for Hex. The prepared SH membrane has superior mechanical and chemical stability and high separation efficiencies, which positions it as a promising candidate for diverse industrial applications.

Stability analysis for the phytoplankton-zooplankton model with depletion of dissolved oxygen and strong Allee effects

The photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton in the seas is responsible for an estimated 50–80 % of the world's oxygen generation. Both phytoplankton and zooplankton require some of this synthesized oxygen for cellular respiration. This study aims to better understand how the oxygen-phytoplankton dynamics are altered due to the Allee effect in phytoplankton development, particularly when considering the time-dependent oxygen generation rate. The dynamic analysis of the model is dedicated to finding the possible equilibrium points. The analysis reveals that three equilibrium points can be obtained. The stability study demonstrates that one of the equilibrium points is always stable. The remaining equilibrium points are stable under specific conditions. We also identify bifurcations originating from these equilibrium points, including transcritical, pitchfork, and Hopf bifurcation. We derive conditions for stable limit cycles (supercritical Hopf bifurcation) and, in some cases, establish the non-existence of solutions. Numerical simulations are performed to validate our theoretical findings. Furthermore, it is noted that the Allee threshold for the phytoplankton population (k0) significantly influences the overall dynamics of the system. When k0≤0.001, the population of plankton is at risk of extinction. On the other hand, when 0.001<k0≤0.01, the population of zooplankton is at risk of extinction. When 0.01<k0≤2, the solution reaches a stable condition of coexistence. Conversely, when k0≥2.1, the solution exhibits periodic attractor behaviour.

Research on dynamic stability of rolling missiles employing direct/aerodynamic force compound control

The direct/aerodynamic force compound control can enhance the maneuverability and response characteristics of missiles, and the dynamic stabilization is the precondition of normal operation for rolling missiles. Aiming at the stability problem caused by the cross-coupling effect of rolling missiles employing direct/aerodynamic force compound control, proposing a typical topological control system structure described by the complex coefficient theory, and deducing the dynamic stability conditions. Firstly, the mathematic model is established based on the kinematics and dynamics theories of rotating airframes and the direct/aerodynamic force compound control mechanism. Then, a three-loop autopilot and the direct/aerodynamic force ratio distribution method are designed to establish the complex summation model of the compound control system by selecting suitable complex variables. Furthermore, deducing the dynamic stability conditions and verifying them by numerical simulations. Finally, the stable regions of the rolling missile in different cases are obtained and found to be influenced by many factors, such as parameters of the autopilot, hybrid force distribution proportion and rolling rate. The derived dynamic stability criterion is effective for evaluating the stability of rolling missiles employing direct/aerodynamic force compound control and the research method used in this paper can provide reference for the stability study of strongly coupled nonlinear systems.

Development and assessment of nano drug delivery systems for combined delivery of rosuvastatin and ezetimibe.

Worldwide, cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death, which accordingly increased by hyperlipidemia. Hyperlipidemia therapy can include lifestyle changes and medications to control cholesterol levels. Statins are the medications of the first choice for dealing with lipid abnormalities. Rosuvastatin founds to control high lipid levels by hindering liver production of cholesterol and to achieve the targeted levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, another lipid lowering agents named ezetimibe may be used as an added therapy. Both rosuvastatin and ezetimibe have low bioavailability which will stand as barrier to decrease cholesterol levels, because of such depictions, formulations of this combined therapy in nanotechnology will be of a great assistance. Our study demonstrated preparations of nanoparticles of this combined therapy, showing their physical characterizations, and examined their behavior in laboratory conditions and vivo habitation. The mean particle size was uniform, polydispersity index and zeta potential of formulations were found to be in the ranges of (0.181-0.72) and (-13.4 to -6.24), respectively. Acceptable limits of entrapment efficiency were affirmed with appearance of spherical and uniform nanoparticles. In vitro testing showed a sustained release of drug exceeded 90% over 24 h. In vivo study revealed an enhanced dissolution and bioavailability from loaded nanoparticles, which was evidenced by calculated pharmacokinetic parameters using triton for hyperlipidemia induction. Stability studies were performed and assured that the formulations are kept the same up to one month. Therefore, nano formulations is a suitable transporter for combined therapy of rosuvastatin and ezetimibe with improvement in their dissolution and bioavailability.

Design and development of a chitosan-based nasal powder of dimethyl fumarate-cyclodextrin binary systems aimed at nose-to-brain administration. A stability study

The nasal administration route has been studied for the delivery of active molecules directed to the Central Nervous System, thanks to the anatomical connection between the nasal cavity and the brain.Dimethyl fumarate is used to treat relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, with a role as an immunomodulator towards T- T-cells and a cytoprotector towards neurons and glial cells. Its use in therapy is hindered by its low aqueous solubility, and low stability, due to hydrolysis and sublimation at room temperature. To overcome this limitation, in this study we evaluated the feasibility of using two amorphous β-cyclodextrin derivatives, namely hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin and methyl β-cyclodextrin, to obtain a nasally administrable powder with a view to nose-to-brain administration.Initially, the interaction product was studied using different analytical methods (differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction) to detect the occurrence of binary product formation, while phase solubility analysis was used to probe the complexation in solution.The dimethyl fumarate-cyclodextrin binary product showing best solubility and stability properties was subsequently used in the development of a chitosan-based mucoadhesive nasally administrable powder comparing different preparative methods. The best performance in terms of both hydrolytic stability and DMF recovery was achieved by the powder obtained via freeze-drying.

Microemulsification of peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) seed oil and its fatty acids: A comparative study in antioxidant and storage stability

Microemulsification of peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) seed oil and its fatty acids: A comparative study in antioxidant and storage stability

A Study of Multi-objective Transient Stability Constrained Optimal Power Flow based on Reduced-Space Interior Point Method

A Study of Multi-objective Transient Stability Constrained Optimal Power Flow based on Reduced-Space Interior Point Method

Inclusion complex of trans-p-coumaroyl-secologanoside (comselogoside) with β-cyclodextrin. Part I. structural characterization and study of solubilization and stabilization.

Comselogoside (COM) is a secoiridoid, derivative of p-coumaric acid with a wide range of potential beneficial properties, although its poor aqueous solubility and low stability limit its study and application. The formation of an inclusion complex with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) could improve the solubility and photostability of COM. The complexation of COM with β-CD in an aqueous solution has been studied for the first time, using the freeze-drying method with high encapsulation yield and efficiency. The formation of the inclusion complex was confirmed by electrospray ionization (ESI) mass and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Phase solubility studies provided an AN-type diagram with an increase in aqueous solubility by 100% and the formation of a high stoichiometric order complex COM: β-CD. The 1H NMR analysis with different COM/β-CD molar ratio established the formation of the 2:1 stoichiometric complex by Job ҆ s plot. In addition, the complexation of COM with β-CD improved the stability of COM against irradiation with UV light at 254 nm. Finally, combined docking and DFT calculations have been performed to study the formation and interactions of the COM: β-CD complexes. The computational results show excellent agreement with experimental observations.

The impact study of variable diameter stabilizer on drilling fluid and cuttings transport

Through numerical simulation, this study investigates the flow field characteristics of the variable diameter stabilizer in drilling tools under various conditions. It analyzes the influence of different flow rates and speeds on axial velocity and pressure distribution. The results indicate that more significant flow rates correspond to higher average axial velocities across sections, facilitating the transport of drilling fluid and cuttings. Increasing rotational speed leads to greater pressure differences between adjacent sections, consequently elevating the overall pressure drop of the tool, which, to some extent, aids in transporting drilling fluid with cuttings. During rotation, the vortex zone on the backside of the stabilizer creates a hovering and accumulation of cuttings, causing mud agglomeration, thereby affecting tool performance. During structural optimization of the tool, priority should be given to a transitional design of the outlet area in the functional core zone, aiming to alleviate the impact of abrupt structural expansions on cuttings transport.

Improved electrocatalytic activity of selenide nanoparticle for oxygen evolution reaction

Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) plays a vital role in water electrolysis, but its slow kinetics and expensive catalysts are obstacles to widespread use. To improve the OER activity, it is crucial to create a well-structured design for electrocatalysts based on transition metals, which may be applied to a conducting polymer substrate. This research reports a facile hydrothermal synthesis and remarkable catalytic behavior of NbSe2/g-CN as an OER catalyst in an alkaline condition. The fabricated electrocatalysts were examined utilizing numerous analytical techniques to assess their crystallinity, oxidation states and morphology. NbSe2/g-CN shows enhanced electro-catalytic behavior to OER in alkaline solution (1.0 KOH) with minor overpotential (196 mV) and Tafel slop (38 mV/dec) than pristine NbSe2 electrocatalyst was associated with the exceptional conductivity of NF and its highly porous structure, along with a greater SSA. In addition, the durability of the electrocatalyst was examined via cyclic stability and chronoamperometry study over 40 h. This study demonstrates that TMSe with specific morphology can improve electrocatalytic activity when combined with g-CN, demonstrating its potential for reliable and eco-friendly energy generation