Mapping Studies Research Articles

Deep Learning-Driven Ontology Learning: A Systematic Mapping Study

Today, ontologies are the widely accepted framework for managing knowledge in a manner that supports sharing, reuse, and automatic interpretation. Ontologies are fundamental to various Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications, including smart information retrieval, knowledge management, and contextual organization. However, the rapid growth of data in various domains has made ontology acquisition and enrichment, time-consuming, labor-intensive, and expensive. Consequently, there is a need for automated methods for this task, commonly referred to as ontology learning. Deep learning models have made significant advancements in this field, as they can extract concepts from vast corpora and infer semantic relationships from wide-ranging datasets. This paper aims to explore and synthesize existing research on the application of deep learning techniques to ontology learning. To achieve this, a Systematic Mapping Study (SMS) was conducted, encompassing 2765 papers published between 2015 and September 2024, from which 47 research papers were selected for review and analysis. The studies were systematically categorized according to eight refined criteria: publication year, type of contribution, empirical study design, type of data used, deep learning techniques implemented, domain of application, focused ontology learning tasks, and evaluation metrics and benchmarks.

Brain Iron Alteration in Pediatric Tourette Syndrome: A Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping Study.

The cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Tourette syndrome (TS). While iron deficiency has been reported in adult TS, the iron content in pediatric TS remains poorly understood. This study aims to quantitatively assess whole-brain iron deposition in pediatric TS compared to typically developing (TD) children using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM). In this prospective study, we recruited 50 children with a clinical diagnosis of TS and 50 age- and gender-matched TD controls. Whole-brain images were acquired using 3D T1 and multi-echo gradient-recalled echo sequences. QSM maps were generated using the STISuite toolbox. After normalizing the QSM maps to Montreal Neurological Institute space, voxel-based analysis was applied to compare between-group differences in iron content. Additionally, we evaluated the relationship between iron content and tic severity in TS children using the Pearson's correlation test. Compared to TD children, those with TS exhibited iron deficiency in the right anterior cingulum (pFDR < 0.001). Conversely, increased QSM values were observed in the bilateral putamen of TS children (pFDR < 0.001). Notably, QSM values in the left putamen showed a significant negative correlation with tic severity (p = 0.044). Our findings suggest that disturbed brain iron homeostasis in specific regions is associated with pediatric TS. These results reinforce the importance of the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits in TS pathogenesis and highlight the potential role of iron dysregulation. Furthermore, our study demonstrates that QSM could serve as a valuable auxiliary biomarker for diagnosing and potentially monitoring pediatric TS.

Waste flow analysis to improve waste management systems: Case studies in Diponegoro University

Implementation of solid waste management in educational institutions is one of the main challenges faced in achieving sustainable development. However, far too little attention has been paid to managing solid waste effectively in educational institutions. Thus, this research tries to map and characterize solid waste produced through waste flow analysis (WFA). A case study of waste flow mapping at Diponegoro University revealed that the waste management infrastructure in Diponegoro University has yet to achieve equilibrium, with around 50% of the waste ending up in landfills. Waste management has not been implemented effectively, leading to only half of the recyclable waste being processed monthly. The findings indicate that the Waste Flow Analysis (WFA) effectively assesses the existing waste management conditions at Diponegoro University. The findings of this study could serve as a reference for implementing comprehensive waste management in educational institutions.

Probabilistic genotype-phenotype maps reveal mutational robustness of RNA folding, spin glasses, and quantum circuits

Recent studies of genotype-phenotype maps have reported universally enhanced phenotypic robustness to genotype mutations, a feature essential to evolution. Virtually all of these studies make a simplifying assumption that each genotype—represented as a sequence—maps deterministically to a single phenotype, such as a discrete structure. Here we introduce probabilistic genotype-phenotype (PrGP) maps, where each genotype maps to a vector of phenotype probabilities, as a more realistic and universal language for investigating robustness in a variety of physical, biological, and computational systems. We study three model systems to show that PrGP maps offer a generalized framework which can handle uncertainty emerging from various physical sources: (1) thermal fluctuation in RNA folding, (2) external field disorder in the spin-glass ground state search problem, and (3) superposition and entanglement in quantum circuits, which are realized experimentally on IBM quantum computers. In all three cases, we observe a biphasic robustness scaling which is enhanced relative to random expectation for more frequent phenotypes and approaches random expectation for less frequent phenotypes. We derive an analytical theory for the behavior of PrGP robustness, and we demonstrate that the theory is highly predictive of empirical robustness. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

Mapping Key Populations to Develop Improved HIV and AIDS Interventions: Multiphase Cross-Sectional Observational Mapping Study Using a District and City Approach.

Indonesia's vast archipelago and substantial population size present unique challenges in addressing its multifaceted HIV epidemic, with 90% of its 514 districts and cities reporting cases. Identifying key populations (KPs) is essential for effectively targeting interventions and allocating resources to address the changing dynamics of the epidemic. We examine the 2022 mapping of Indonesia's KPs to develop improved HIV and AIDS interventions. In 2022, a district-based mapping of KPs was conducted across 201 districts and cities chosen for their HIV program intensity. This multiphase process included participatory workshops for hotspot identification, followed by direct hotspot observation, then followed by a second direct observation in selected hotspots for quality control. Data from 49,346 informants (KPs) were collected and analyzed. The results from individual hotspots were aggregated at the district or city level, and a formula was used to estimate the population size. The mapping initiative identified 18,339 hotspots across 201 districts and cities, revealing substantial disparities in hotspot distribution. Of the 18,339 hotspots, 16,964 (92.5%) were observed, of which 1822 (10.74%) underwent a second review to enhance data accuracy. The findings mostly aligned with local stakeholders' estimates, but showed a lower median. Interviews indicated a shift in KP dynamics, with a median decline in hotspot attendance since the pandemic, and there was notable variation in mapping results across district categories. In "comprehensive" areas, the average results for men who have sex with men (MSM), people who inject drugs, transgender women, and female sex workers (FSWs) were 1008 (median 694, IQR 317-1367), 224 (median 114, IQR 59-202), 196 (median 167, IQR 81-265), and 775 (median 573, IQR 352-1131), respectively. "Medium" areas had lower averages: MSM at 381 (median 199, IQR 91-454), people who inject drugs at 51 (median 54, IQR 15-63), transgender women at 101 (median 55, IQR 29-127), and FSWs at 304 (median 231, IQR 118-425). "Basic" areas showed the lowest averages: MSM at 161 (median 73, IQR 49-285), people who inject drugs at 7 (median 7, IQR 7-7), transgender women at 59 (median 26, IQR 12-60), and FSWs at 161 (median 131, IQR 59-188). Comparisons with ongoing outreach programs revealed substantial differences: the mapped MSM population was >50% lower than program coverage; the estimates for people who inject drugs were twice as high as the program coverage. The mapping results highlight significant variations in hotspots and KPs across districts and cities and underscore the necessity of adaptive HIV prevention strategies. The findings informed programmatic decisions, such as reallocating resources to underserved districts and recalibrating outreach strategies to better match KP dynamics. Developing strategies beyond identified hotspots, integrating mapping data into planning, and adopting a longitudinal approach to understand KP behavior over time are critical for effective HIV and AIDS prevention and control.

Optimizing Adherence to Oral Anticancer Agents: Results from an Implementation Mapping Study

Optimizing Adherence to Oral Anticancer Agents: Results from an Implementation Mapping Study

User-Centred Privacy and Data Protection: An Overview of Current Research Trends and Challenges for the Human-Computer Interaction Field

A user-focused technological approach is essential for privacy and data protection, so a systematic mapping study was conducted to review how researchers approach such matters. Of 8867 papers, 231 were systematically selected and analysed. Through thematic analysis, we identified three main themes: improving privacy policies, raising privacy awareness, and controlling information disclosure. Notably, 45% of the studies lacked user involvement, highlighting a diverse landscape in the extent of real user participation in research evaluations. This study provides valuable insights for researchers and practitioners in promoting privacy-preserving human-computer interaction.

LEAN TOURISM: AN EFFECTIVE WORKSHOP THROUGH VALUE STREAM MAPPING METHOD

This paper focuses on the application of the lean management model in the tourism sector, specifically in the hospitality sector. In line with this focus, a study was conducted in the reception department of a five-star hotel in Mugla/Turkiye. The study aims to explore the applicability of lean thinking in management, which has been used in the manufacturing sector for many years with thriving, sustainable results, and to address opportunities for improvement in the hotel business. The research methodology includes a comprehensive value stream mapping study of the operational processes in the reception department. The research, involving the hotel manager, reception unit manager, and employees, aimed to identify non-value-adding processes and eliminate them through quality circles. The value stream mapping process provided valuable insights into the customer journey from initial registration to room assignment and identified areas for improvement. Non-value-adding steps, such as unnecessary paperwork and delays in the process, were identified, resulting in potential improvements in operational efficiency and customer satisfaction. The results of the study underlined the feasibility of integrating lean principles into the hotel's reception department and highlighted the potential impact on process efficiency and customer satisfaction. The study also emphasized the importance of monitoring the implementation of the improvement recommendations and evaluating their impact. In addition, it emphasized the need to create a culture of continuous improvement in hotel businesses in the tourism sector. The study's constraints include its focus on a single hotel, the absence of lean transformation initiatives, and its limited scope to the reception department, serving as a pilot study. The findings underscore the importance of adopting lean management practices to optimize processes and elevate the hospitality industry's guest experience.

Relevant Information in TDD Experiment Reporting

Experiments are a commonly used method of research in software engineering (SE). Researchers report their experiments following detailed guidelines. However, researchers do not, in the field of test-driven development (TDD) at least, specify how they operationalized the response variables and, particularly, the measurement process. This article has three aims: (i) identify the response variable operationalization components in TDD experiments that study external quality; (ii) study their influence on the experimental results; (iii) determine if the experiment reports describe the measurement process components that have an impact on the results. We used two-part sequential mixed methods research. The first part of the research adopts a quantitative approach applying a statistical analysis of the impact of the operationalization components on the experimental results. The second part follows with a qualitative approach applying a systematic mapping study (SMS). The test suites, intervention types and measurers have an influence on the measurements and results of the statistical analysis of TDD experiments in SE. The test suites have a major impact on both the measurements and the results of the experiments. The intervention type has less impact on the results than on the measurements. While the measurers have an impact on the measurements, this is not transferred to the experimental results. On the other hand, the results of our SMS confirm that TDD experiments do not usually report either the test suites, the test case generation method, or the details of how external quality was measured. A measurement protocol should be used to ensure that the measurements made by different measurers are similar. It is necessary to report the test cases, the experimental task and the intervention type in order to be able to reproduce the measurements and statistical analyses, as well as to replicate experiments and build dependable families of experiments.

A proof-of-concept study for precise mapping of pigmented basal cell carcinoma in asian skin using multispectral optoacoustic tomography imaging with level set segmentation.

Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC), the most common subtype of non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC), is prevalent worldwide and poses significant challenges due to their increasing incidence and complex treatment considerations. Existing clinical approaches, such as Mohs micrographic surgery, are time-consuming and labour-intensive, requiring meticulous layer-by-layer excision and examination, which can significantly extend the duration of the procedure. Current optical imaging solutions also lack the necessary spatial resolution, penetration depth, and contrast for effective clinical use. Here, we introduce photoacoustic imaging, also known as optoacoustic imaging, based Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography (MSOT) as a promising solution for non-invasive, high-resolution imaging in dermatology, which also measures hemodynamic changes. MSOT offers high isotropic resolution (80μm), increased tissue penetration, and contrast-enhanced 3D spatial imaging map. For the first time, we integrated an automated level set image segmentation methodology on optoacoustic images to further enhance the precision in delineating tumor boundaries. Through this proof-of-concept study in 30 subjects, we demonstrate that this segmentation allows for precise measurement of tumor width, depth, and volume, aiding in preoperative tumor mapping and surgical planning. The MSOT measurements, validated against histology, achieved a correlation coefficient of 0.84 and 0.81 for width and depth respectively, ensuring reliable tumor metrics with a low margin of error. Clinicians can use these tumor metrics to optimize treatment efficacy, while preserving healthy tissue and cosmetic outcomes. This advancement has the potential to revolutionize diagnostics and treatment, significantly improving the patient outcomes in managing NMSC.

Posterior extent of left anterior temporal lobectomy and picture naming decline.

Recent voxel-based lesion symptom mapping (VLSM) studies have identified a critical region for picture naming, located 3.4 to 6.1 cm from the temporal pole. Its resection during left temporal lobe epilepsy surgery led to postoperative decline in picture naming. However, postoperative anomia has been reported after classic left temporal lobectomy, which rarely extends so posteriorly. The aim of the present study was to evaluate patients' postoperative picture naming outcome on the basis of their precise surgical cavities in light of the recent findings from VLSM studies. In this monocentric retrospective study, the authors analyzed picture naming outcome and the surgical cavities of 34 patients who underwent surgery for left temporal lobe epilepsy. The authors evaluated their cohort's surgical cavities on the basis of the critical regions identified by VLSM studies as essential to picture naming. The surgical cavities of patients were anterior to the critical regions for picture naming identified by VLSM studies in the literature. Eight of 11 patients with postoperative lexical access decline at 18 months had a posterior limit of the lesioned voxels that did not reach the critical region identified by VLSM studies. Only 3 of 11 patients with a postoperative picture naming decline had surgical cavities reaching these critical regions. Conversely, 3 of 23 patients with stable or improved postoperative picture naming had surgical cavities reaching these critical regions. Keeping a surgical cavity anterior to the limits identified by recent VLSM studies does not protect patients from postoperative picture naming decline. Interindividual anteroposterior variability of the basal temporal language area could complete the explanation offered by VLSM.

“Pharmacological” analysis of atrial fibrillation maintenance mechanism: reentry, wavelets, or focal?

The primary electrophysiological mechanism of atrial fibrillation (AF) maintenance is poorly defined. AF mapping studies readily record focal activations (defining them as focal sources or breakthroughs) and “incomplete reentries” (defining them as reentries or would-be-reentries) but do not or rarely detect complete circular activations. Electrophysiological alterations induced by anti-AF drugs before AF cardioversion may help delineate the mechanism of AF maintenance. Cardioversion of AF by antiarrhythmic drugs is associated with prolongation of the AF cycle length and temporal excitable gap (t-EG), resulting in improvement in AF organization (AF-org), and with or without alterations in the refractory period, conduction velocity and wavelength. Such electrophysiological pattern is conceivable with termination of a single focal source but not a single reentry (Class III agents do not increase reentrant t-EG). Yet, a single focal source and multiple focal sources are plausible as the primary mechanism of AF maintenance prior drug administration. Improvement in AF-org caused by anti-AF agents before AF cardioversion is coherent with simultaneous multiple random reentries and wavelets. However, simultaneous multiple reentries are unlikely to occur regularly (most of the contemporary AF mapping studies report either a single reentry at a time or no reentry at all), and the ability of random wavelets to maintain AF is speculative. The conducted analysis inclines toward the focal source as the primary mechanism of AF maintenance.

Reverberation Mapping of Two Variable Active Galactic Nuclei: Probing the Distinct Characteristics of the Inner and Outer Broad-line Regions

Abstract Current reverberation mapping (RM) studies primarily focus on single emission lines, particularly the Hβ line, which may not fully reveal the geometry and kinematic properties of the broad-line region (BLR). To overcome this limitation, we have conducted multiline RM observations on two highly variable active galactic nuclei (AGNs), KUG 1141+371 and UGC 3374, using the Lijiang 2.4 m telescope. Our goal was to investigate the detailed structures of different regions within the BLR. We measured the time lags of multiple broad emission lines (Hα, Hβ, Hγ, He i, and He ii) and found clear evidence of radial ionization stratification in the BLRs of both AGNs. Velocity-resolved RM analysis revealed distinct geometry and kinematics between the inner and outer regions of the BLRs. Assuming that the velocity-resolved lags reflect the kinematics of the BLR, our observations indicate that: (1) in KUG 1141+371, the inner BLR exhibits outflow signatures, while the outer region is consistent with virialized motion; and (2) in UGC 3374, the inner region displays virial motion, while the outer region shows inflow. Furthermore, we detected “breathing” behavior in the outer BLR regions of both AGNs, while the inner BLR regions show “anti-breathing,” which may be linked to intrinsic BLR properties. We discuss these findings in the context of various BLR formation models, highlighting the importance of long-term, multiline RM campaigns in understanding of BLR structure and evolution. Additionally, our results suggest that the observed stratification in BLR geometry and kinematics may contribute to the scatter in black hole mass estimates and the rapid changes in velocity-resolved RM signatures reported in recent studies.

Perceptions of cervical screening uptake amongst South Asian women in Ontario, Canada: a concept mapping study

BackgroundRegular cervical screening can significantly reduce the onset and prevalence of cervical cancer. In Ontario, Canada, South Asian women have the lowest rates of cervical cancer screening among major ethnic groups in the province.MethodsUsing an innovative and participant-driven method called Concept Mapping (CM), we set out to understand how the lives and experiences of South Asian women living in Ontario shape their decisions around getting screened for cervical cancer. We engaged over 70 South Asian women and people who serve them in healthcare and community, to drive the CM process.ResultsParticipants brainstormed 45 unique and distinct statements. Through sorting and map interpretation, participants identified and interpreted 6 clusters amongst the statements: (1) Personal beliefs and misconceptions around cervical cancer; (2) Education and knowledge issues around cervical cancer; (3) Cultural beliefs and influences specific to sexual health; (4) Barriers to prioritizing uptake of cervical screening; (5) System/ infrastructure gaps or inadequacies; and (6) Lack of comfort and supportive relationships in healthcare. Additional analysis shows us the interrelationships between the ideas. Statements within the clusters about education and knowledge issues around cervical cancer, personal beliefs and misconceptions, as well as cultural beliefs and influences specific to sexual health are viewed as distinct beliefs with clear effects on the uptake of cervical screening. More complex interrelationships are seen with the cluster of statements about barriers to prioritizing uptake of cervical screening.ConclusionsAs Ontario and many other jurisdictions around the world seek to strengthen cervical screening efforts in line with national and international goals to eliminate cervical cancer by 2040, it is critical to address underscreening. This CM study recognizes the value of engaging those most impacted by an issue, to identify and prioritize how and where to intervene to address low rates of cervical screening. To address underscreening we need to design multi-level interventions that address the identified ideas and the interrelationships among them.

A Systematic Mapping Study on State Estimation Techniques for Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles

A Systematic Mapping Study on State Estimation Techniques for Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles

Areas for action to promote positive forms of masculinities in preventing violence against women: a concept mapping study in Spain

BackgroundViolence against women (VAW) perpetrated by men is a public health problem of significant magnitude that negatively affects the whole society. Unequal gender relations produce differentiated positions in the social structure; gender roles that position men and women differently are defined and which are at the root of VAW. Framed within the European PositivMasc project, the aim of this study was to identify the areas for action to promote positive masculinities in preventing VAW in Spain, based on community stakeholders’ perceptions on their importance and applicability.MethodsA concept mapping study was carried out, involving a comprehensive and systematic approach that employs both a qualitative and quantitative methodology, between September 2019 and February 2022 in Spain. The research was conducted with a diverse sample of young people, both feminist activists and non-activists, as well as various professionals in the field under study.ResultsThe results of this study showed that the lines of action in order of importance are: prevention through formal and informal education, general skills for the population, personal work with men, media and social campaigns, governmental and legal measures, activism and support to social organizations. In turn, the order of these lines of action according to applicability in the Spanish context was: media and social campaigns, prevention through formal and informal education, general skills for the population, support to social organizations, activism, personal work with men and governmental and legal measures. Consensus was observed among the participants of different socio-demographic profiles, both at a quantitative level in the scores obtained and at a qualitative level with the interpretations that reinforced the results.ConclusionsThere is a need for a comprehensive multisectoral response involving different spaces to strengthen the scale, impact and sustainability of the efforts around anti-VAW masculinities. The evidence produced throughout this concept mapping study can contribute to inform policies to effectively prevent VAW by focusing on positive masculinities, ensuring they align with the perceptions and experiences of key community actors involved in the policy implementation process.

Thalamic Magnetic Susceptibility (χ) Alterations in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping Studies.

Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) provides a non-invasive post-processing method to investigate alterations in magnetic susceptibility (χ), reflecting iron content within brain regions implicated in neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). To investigate alterations in thalamic χ in patients with NDDs using QSM. Systematic review and meta-analysis. A total of 696 patients with NDDs and 760 healthy controls (HCs) were included in 27 studies. Three-dimensional multi-echo gradient echo sequence for QSM at mostly 3 Tesla. Studies reporting QSM values in the thalamus of patients with NDDs were included. Following PRISMA 2020, we searched the four major databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase for peer-reviewed studies published until October 2024. Meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) between patients and HCs. The pooled SMD indicated a significant increase in thalamic χ in NDDs compared to HCs (SMD = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.05-0.79; k = 27). Notably, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients showed a significant increase in thalamic χ (1.09, 95% CI: 0.65-1.53, k = 2) compared to HCs. Subgroup analyses revealed significant χ alterations in younger patients (mean age ≤ 62 years; 0.56, 95% CI: 0.10-1.02, k = 11) and studies using greater coil channels (coil channels > 16; 0.64, 95% CI: 0.28-1.00, k = 9). Publication bias was not detected and quality assessment indicated that studies with a lower risk of bias presented more reliable findings (0.75, 95% CI: 0.32-1.18, k = 9). Disease type was the primary driver of heterogeneity, while other factors, such as coil type and geographic location, also contributed to variability. Our findings support the potential of QSM for investigating thalamic involvement in NDDs. Future research should focus on disease-specific patterns, thalamic-specific nucleus analysis, and temporal evolution. Our research investigated changes in iron levels within the thalamus, a brain region crucial for motor and cognitive functions, in patients with various neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). The study utilized a specific magnetic resonance imaging technique called Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) to measure iron content. It identified a significant increase in thalamic iron levels in NDD patients compared to healthy individuals. This increase was particularly prominent in patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, younger individuals, and studies employing advanced imaging equipment. 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.

Factors influencing evidence-based cardiovascular disease prevention programming in rural African American communities: a community-engaged concept mapping study

BackgroundAfrican Americans experience cardiovascular disease (CVD) disparities, and the burden is greatest in the rural south. Although evidence-based CVD prevention and management programs have been tailored to this context, implementation has been limited and not sustained long-term. To understand how to implement and sustain evidence-based CVD programs at scale, we must explore the perspectives of organizations serving rural African American communities and situate findings within foundational Implementation Science frameworks.MethodsThis study used group concept mapping (GCM) to elicit and synthesize stakeholder perspectives into an action-focused conceptual model depicting factors influencing implementation of evidence-based CVD programs. Representatives of community-based, faith, and healthcare organizations serving African Americans in five rural North Carolina counties were recruited via purposive sampling techniques. Participants (total n = 31) completed three activities: 1) brainstorming in response to an open-ended prompt (n = 31); 2) sorting brainstorm data into wider concepts and rating each in terms of relative importance and feasibility (n = 26); and 3) collaborative interpretation and refinement of the concept map (n = 19). Multivariate statistical analysis was used to generate a concept map. Absolute pattern matches comparing ratings of the relative importance and feasibility of each factor were generated and depicted via ladder graphs.ResultsThe final concept map included five factors: Accessibility, Community and Social Factors, Education and Training, Financial/Resource Development, and Organization Capacity and Staffing. There was high agreement (r = .98) between ratings of importance and feasibility. Education and Training, both within organizations and the wider community, was rated as the most important and feasible factor and Financial/Resource Development was the least important and feasible.ConclusionsThe concept map emphasizes aspects of organizations (inner setting), their surrounding community (outer setting), and individual stakeholders (participants, implementers) as influencing implementation of evidence-based CVD prevention and management programs in rural African American communities. The nature of the intervention or implementation processes were de-emphasized. Organizations in rural African American communities may feel equipped to implement a range of evidence-based programs, provided strategies address the contextual and structural barriers that impede their success. Group concept mapping helped distill and prioritize initial leverage points for action in our project catchment area by facilitating a community-engaged process of data generation and interpretation.

A Systematic Mapping Study of the Metrics, Uses and Subjects of Diversity‐Based Testing Techniques

A Systematic Mapping Study of the Metrics, Uses and Subjects of Diversity‐Based Testing Techniques

Islamic Leadership Management in Pesantren

Many concepts of management and leadership have changed. In the Islamic concept, leadership is a concept of interaction, relationship, authority process, influencing, directing and coordinating activities both horizontally and vertically. Then, in management theories, the leader's function is as a planner and decision maker (planning and decision maker), organization (organization). Leadership and motivation (leading and motivation), supervision (controlling) and others. In any view, everything must be done neatly, correctly, orderly, and regularly. The processes must be followed properly. This research aims to examine more deeply the practices of Islamic leadership management in Islamic boarding schools. This study has at least two objectives: (1) mapping studies related to Islamic leadership management in general; (2) elaborating on the Islamic leadership concept at Pesantren. The results showed that the leadership style adopted by the Kiai greatly influences the educational environment, both in terms of academics and morals of the students. Therefore, the relationship between Islamic leadership and the success of Islamic boarding school management is very important, because it directly influences educational outcomes, organizational culture, and the overall effectiveness of these institutions.