Study Of Rickets Research Articles

Study of Rickets and Osteomalacia in Tibetan Gazelle

Study of Rickets and Osteomalacia in Tibetan Gazelle

Vitamin D deficiency in bioarchaeology and beyond: The study of rickets and osteomalacia in the past

Vitamin D deficiency in bioarchaeology and beyond: The study of rickets and osteomalacia in the past

A Study of Rickets as an Avoidable Cause of Delayed Walking in Children in Rural Western Uttar Pradesh

Aims and objective: To evaluate children with nutritional rickets presenting with complaints of inability to walk and their responses to treatment. These children were investigated for rickets by appropriate history, clinical, radiological and biochemical examination. Method: Children more than 1 year of age were inducted. Every child was properly examined and diagnosed by clinical, radiological, biochemical findings and response to treatment. Every child was evaluated keeping in mind all the other possible causes of delayed walking. Results: 36(60%) children turned out to be affected by nutritional rickets out of 60 non-walkers during the study period. On follow-up at 3 weeks of treatment, all 36 patients (100%) showed radiological and biochemical response. 34(94%) patients started walking within 3 months of treatment. Radiological healing averaged 5 months. Conclusion: The study reveals that most of non-walkers with rickets start walking within 2 to 5 months of appropriate treatment&it is preventable and easily curable if detected early, by simple measures, avoiding the crippling sequelae.

Nutritional rickets around the world: causes and future directions

Nutritional rickets has been described from at least 59 countries in the last 20 years. Its spectrum of causes differs in different regions of the world. We conducted a systematic review of articles on nutritional rickets from various geographical regions published in the last 20 years. We extracted information about the prevalence and causes of rickets. Calcium deficiency is the major cause of rickets in Africa and some parts of tropical Asia, but is being recognised increasingly in other parts of the world. A resurgence of vitamin D deficiency has been observed in North America and Europe. Vitamin D-deficiency rickets usually presents in the 1st 18 months of life, whereas calcium deficiency typically presents after weaning and often after the 2nd year. Few studies of rickets in developing countries report values of 25(OH)D to permit distinguishing vitamin D from calcium deficiency. Rickets exists along a spectrum ranging from isolated vitamin D deficiency to isolated calcium deficiency. Along the spectrum, it is likely that relative deficiencies of calcium and vitamin D interact with genetic and/or environmental factors to stimulate the development of rickets. Vitamin D supplementation alone might not prevent or treat rickets in populations with limited calcium intake.

Study of rickets in Vienna 1919-1922.

Study of rickets in Vienna 1919-1922.

Studies of rickets in Japan.

Studies of rickets in Japan.

The Roentgen Diagnosis of Rickets Associated with Other Skeletal Diseases of Infants and Children

RACHITIC INVOLVEMENT of the skeleton in infants and children occurs occasionally in association with other disease processes. Examples of this are the combination of rickets and congenital syphilis, rickets and infantile scurvy, rickets and lead poisoning, and rickets and erythroblastic anemia. A case of osteogenesis imperfecta seen in the Children's Hospital has been previously reported (Bromer, 1), in which rickets developed at the age of three months and signs of infantile scurvy at the age of twenty-one months. The roentgen diagnosis of rickets and associated conditions is often difficult. Lack of autopsy material prevents, to a great extent, confirmatory study of the underlying histologic picture of the associated processes. Rickets and Infantile Scurvy Infantile scurvy and rickets are now much less prevalent than in the decade of 1920–30 and earlier years. Their etiology is definitely established and, when they do occur, it is because of ignorance or lack of adequate preventive or curative treatment. Borderline cases, however, are still seen, and occasionally a fully developed case is encountered. McIntosh (7) has stated that it was common in the past to make a diagnosis of coincidental clinical rickets in a large proportion of patients showing unmistakable scurvy. With the development of roentgenographic and chemical criteria for the detection of rickets, the tendency to make that diagnosis in addition to scurvy; largely because of the rosary, has declined. MeIntosh further states that histologic evidence shows that the two conditions do at times occur in the same patient. In his series of 186 cases of scurvy from the Babies Hospital there were 15 patients (8 per cent) who had craniotabes, one of them also showing signs of tetany. Evans (4) made the diagnosis of associated rickets in 36 of the 93 (38.7 per cent) cases of scurvy constituting his series. Follis, Jackson, and Park (5), in a series of 57 autopsies on children between three and nine months of age, in whom scurvy was proved by histo histologic examination of the bones, found rickets, demonstrated in similar fashion, in 26 (46 per cent). They believed that in all probability rickets was present in a greater percentage, because, when the scurvy was extreme, they could not always be sure that it did not mask the rickets. They found that such criteria as a history of vitamin deficiency, the season of the year when the patient came under observation, results of clinical and roentgen examination, and measurements of calcium, inorganic phosphorus and phosphatase of the blood serum, were not satisfactory. The roentgen examination did not reveal rickets unless the disease was well developed. Wimberger (10), in his study of rickets and scurvy in Vienna following the first World War, stated that when scurvy develops in the healing period of severe or moderately severe rickets the roentgen recognition of both is possible.

BLOOD CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS IN THE NEWBORN

Most investigations on the calcium and phosphorus content of the blood of newborn infants have been approached through studies of rickets and tetany. The results of such investigations revealed that the figures for total serum calcium are below the accepted normal standard in tetany but remain unchanged in rickets. These same studies have helped to establish normal values of calcium and phosphorus for the infant and to develop technics for the determination of these constituents. Many papers dealing with this subject have substantiated the findings of previous authors that the newborn child has 1 to 2 mg. more calcium per hundred cubic centimeters of serum than does the adult; this is particularly noticed in the relative values for mother and child immediately after parturition. The work presented in this paper was undertaken as part of a general study dealing with the nutritional status, particularly in relation to rickets, of preschool

TEETH IN FETAL RICKETS

The important lesions of rickets, whether caused by a deficiency of vitamin D or by an extreme deficiency of calcium, are to be seen in the calcified structures of the body. The most highly calcified structures of the body are the teeth. Enamel, according to von Bibra,1consists of approximately 96.41 per cent inorganic substance and 3.59 per cent organic substance, and dentine, of 72.39 per cent inorganic and 27.61 per cent organic substance. It is to be expected, therefore, that disturbances of calcium metabolism will affect the process of calcification of the teeth. The association of rickets with defective structure of the teeth has long been recognized clinically, but detailed knowledge of the lesions has awaited the experimental production of these defects. Without doubt the most comprehensive study of rickets and the associated dental lesions has been made by Mellanby.2In her report were described the effect

Scope and Needs of Medical Research

SIR WALTER MORLEY FLETCHER delivered the Friday evening discourse at the Royal Institution on May 27, taking as his subject “The Scope and Needs of Medical Research”. He pointed out that medical research covers immensely wide and varied fields of scientific activity, indefinitely wider than the important part of it which concerns the healing profession as such. Its scope has been defined for Parliamentary purposes as dealing with “the proper development and the right use of the human body in all conditions of activity and environment, as well as with its protection from disease and accident, and its repair”. The development of the body includes the relatively new and rapidly growing studies of genetics on one hand, and of nutrition on the other. For the right use of the body we are concerned with personal hygiene as well as with the intricate group of problems belonging to industrial life. Here research is organised under the Industrial Health Research Board. Protection from disease covers the two great fields of preventive and of curative medicine. It deals with the genetic and nutritional control of disease, as well as with studies of infective disease at home and in the tropics. This infinitely varied field of work calls at every point for the intensive application of the primary sciences. This is well illustrated by the study of rickets, the detection of its dietetic basis, and the discovery of the relationship of light radiation to the fat-like substance in the skin from which vitamin D is produced. Further development has involved intensive team work by physicists, chemists, and biologists, leading to the production of calciferol, the actual substance of vitamin D. This has not only made important contributions to organic chemistry as such, but also has brought improved practical powers to the medical administrator.

The first meeting on the study of rickets at the All-Union Society of Pediatricians

(Moscow, September 30, 1930). On September 30, 1930, a meeting was held in Moscow dedicated to the study of rickets in the USSR and organized by the commission for the study of rickets at the All-Union Society of Pediatricians.

Heart Probe—A Method for Obtaining Blood Samples from Chickens

The increasing use of the inorganic phosphorus and calcium content of blood plasma and sera in the diagnosis of rickets makes a simple method for obtaining blood for such analyses desirable. Though blood so obtained can no doubt be used for other kinds of analyses, the method described here was developed primarily for use in connection with studies of rickets in chicks at the Laboratory of Poultry Nutrition at the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station and has proved very satisfactory during the past three years in which time 3,000 chicks and about 300 hens have been bled.Though the idea was not original with the authors, it has been developed by them to the extent that the time consumed is relatively short and the mortality of the chicks is sufficiently low to make it practical.The possibility that the use of blood analyses in nutritional investigations may be limited somewhat .

Report of the Commission for the Study of Rickets at the Moscow Regional Society of Pediatricians

Report of the Commission for the Study of Rickets at the Moscow Regional Society of Pediatricians. The commission was organized in November 1926. Considering it necessary, first of all, to study the issue of the distribution and forms of manifestation of rickets in children in the USSR, the Commission drew up a draft questionnaire for collecting mass homogeneous material throughout the Union.

To the teaching of rickets. Pfaundler (Münch. med. Woch., 1927, nos. 16-17), Vollmer (Deut. med. Woch., 1927, no. 39), Gyorgy (Klin. Woch., 1927, no. 13), Folkenlieim (D. m. W., 1927, no. 37), Hottinger and Stärlinger (D. m. W., 1927, no. 37)

Pfaundler provides a guiding review of the major advances in the study of rickets. Most interesting are the advances in resolving the question of the antirachitis factor. Huldschinsky showed that illumination with ultraviolet rays cured rickets. Hess and Steenbock proved on rats with experimentally induced rickets that irradiation of animal food is sufficient to cure the latter if it contains fat or at least only the unsaponifiable part of it - cholesterol (fats, milk, flour, animal skin, etc.).

News and Views

How experimental research carried out on dogs has benefited both that animal and man is described in the Memorandum of the Medical Research Council on the Dogs Protection Bill now before Parliament. Recent advances in knowledge have been made by this means in the study of rickets, disorders of the teeth, diseases of the heart and circulation, and in diabetes, as well as in distemper and various types of jaundice prevalent among dogs. The proof that rickets is a dietary disease and can be cured by changing the diet, so as to supply an adequate amount of the anti-rachitic vitamin, was first obtained by feeding experiments carried out on puppies. An unexpected outcome of these experiments was the discovery that absence or deficiency of this vitamin in the diet prevents the proper development of the hard enamel of the teeth: this work is still in progress, and may lead to the prevention of dental decay in human beings. The control of diabetes by the use of insulin, which has been such a boon to sufferers from this disease, was made possible by experiments on dogs: in fact the whole of our knowledge of this disease from the time of the discovery of the relation of the pancreas to diabetes to the discovery of insulin has been gained by experiments on this animal. Nor must the benefits to the dog itself from experimental research be forgotten: protection against distemper is already becoming practicable, as also against the spirochetal jaundice which is not uncommon in Great Britain and often fatal, whilst a cure has been found for the malignant jaundice or piroplasmosis of dogs in the injection of the dye trypan blue.

A Study of Rickets; Incidence in London

A Study of Rickets; Incidence in London

Calcium Absorption in Relation to Gastric Acidity: (A Study of Rickets)

Calcium Absorption in Relation to Gastric Acidity: (A Study of Rickets)

INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS IN THE BLOOD OF THE NEW-BORN

In the great amount of literature that has been contributed in the past decade to the study of rickets, scant attention has been directed to the consideration of a susceptibility or predilection to the disease. It has been observed in practice that under similar and favorable conditions one of several infants will be more susceptible to the disease than another, or, possibly, that one infant will show evidences of the disorder in a more severe grade than another. What constitutes this difference in susceptibility? Howland and Kramer1have shown that in rickets the inorganic phosphorus content of the serum is lower than in the normal. A low inorganic phosphorus concentration in the serum of some children at birth has been noted, and we have endeavored to see whether we can correlate this decrease in phosphorus with an increase in susceptibility to rickets. The work was undertaken at Harlem Hospital,