Study Of Political Development Research Articles

Belt and Road Initiatives & Mongolia: Expert Survey Results

Since 1990, Mongolia has been moving from a planned economy to a market economy for more than 30 years, revolutionizing the social order and adopting democratic methods. Over the past few years, Mongolia's social, economic and political development studies have produced specific assessments and conclusions. These articles explore Mongolia's development, characteristics, participation in the Belt and Road Initiative launched by the People's Republic of China, its benefits, its impact on the present state of Mongolia's society and the obstacles it faces. The paper presents the results of research into four main groups: common reasons, cause-effect, solution-effect and conclusions.

The dialectic of the relationship between the form of the political system and political development (Iraq is a model)"

Present in the twentieth century and changes in the twentieth century and changes in the environment and talk about the environment surrounding the present. Iraq, policy development and change, and that the study of political development and the political study concerned with political study, the one working in it, the one working in it, and this is also related to building training, training, for political construction, and finding a kind of specialized and distinct political institutions and processes. To be able to grow and transform into a new democratic society, making it the new state of affairs in the Iraqi political system after 2003.

Cherokee Political Thought and the Development of Tribal Citizenship

AbstractCitizenship, a fundamental political idea, exists in many forms in the United States. In this study, I apply the analytical strategies of American political development to examine the evolution of Cherokee constitutional citizenship law since 1827. The lack of political development studies on Cherokee governance presents a unique opportunity to identify foundational and second-story ideas underpinning Cherokee political thought. I contribute to the ongoing discussion of indigenous political development by creating a new theoretical framework for interpreting and analyzing durable shifts in Cherokee citizenship law. As America expands and diversifies, alternate, nonliberal views of citizenship increase in political relevance. Understanding why certain laws exist and where they came from is crucial for cultivating political engagement, engaging in productive discourse, and creating humanizing policies.

Macro Theory and the Study of Political Development

This article is based on the Skytte Prize lecture delivered at the University of Uppsala in October 2015.

Democracy in the Developing World: Challenges of Survival and Significance

The study of political development over the past half century has been heavily influenced by the ebb and flow of democracy in the global South. The global experience has demonstrated that the geographic, economic, and cultural range of democratic regimes is far more expansive than often assumed half a century ago, forcing major theoretical reassessments of democracy’s political origins and social correlates. At the same time, the challenges of constructing effective representative and participatory institutions to stabilize democracy and make it more “consequential” have become increasingly apparent. The tensions between democracy’s rapid spread and its oftentimes shallow reach have fostered a wide range of experiments with new representative and participatory channels, creating a fluid democratic landscape in much of the developing world.

Perils or Promise of Ethnic Integration? Evidence from a Hard Case in Burundi

A central question in the study of political development is how conflict between ethnic groups might be transcended. Findings from social psychology suggest that ethnically integrating institutions such as militaries or representative bodies may remove prejudices and exclusionary behavior that perpetuate interethnic animosity. Political scientists have tended to be skeptical, arguing that such processes may actually intensify or “freeze” conflicting ethnic identities. I use evidence from a hard case—military reform in the aftermath of a brutal, ethnically charged civil war in Burundi—to study this issue. At the macro level, the Burundian military undertook extensive quota-based integration that nonetheless resulted in a cohesive institution. A micro-level natural experiment, which produces quasirandom exposure to ethnic integration through the military retirement age, shows that exposure to ethnic integration decreases prejudicial behavior and is benign with respect to ethnic salience. Together, these results suggest promise in ethnic integration.

Perils or Promise of Ethnic Integration? Evidence from a Hard Case in Burundi

A central question in the study of political development is how conflict between ethnic groups might be transcended. Findings from social psychology suggest that ethnically integrating institutions such as militaries or representative bodies may remove prejudices and exclusionary behavior that perpetuate inter-ethnic animosity. Political scientists have tended to be skeptical, arguing that such processes may actually intensify or freeze'' conflicting ethnic identities. I use evidence from a hard case --- military reform in the aftermath of a brutal, ethnically-charged civil war in Burundi --- to study this issue. At the macro-level, the Burundian military undertook extensive quota-based integration that nonetheless resulted in a cohesive institution. A micro-level natural experiment, which produces quasi-random exposure to ethnic integration through the military retirement age, shows that exposure to ethnic integration decreases prejudicial behavior and is benign with respect to ethnic salience. Together, these results suggest promise in ethnic integration.

A transformação dos sistemas partidários da Europa Ocidental

Este texto foi o capítulo de um livro, publicado em 1966, que trazia resultados de pesquisas comparadas sobre os partidos políticos, sob a perspectiva do desenvolvimento político, e que foi parte de uma série de publicações intitulada Studies in political development. O tipo partidário catch-all, introduzido aqui por Kirchheimer, ainda é amplamente utilizado nos estudos partidários em todo o mundo, e este texto continua sendo um dos mais citados na Ciência Política até hoje. Embora a maior parte de seus escritos seja na língua alemã e, portanto, inacessível ao grande público, este pequeno trabalho em inglês, mais acessível, portanto, fez de Kirchheimer um dos autores mais conhecidos da área e deste texto uma leitura indispensável aos estudiosos dos partidos e da política em geral.

Liberal Market Economy or Composite Regime? Institutional Legacies and Labor Market Policy in the United States

In comparative political economy the United States is denominated a “liberal market economy” characterized by market-based labor policy, but American political development studies suggest that national-level comparisons, which assume government institutions are a coherent package, may be misguided. In the decentralized American polity, many combinations of state-market relationships have emerged as state governments invest in labor market performance and economic agents adjust their market strategies. Analyses that conceive regimes as sets of complementary institutions that constrain individuals and government officials have difficulty explaining changing patterns of policy and market organization. This article investigates these policy developments to make a constructionist argument that departures from historical paths are possible because institutional agents can reflect on performance and adjust strategies. Building on the political development insight about the complexity of governing authority as well as the comparativists' critique of economic convergence, the article argues that innovation in America's composite regime is best understood against the institutional legacies of labor and race relations regulation. The argument is illustrated by evidence of the diversity of labor market policies in the states during the 1990s.

Clan Politics and Regime Transition in Central Asia

Clan Politics and Regime Transition in Central Asia, Kathleen Collins, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 376.The long isolation of Central Asia finally ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union. Five new independent states emerged from the ashes of the Soviet Union, the very first time in history that the peoples of Central Asia gained their own independent states modelled on the modern state. This development caught the world, including Central Asians themselves, by surprise. It changed the geopolitics of the entire Eurasia. In the ensuing years, the Central Asian republics have undergone simultaneous multiple transformations: state building; political regime transformation; and transition from Soviet communism. Thus the new states in Central Asia have provided scholars with new cases of multiple economic and political transitions to study and compare. In recent years, there has been a significant proliferation of English-language publications on Central Asia. Kathleen Collin's book, a comparative historical study of political development in Central Asia, is a major contribution. While its focus is on Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, it often provides examples from the other two Central Asian republics, namely Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. It is thoroughly researched and rich in information and details. It also makes a significant contribution to the political science literature on democratization, regime transition and consolidation.

Political Parties and the Study of Political Development: New Insights from the Postcommunist Democracies

This article reviews the literature on postcommunist parties, which, by applying old Westernbased theories to a new and very different context, makes two important contributions to comparative politics. First, the literature stresses the importance of long-term and short-term historical legacies for the institutionalization of parties and electoral alignments; in trying to incorporate such legacies, it offers refinements to works on path dependency and political development. Second, the literature highlights the underinstitutionalization of postcommunist parties and thereby offers new insights—particularly on the party switching of electoral candidates—for studying the formation and consolidation of political parties.

Pakistan's ‘sustainable democracy’: Army as the political architect

Any study of political developments in Pakistan cannot be complete without examining the role of the Army. Though it might seem incompatible to talk of military and democracy in the same breadth, Pakistan provides an example of how the military has been able to govern the country as successfully as a civilian government. It has its own view of democracy, political stability and governance. It feels it has a political role which stems from the national security paradigm of the state. Recent amendments to the Pakistan Constitution under the rubric of ‘sustainable democracy’ is a reflection of the Army's expanding area from military security to economy and governance. This article is an attempt to analyse the Army's role and the future of democracy in the context of the 17th Amendment.

The State We're In: Recent Contributions to the Debate on State—Society Relations in Africa

The article reviews three main approaches to the study of political development in Africa in the 1990s, termed the civil society perspective, the culturalist perspective and political economy, respectively. It is argued that, of the three perspectives, political economy represents the best approach to understanding political development. At the same time, the culturalist school makes important points, which should be incorporated into an overall political economy framework. The civil society perspective, which was dominant in the 1990s, has little value in terms of improving our understanding of political developments in Africa, it is argued. At the same time, this perspective has been influential among political actors, in spite of its analytical weaknesses. The author argues, therefore, that the civil society approach should be seen as a set of categories of practice rather than as categories of analysis. The article concludes by pointing out some important issues that are neglected by all three perspectives.

From Economic Crisis to Political Liberalization: Pitfalls of the New Political Sociology for Africa

Postwar development discourse has been governed by two principal preoccupations. First, the will to knowledge, that is, a concern with expanding scientific understanding of the social structures and processes of so-called third world societies and the extrapolation of generalizable rules of the dynamics of their transformation. Second, the will to change, that is, a powerful impulse to engage accumulated knowledge to transform for the better the material conditions of “the wretched of the earth.” Together, these concerns account for the social engineering ethos of development discourse and the penchant for prescriptive, problem-solving theory. As a result, the contending post-war paradigms (modernization and dependency) have functioned as models of analysis and ideologies—normatively ordered proclamations of preferred pathways to social systems that are congruent with western-style modernity (Banuri 1990; Berman 1994, 235-36; Grendzier 1985, 1–21; Ferguson 1990; Manor 1991, 2-3). Mirroring these attributes of development discourse, the study of political development has been guided by a preoccupation with two projects that are considered emblematic of political modernity: The nurturing of political communities coincident with the territorial boundaries inherited from colonialism (nation-building), and the elaboration of institutions and technologies for the effective governance of evolving political communities (state-building). For both dominant postwar paradigms, ruling elites who inherited colonial states were the primary “enablers” of these projects (Doornbos 1990, 180). Analysis of politics in developing societies has therefore been foremost concerned with explication of how the unfolding of both projects was determined by the political practices of these ruling elites.

On The Decline of Contemporary Political Development Studies

This study argues that the self-described “malaise” in the study of political development theory is in part the product of the early attempt to strip judgments of value from those of fact in the interests of a more scientific comparative politics; that the resulting science has been inclined to ignore or neglect what may be the most fundamental difference between the modern and premodern worlds, namely the elimination of all religious concerns from those of politics proper (the “separation of church and state”); and that this neglect is in turn linked with the crisis in self-confidence characteristic not only of the science of comparative politics but of science or rationalism simply.

Strong States, Weak States: The Role of the State in Revolution

Perhaps one of the most misunderstood relationships in the study of political development is that between the strength of the state and revolution. Both logic and a substantial body of theory indicate that revolution should emerge only where old states are too weak to prevent it. If revolution has broken through old structures, the state must have been weak.' Such an assertion, however, borders on the tautological and tells us very little about the relationship between state strength and revolution. If one assesses state strength independently of revolution, the picture looks very different. Observation leads to the counterintuitive conclusion that strong states--not weak ones--are most likely to be associated with revolution.

Urban nationalism: a study of political development in Trinidad

Urban nationalism: a study of political development in Trinidad

Political Development and Political Evolution1

An evolutionary perspective, which is currently enjoying a revival in the social sciences, raises the possibility of a major transformation in the study of political development and modernization. It may be desirable to supplement (and in some instances replace) the concept of “political development” with the concept of “political evolution.” Political development may be likened to the biological process of ontogeny. It involves the construction of a viable set of political qua cybernetic processes and structures at any level of social organization, from wolf packs to human families to empires. Political evolution is an aspect of phylogeny. It involves the invention, elaboration, and diffusion of novel political forms of all kinds, only some of which may be more effective, or inclusive, or democratic, etc. Nor are all evolutionary changes necessarily “better” (i.e., more adaptive). Political development is concerned with problems of social engineering, while political evolution is concerned with architectonics—with the emergence of functionally significant political innovations. Political development is always situation-specific, while political evolution is also historical and may include changes that diffuse and become “species-wide.” Political evolution is thus a dimension of the larger process of biological evolution. The emergence of political systems, which long predates the evolution of humankind, constitutes a set of adaptive strategies with significant evolutionary consequences. Political development and political evolution may go hand in hand, but this is not always the case. A particular polity may develop or decay independently of the larger process of political evolution. Among the many theoretical implications of this conceptual reformulation, we briefly address the impact on functionalist theory, modernization theory, social mobilization theory, political economy (positive theory), world systems theory, dependency theory, and contemporary Marxist views.

Sudan since independence: studies of political development since 1956

Sudan since independence: studies of political development since 1956

Religion and Political Development in Nineteenth-Century Holland*

The contemporary study of state building and political development remains caught in the grip of the Enlightenment bias that societal differentiation and political modernization go hand in hand with the decline of religious influence in social life. In other words, the bias dictates that modernization and secularization always travel together. Political scientists have been influenced deeply by Max Weber, Talcott Parsons, David Apter, and especially Gabriel Almond who have systematically applied that bias to the study of political development. But while much light has been shed on political development, that bias has also operated to distort aspects of political modernization, at least in Europe. One important reason, though not the only one, for studying political modernization in nineteenth-century Holland is that it challenges the hypothesis (or bias) that modernization and secularization always go hand in hand. In fact, careful study of Christian Democratic movements throughout Europe would reveal that much has been overlooked or misinterpreted by political scientists who have depended uncritically upon the secularization/modernization hypothesis.' The purpose of this article is not to generalize about Christian Democracy, but to consider the specific connection between a reviving Christianity (especially, but not exclusively, Protestant Calvinism) and political modernization in nineteenthcentury Holland.