Study Of Loanwords Research Articles

Effects of morphological processes in the nativisation of loanwords in Anufo: A linguistic analysis

The study was to determine the morphological processes that affect loanwords in Anufo. The research approach used was qualitative and the design is case study. The data collection strategies used for the study were interview, observation, and documents. The theoretical framework used for the study is Basic Linguistic Theory (Dixon 2010). The study established that Anufo has historically and socially heavily borrowed words from the three main languages, English, Likpakpaln and Akan, to fill lexical gaps. Apart from nouns, the main types of words that are borrowed into Anufo are adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and conjunctions. Phonologically, it came out that Anufo has twenty-seven consonant sounds while English has twenty-four. This study is distinct from others because it looks at loanwords from three different languages: English, Likpakpaln and Twi. Borrowing in Anufo is distinct from other Ghanaian languages such as Likpakpaln. This is because Likpakpaln has closed syllable types like that of English language. Anufo syllables are of the open type therefore, when the borrowed word has a closed syllable, it must be repaired to be nativized. The study contributes greatly to the literature of loanwords because it has been realized that no vowel apart from /a/ can occur at word initial position of Anufo. So, when a borrowed word into Anufo has a vowel other than /a/ at its initial position needs to go through some repair strategies for such a word to be nativised. A semantic and a comparative study of loanwords are recommended to find out differences and similarities of loanword adaptation strategies in the Ghanaian languages.

AN ANALYSIS IN ASSESSING THE CATEGORIES OF WORDS BORROWED INTO ANUFO

The study was to linguistically analyze loanwords in Anufo. The study set forth to assess the kinds /types of words that are borrowed into Anufo. The research approach used was qualitative and the design is case study. This study used a total number of 30 participants. Ten (10) participants from each of the three selected communities were selected randomly and purposefully. The data collection strategies used for the study were interview, observation, and documents. The theoretical framework used for the study is Basic Linguistic Theory (Dixon 1997). The study established that Anufo has historically and socially heavily borrowed words from the three main languages, English, Likpakpaln and Akan, to fill lexical gaps. Apart from nouns, the main types of words that are borrowed into Anufo are adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and conjunctions. Borrowing in Anufo is distinct from other Ghanaian languages such as Likpakpaln. This is because Likpakpaln has closed syllable types like that of English language. Anufo syllables are of the open type therefore, when the borrowed word has a closed syllable, it must be repaired to be nativized. When a borrowed word into Anufo has a vowel other than /a/ at its initial position needs to go through some repair strategies for such a word to be nativised. A semantic and a comparative study of loanwords are recommended to find out differences and similarities of loanword adaptation strategies in the Ghanaian languages.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0966/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Substitutions of palatovelars in Indo-European loanwords into Uralic?

In this paper, the Indo-European etymologies of Uralic words are analysed that allegedly contain reflexes of Proto-Indo-European palatal stops (palatovelars) *ḱ, *ǵ and *ǵh. Especially Jorma Koivulehto has in many works argued that words that show these reflexes manifest of very early contacts between Indo-European and Uralic, and these ideas have been very influential in the discussion of location of dating of early varieties of Uralic, and to a lesser extent, Indo-European languages. While most of these etymologies are convincing in that they are indeed borrowed from Indo-European, a critical scrutiny leads to the conclusion that they can be considered loanwords from later branches (such as Indo-Iranian) that had already went through satemization. Some etymologies also turn out to be unconvincing in the light of modern views of Uralic and Indo-European historical phonology. These results support other recent, more sceptic views of contacts between Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Uralic, and mean that many of the extra-linguistic conclusions based on earlier loanword studies have to be considered unreliable, which is in line with recent studies of prehistory.

Domains of Kanuri Loanwords in Margi

The socio-cultural contact between Kanuri and Margi led to an inevitable borrowing of words from Kanuri to Margi. As such, this research paper deals with the investigation of the different domains of incidence in that the borrowing took place. In collecting data for the research, an unstructured interview was used (along with a tape recorder) to record the articulation of the informants for transcription purposes. Brann’s (2006) 16 Domains of Incidence was adopted as the model of approach in this research. The data collected showed that there are eight domains where loanwords from Kanuri to Margi took place. The domains include school, office, market, temple, club, home, color, time and direction, weather and climate. The work identified 78 Kanuri loanwords in Margi. The numbers of loanwords identified in each of the domains are: school 7, office 6, market 10, temple 8, club 2, home 29, colour time and direction 13, weather and climate 3. The findings of the research established that the domain of home has the highest number of Kanuri loanwords in Margi. Finally, this paper claims that the early contact that led to borrowing between Kanuri and Margi was in their place of residence, customary or official location. Therefore, the knowledge acquired can serve as a valuable reference material for linguists who might be interested in the study of loanwords and comparative linguistics between Kanuri, Margi and other African languages.

Agreement in Arabic Grammar, Study of Loanwords

One of the specificities of Arabic is the agreement in grammar, which includes several language units. The parts that correspond to other language units are gender, numbers, and cases. Conformity is also found in the definiteness, personal pronoun, from phrases to sentences. Deciphering the sentence from its constituent structure can show the suitability and relationship between the language units. This parsing model is equivalent to I'rāb in Arabic grammar. The model will be applied in sentences focused on loanwords. From this, it is known that loanwords try to adapt to Arabic grammar morphologically and syntactically. Agreement is not only a phonological adjustment that has been known from various linguistic researches, but also morphological and syntactical. Loanwords adjustments between units in dominant sentences include agreement in gender, amount, cases, and definition.

The Study of Loanwords in English

From the perspective of language contact theory, this thesis analyzes the formative causes of English loanwords, the etymology of English loanwords, the classification of English Loanwords and the influence of loanwords on English, so as to deduce which languages have the greatest influence on English vocabulary. This thesis can make learners can have a more profound and comprehensive understanding of English vocabulary constitution, so as to promote their English learning.

Albanian dialects in the light of language contact: A quantitative study of loanwords

Albanian dialects in the light of language contact: A quantitative study of loanwords

Towards a systemic functional model for characterizing Chinese loanwords in English: The case of kowtow

Previous studies on loanwords have tended to be langue-based, focusing on lexicographical documentation and on establishing formal criteria for integration of loanwords into the recipient language in terms of experiential meaning. The recent pragmatic turn in loanword studies signals a parole-oriented approach which shifts attention to the use and functions of loanwords in the recipient language beyond denotative meanings alone. However, there has not been a consistent systematic linguistic framework that could characterize loanwords in the recipient language and that could explore the interaction of langue and parole concerning loanwords. This paper intends to fill this gap by proposing a corpus-informed systemic functional linguistic (SFL) model to account for the characterology of loanwords. Based on the proposed multi-stratal model, kowtow, a Chinese loanword into the English language, is examined for its behaviours at the strata of phonology, lexicogrammar, and discourse semantics as well as how it is embedded in context. Attention at these various levels shows that kowtow demonstrates rich lexicogrammatical productivity in the recipient language and displays strikingly different lexicogrammatical patterns from its Chinese counterpart, indicating that its meaning potentials are activated and extended in the cross-cultural contexts. In fact, by crossing cultures, it actually inverts its connotative meaning.

On Borrowed Words and Word Borrowing System in Old Uighur-Chinese Borrowings in Old Uighur

Historical linguistics deals with language change. Historical linguistics is sometimes called diachronic linguistics, since historical linguists are concerned with change in language or languages over time. Sound change, analogy and borrowing have traditionally been considered the three most important (most basic) types of linguistic change. The study of loanwords, and of language contact more generally, is a useful way in tracing linguistic change in the past. Because borrowings are very important in Historical Linguistics studies, this study will be about the borrowing of Chinese words in the Old Uigur era writings. This study will try to reveal Chinese borrowings in the Old Uigur era and the reasons for them. Determining the reasons for the borrowing of Chinese words in the Old Uigur era, in which the most voluminous Old Turkish books were written, is the priority of this study. In addition to this, original and new language notes that are summarized from the documents where the borrowings are seen, make this study even more important. In this study, Chinese borrowings in the above-mentioned era will be investigated with historical linguistics methods and the results will be presented to scholars studying Turkish Language or linguistics. In this way, we will contribute something new to Linguistics and Turcology. In this study, we will investigate how Old Uighurs borrowed from foreign languages and whether the borrowings were prestige, reverse prestige or needed borrowings along with other reasons.

Hybrid Hashtags: #YouKnowYoureAKiwiWhen Your Tweet Contains Māori and English.

Twitter constitutes a rich resource for investigating language contact phenomena. In this paper, we report findings from the analysis of a large-scale diachronic corpus of over one million tweets, containing loanwords from te reo Māori, the indigenous language spoken in New Zealand, into (primarily, New Zealand) English. Our analysis focuses on hashtags comprising mixed-language resources (which we term hybrid hashtags), bringing together descriptive linguistic tools (investigating length, word class, and semantic domains of the hashtags) and quantitative methods (Random Forests and regression analysis). Our work has implications for language change and the study of loanwords (we argue that hybrid hashtags can be linked to loanword entrenchment), and for the study of language on social media (we challenge proposals of hashtags as “words,” and show that hashtags have a dual discourse role: a micro-function within the immediate linguistic context in which they occur and a macro-function within the tweet as a whole).

Epenthetic vowel production of unfamiliar medial consonant clusters by Japanese speakers

Existing nativized loanword studies have traditionally suggested that there are three epenthetic vowels in Japanese, which reflect both phonotactic restrictions and articulatory properties of certain consonant-vowel sequences in the language. Recent findings, however, call this tri-partite epenthesis pattern into question: First, several studies suggest that this epenthesis pattern is not true in the realm of perception and is not completely regular in production, and second, the relevant phonotactic restrictions seem to be weakening even outside of epenthesis contexts. This paper therefore investigates the extent to which the spontaneous choice of epenthetic vowels in the production of Japanese conforms to the traditional tri-partite pattern. Epenthesis was induced by presenting pseudo-word stimuli of the form of [aCCa] (C = a voiced consonant) to subjects orthographically. The findings suggest that indeed, the production pattern does not fully conform to what is generally reported for nativized loanwords; in particular, the traditionally “default” vowel [ɯ] is used by our participants frequently in all contexts, including the two where [o] or [i] is usually reported. That said, we also show that there is considerable variability across speakers as to which vowel is epenthesized, especially in the palatal context, and this variability includes tokens of vowels similar to all possible lexical vowels of Japanese.

Book Review

Book Review

Modelling loanword success – a sociolinguistic quantitative study of Māori loanwords in New Zealand English

AbstractLoanword use has dominated the literature on language contact and its salient nature continues to draw interest from linguists and non-linguists. Traditionally, loanwords were investigated by means of raw frequencies, which are at best uninformative and at worst misleading. Following a new wave of studies which look at loans from a quantitatively more informed standpoint, modelling “success” by taking into account frequency of the counterparts available in the language adopting the loanwords, we propose a similar model of loan-use and demonstrate its benefits in a case study of loanwords from Māori into (New Zealand) English. Our model contributes to previous work in this area by combining both the success measure mentioned above with a rich range of linguistic characteristics of the loanwords (such as loan length and word class), as well as a similarly detailed group of sociolinguistic characteristics of the speakers using them (gender, age and ethnicity of both, speakers and addresses). Our model is unique in bringing together of all these factorsat the same time. The findings presented here illustrate the benefit of a quantitatively balanced approach to modelling loanword use. Furthermore, they illustrate the complex interaction between linguistic and sociolinguistic factors in such language contact scenarios.

A Preliminary study of loanwords of The German-Chinese Pocket Dictionary 德華字典 and its features of the era

A Preliminary study of loanwords of The German-Chinese Pocket Dictionary 德華字典 and its features of the era

ПОНИМАНИЕ ТЕРМИНА ЗАИМСТВОВАННОЕ СЛОВО В РУССКОЙ И КИТАЙСКОЙ ЛИНГВИСТИКЕ

This article examines the history of the study of loanwords in Chinese and Russian linguistic tradition. The object of research is modern Chinese and Russian languages. Subject of research - the con-cept of borrowed words. Material of the research was theoretical work by Russian and Chinese linguists, dictionaries Russian and Chinese languages. The author proposes to distinguish between borrowed words in Russian and Chinese languages ac-cording to the ways of their borrowing (phonetic, semantic, graphic) and on this basis to give a single definition of the term “loan word” in both languages that will be useful for further comparative studies of this object. In conclusion, the author proposes a definition, which takes into account the graphical borrowed words that are on the periphery of studies of borrowed lexical units.

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The article is devoted to the peculiarities of working with a borrowed vocabulary in a school course of Russian language in the light of new requirements
 to the results of the students represented in the Federal State Educational Standard. Modular system of lessons on text-based studying of foreign words,
 focused on the achievements of the students� personality, metasubject and substantive results is described. Modules include lessons on study loans in
 line with the linguistic-cultural approach which proposes going through the analysis of language phenomena on the level of culture and promotes
 awareness of students of language as one of the major national cultural values, understanding of the relationship of language and history of the people,
 as well as adequate assessment of pupils foreign words, their place and role in the modern Russian language. The program of experiential learning for
 students for the implementation of a modular system of culture-oriented lessons for the study of loanwords is presented. The author gives the data of
 forming experiment.

Arabic Loanwords in Tatar and Swahili: Morphological Assimilation

This article deals with the analysis of the morphological assimilation of Arabic loanwords into Tatar, Altai language family, and Swahili, Bantu language family. The urgency of this review is caused by the fact that the formation of both Tatar and Swahili was influenced by Arabic, which had profoundly influenced them in religious, scientific, cultural and economic aspects. In this paper we apply the comparative approach that is aimed at finding isomorphic and allomorphic features in the languages studied and identifying their peculiarities in the process of Arabic vocabulary assimilation. The morphological assimilation of Arabic loanwords into these languages is realized by verbal nouns, participles, nouns denoting place and action. One of the isomorphic features of the recipient languages is the absence of the category of gender both in Tatar and Swahili; among the allomorphic peculiarities are postposition of adjectives after nouns in Swahili and the use of compound verbs with Arabic nouns as their stems in Tatar. The results of the research will contribute to the loanword studies in these unrelated languages.

Final consonants in Maxakalí and their comparative status

Although final-consonant correspondences between Proto-Jê and Maxakalí tend to be straightforward, in some cases the comparative data seem to suggest that Maxakalí has actually undergone a major innovation, through the accretion of final consonants to originally vowel-final roots. This hypothesis is further corroborated by the study of loanwords from both Portuguese and Old Tupí.

A Comparative Study of Loan Words in the Korean Original Texts and Translated Text

A Comparative Study of Loan Words in the Korean Original Texts and Translated Text

Borrowability and the notion of basic vocabulary

This paper reports on a collaborative quantitative study of loanwords in 41 languages, aimed at identifying meanings and groups of meanings that are borrowing-resistant. We find that nouns are more borrowable than adjectives or verbs, that content words are more borrowable than function words, and that different semantic fields also show different proportions of loanwords. Several issues arise when one tries to establish a list of the most borrowing-resistant meanings: Our data include degrees of likelihood of borrowing, not all meanings have counterparts in all languages, many words are compounds or derivatives and hence almost by definition non-loanwords. We also have data on the age of words. There are thus multiple factors that play a role, and we propose a way of combining the factors to yield a new 100-item list of basic vocabulary, called the Leipzig-Jakarta list.