Study Of Language Research Articles

A new study of the Kubyaukgyi (Myazedi) inscription

Abstract This paper is a new analysis of the ‘Rosetta Stone’ for the decipherment of the extinct Pyu language once spoken in what is now Upper Burma. The two pillars collectively known as the Kubyaukgyi (a.k.a. Myazedi) inscription from c. 1112 CE provide two copies of the same text in four languages: Old Burmese, Old Mon, Pali, and Pyu. I present a critical edition of the text based on newly taken photographs using RTI (Reflectance Transformation Imaging) technology. I provide English glosses and translations of all versions of the text found on the better preserved pillar (A) and notes on the phonology of the Pyu text. As online supplementary material I provide readings of the four faces of the less well preserved pillar (B), a glossary of all words in the Pyu text including their equivalents in the other three languages of the inscription, and an apparatus of readings from previous scholarship. Unlike previous Western scholarship on the Kubyaukgyi, this paper incorporates the findings of earlier Japanese studies of the Kubyaukgyi inscription. It also takes into account recent developments in Mon and Pyu language studies.

Utilization of Twitter as an Educational Tool to Improve Reading Literacy in Indonesian Language Students

Digital power and lack of access to relevant literature. Twitter, as one of the most popular applications in the era of digital culture, can be used as an educational tool to increase the reading literacy of Indonesian language study program students. The integration of Twitter in the learning of Indonesian language study program students can facilitate access to information, increase creativity, develop reading literacy skills, expand social networks, and encourage student participation. The library research method is used to analyze secondary data from published research articles. The research question raised was, "How can the use of Twitter as an educational tool increase reading literacy among Indonesian language study program students in the era of digital culture?" The findings show that the integration of social media, especially through Twitter, can make a positive contribution to Indonesian language learning by utilizing its features to facilitate access to information, increase creativity, develop reading literacy skills, expand social networks, and encourage student participation. Overall, the use of Twitter in Indonesian language learning promises to significantly increase student reading literacy while building engagement, motivation and a strong learning community.

Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Materi Teks Negosiasi Berbantuan Aplikasi Anyflip pada Siswa Kelas X SMA Swasta Gajah Mada Medan

This research aims to: (1) describe the process of developing teaching materials for negotiation text materials assisted by the Anyflip application for class Mada Medan. The research and development model used is ADDIE with five stages, namely analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation. The instruments used were interviews, as well as material validation questionnaires, design validation, and responses from Indonesian language study teachers. Data were analyzed using qualitative descriptive and quantitative descriptive analysis techniques (Likert scale). The results of the research and development carried out are teaching material products for negotiation text materials assisted by the Anyflip application with good average assessment results.

Basic Notions of Didactic Phrases and Steps for the Construction of a Teaching Unit Focused on Teaching-Learning Phraseology

Knowledge of one (or more) foreign language is very necessary for good communication between countries; for this reason a second language is taught in schools on a mandatory basis. The problem is that, at present, only the basic points defined by the educational law in force are taught. In our opinion, and as established by the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), it is necessary to know in depth the language of study, as well as its possible variants and common colloquial expressions. Among these expressions are the famous phrases made, paremias, locutions or placements (Phraseology); and his teaching-learning is known as Phraseeodidactic. The main objective is to give an overview of this discipline, still little exploited, and outline some key points to know how to introduce it in a teaching unit for the complete review and study of a foreign language (French in our case).

Peningkatan Status Akreditasi 'Unggul' untuk Program Studi Bahasa: Analisis Dokumen Kinerja Program Studi (DKPS)

Accreditation is a form of external quality assurance for higher education study programmes to the community and a reference for improving the level. The main objective of the research is to analyse the study programme performance document (DKPS) to evaluate the readiness of the language study programme in achieving superior accreditation status. This research method uses a mixed method type. Data were collected through the Study Programme Performance Document (DKPS), and Book 4 of LAMDIK. The population of quantitative data totalled 89 items. While the sample consisted of 27 items, purposive sampling focused on standards 5 to 9. This study concluded that based on quantitative data and the contents of the study programme performance document (DKPS) in the form of 6 DTPS, 120 Active Students, and the number of graduates each year (6/10/15/10/20), an average score of 4 and an initial value of 194.80 were obtained. To achieve a superior score (NA ≥ 361), the initial score must still be added with several other scores, such as a) the scores obtained from standards 1 to 4, b) the value of the Self Evaluation Report (LED), c) the value of the field assessment (AL) and practicum, (d) the combined score between two assessors and (e) the final score by the accreditation panel. This research contributes to knowledge on how to improve accreditation scores and grades to be superior along with the formulation of strategies and recommendations to improve accreditation status with four quality dimensions (1) leadership and governance performance, (2) inputs, (3) processes and (4) outputs and outcomes.

Obstetric Characteristics and Outcomes of Gestational Carrier Pregnancies

Advancements in assisted reproductive technology (ART) have led to an increase in gestational carrier (GC) pregnancies. However, the perinatal outcomes of GC pregnancies remain understudied, necessitating a deeper understanding of their associated risks. To assess maternal characteristics and obstetric outcomes associated with GC pregnancies. A comprehensive systematic search of publications published before October 31, 2023, using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases was conducted. Two authors selected studies examining obstetric characteristics and outcomes in GC pregnancies with 24 or more weeks' gestation. Studies with insufficient outcome information, unavailable data on gestational surrogacies, and non-English language studies were excluded. Adhering to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines, 2 investigators extracted and synthesized both quantitative and qualitative data. Both fixed-effect and random-effect analysis were used to pool data. The primary outcomes were obstetric characteristics and outcomes, including hypertensive disorders, preterm birth, and low birth weight. Secondary outcomes included severe maternal morbidity and mortality associated with GC pregnancies. Six studies from 2011 to 2023 involving 28 300 GC pregnancies and 1 270 662 non-GC pregnancies were included. GCs accounted for 2.5% of in vitro fertilization cycles (59 502 of 2 374 154 cycles) and 3.8% of ART pregnancies (26 759 of 701 047 ART pregnancies). GC pregnancies were more likely to be conceived by frozen embryo transfer compared with non-GC ART pregnancies (odds ratio [OR], 2.84; 95% CI, 1.56-5.15), and rates of single embryo transfer were similar between the 2 groups (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.94-1.48). GCs were rarely nulliparous (6 of 361 patients [1.7%]) and were more likely to have multifetal pregnancies compared with non-GC ART patients (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.02-1.35). Comparator studies revealed lower odds of cesarean delivery (adjusted OR [aOR], 0.42; 95% CI, 0.27-0.65) and comparable rates of hypertensive disorders (aOR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.45-1.64), preterm birth (aOR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.68-1.00), and low birth weight (aOR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.50-1.26) in GC pregnancies vs non-GC ART pregnancies. Comparatively, GC pregnancies had higher odds of hypertensive disorders (aOR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.13-1.84) vs general (non-GC ART and non-ART) pregnancies with comparable cesarean delivery risk (aOR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.90-1.25). Preterm birth and low birth weight data lacked a comparative group using multivariate analysis. Severe maternal morbidity and maternal mortality were rare among GCs. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, although GC pregnancies had slightly improved outcomes compared with non-GC ART pregnancies, they posed higher risks than general pregnancies. Contributing factors may include ART procedures and increased rates of multiple gestations which influence adverse perinatal outcomes in GC pregnancies.

Glioma Stem Cells as Promoter of Glioma Progression: A Systematic Review of Molecular Pathways and Targeted Therapies.

Gliomas' aggressive nature and resistance to therapy make them a major problem in oncology. Gliomas continue to have dismal prognoses despite significant advancements in medical science, and traditional treatments like surgery, radiation (RT), and chemotherapy (CT) frequently prove to be ineffective. After glioma stem cells (GSCs) were discovered, the traditional view of gliomas as homogeneous masses changed. GSCs are essential for tumor growth, treatment resistance, and recurrence. These cells' distinct capacities for differentiation and self-renewal are changing our knowledge of the biology of gliomas. This systematic literature review aims to uncover the molecular mechanisms driving glioma progression associated with GSCs. The systematic review adhered to PRISMA guidelines, with a thorough literature search conducted on PubMed, Ovid MED-LINE, and Ovid EMBASE. The first literature search was performed on 1 March 2024, and the search was updated on 15 May 2024. Employing MeSH terms and Boolean operators, the search focused on molecular mechanisms associated with GCSs-mediated glioma progression. Inclusion criteria encompassed English language studies, preclinical studies, and clinical trials. A number of 957 papers were initially identified, of which 65 studies spanning from 2005 to 2024 were finally included in the review. The main GSC model distribution is arranged in decreasing order of frequency: U87: 20 studies (32.0%); U251: 13 studies (20.0%); A172: 4 studies (6.2%); and T98G: 2 studies (3.17%). From most to least frequent, the distribution of the primary GSC pathway is as follows: Notch: 8 studies (12.3%); STAT3: 6 studies (9.2%); Wnt/β-catenin: 6 studies (9.2%); HIF: 5 studies (7.7%); and PI3K/AKT: 4 studies (6.2%). The distribution of molecular effects, from most to least common, is as follows: inhibition of differentiation: 22 studies (33.8%); increased proliferation: 18 studies (27.7%); enhanced invasive ability: 15 studies (23.1%); increased self-renewal: 5 studies (7.7%); and inhibition of apoptosis: 3 studies (4.6%). This work highlights GSC heterogeneity and the dynamic interplay within the glioblastoma microenvironment, underscoring the need for a tailored approach. A few key pathways influencing GSC behavior are JAK/STAT3, PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β-catenin, and Notch. Therapy may target these pathways. This research urges more study to fill in knowledge gaps in the biology of GSCs and translate findings into useful treatment approaches that could improve GBM patient outcomes.

Value Study of Chinese Language and Literature Research in Cultural Inheritance

Chinese language and literature have outstanding continuity and inheritance, and can realize self-innovation and self-growth. Using the study of Chinese language and literature to explore the artistry of language use and feel the strong vitality of culture is helpful to highlight the unique charm of traditional culture and promote the progress of cultural inheritance. The relationship between Chinese language and literature and cultural inheritance is to summarize the Chinese language and literature research work, in the role of cultural heritage, we have summed up the basic situation of the present cultural heritage in our country, and put forward the role of Chinese language and literature research in cultural inheritance of specific methods. We hope to regard Chinese language and literature research as the medium, and to promote the inheritance and development of Chinese excellent traditional culture. Therefore for the realization of the Chinese dreams, we can provide firm spirit Strength and cultural support.

False friends in the romanian and english languages a comparative survey

False friends or false cognates, a linguistic phenomenon, are an important topic within the study of language, a living organism that is constantly changing and evolving. Even though the focus of analysis in this paper is the concept of false friends, it is very important to comprehend the difference between these and cognate words. False friends often confuse what people are trying to communicate, especially when context cannot help in resolving the confusion. Hence, to avoid possible misunderstandings that might arise, it is important for learners to know the most important false friends between two languages.

'Into the Unknown': a Comparative Study of Figurative Language in German, Tamil, and English

'Into the Unknown': a Comparative Study of Figurative Language in German, Tamil, and English

Topical sirolimus in dermatology: a systematic review.

Topical sirolimus is increasingly utilised off-license to manage various dermatological conditions whilst avoiding typical adverse effects associated with systemic sirolimus. However, widespread use is limited by a highly heterogeneous evidence base of mixed quality. to evaluate the current evidence base for the indications, efficacy and safety profile for topical sirolimus in dermatology. A literature search was conducted from 2005 to July 4th, 2023, of English language studies, with the following databases consulted: MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL and EBSCO. Key words included 'topical', 'rapamycin', 'sirolimus' and 'dermatology'. Data on drug efficacy, concentration, side effects, co-interventions and follow up were extracted. The search identified 202 studies; 71 studies met the inclusion criteria. Efficacy of topical sirolimus was demonstrated in facial angiofibromas (799 patients) compared to placebo across multiple randomised controlled trials with a predominant concentration of 0.1%. Evidence was mixed for sirolimus use in port-wine stains (61 patients), with evidence of effectiveness in combined sirolimus and pulsed-dye laser. Multiple case reports demonstrated clinical improvement with topical sirolimus use in cutaneous vascular abnormalities (33 patients) at a higher concentration of 1%. Other applications of topical sirolimus were predominantly case reports demonstrating generally favourable outcomes. Topical sirolimus was generally well tolerated - most reported adverse effects were localised irritation and pruritus. Ointment-based preparations and once-daily dosing appeared to confer a better side effect profile. Most high-quality data pertain to the efficacy of topical sirolimus in treating facial angiofibromas in tuberous sclerosis. Outcomes are generally promising in other indications and good tolerability, but data quality is mixed.

Effect of Clinician Posture on Patient Perceptions of Communication in the Inpatient Setting: A Systematic Review.

Nonverbal communication plays a pivotal role in the provision of effective patient care and has been associated with important patient health outcomes. Clinician posture, a nonverbal form of communication, may influence the patient experience and satisfaction. The relationship between clinician posture (i.e., standing or at the patient's eye level) and patient perceptions of clinician communication in the hospital-a setting with heightened power dynamics between patient and clinician-is currently unknown. We conducted searches of Ovid MEDLINE, EBSCO CINAHL Complete, EBSCO PsycInfo, Elsevier Embase/Embase Classic, Elsevier Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection upto May 2023. English language studies were included if they compared clinician posture (eye-level or standing) during adult inpatient (including emergency department) interactions. Two authors independently abstracted data from included studies and assessed risk of bias or quality of evidence. A third author arbitrated any disagreements. Studies reported adherence to the posture intervention and/or patient perception outcomes. The latter included encounter duration, preferences for posture type, perceptions of interaction quality and clinician communication and compassion, and standardized assessments of patient satisfaction. Fourteen studies (six randomized controlled trials, four quasi-experimental studies, four observational studies) assessed clinician posture at the bedside. Ten noted at least one favorable outcome for clinicians who communicated at the patient's eye level, three revealed no differences in patient perceptions between standing and sitting, and one noted higher patient ratings for standing clinicians. Findings were limited by variation in interventions and outcomes, generally high risk of bias, and relatively low adherence to assigned posture groups. Compared to standing, eye-level communication by clinicians appears beneficial. The magnitude and types of benefits clinicians and patients may gain from this behavior remain unclear given heterogeneity and generally high risk of bias in available studies. With its relatively easy implementation and potential for benefit, clinicians should consider communicating with their hospitalized patients at eye level. PROSPERO, CRD42020199817.

The effects of exergames for cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and metaanalysis.

Exergames are an innovative method that can promote neuroplasticity and improve the cognitive abilities of the elderly. This study aimed to compare the effects of single-task and multi-task exergames on the cognitive ability of the elderly with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Computerized literature search was performed using PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, Elsevier, ProQuest, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang and VIP database to identify relevant articles from the establishment of the database from inception to April 1, 2024. The inclusion criteria were: (i) participants aged 60 or older diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment, regardless of gender; (ii) use of randomized controlled trials (RCTs); (iii) interventions involving exergames with physical activity or as the primary variable; and (iv) outcome measures using standardized neuropsychological instruments to assess cognitive function, including statistical data on sample size, mean, and standard deviation. Finally, the included study comprised a total of 526 participants. Mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to synthesize the effect size in the data. 11 studies were included. Due to the differences in the intervention methods, subgroup analysis was performed on the included research. Compared with the control group assessed by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale, the single-task intervention improved the cognitive ability of the elderly with MCI (MD 3.40, 95% CI 2.43-4.37), the Mini-Mental State Examination Scale (MD 2.38, 95% CI -2.03 to 2.72), the Trail Making Test (MD -3.89, 95% CI -6.45 to -1.33), and the Digit Span Forward test (MD 1.16, 95% CI 0.73-1.60). This meta-analysis supports that exergames could be an effective cognitive rehabilitation method for MCI patients. Our study recommends that patients implement a customized exergames program and adhere to it for a long time. It is necessary to pay attention to the exercise guidelines and provide evidence from clinicians. (1) This meta-analysis supports that exergames could be an effective cognitive rehabilitation method for MCI patients. Our study recommends that patients implement a customized exergames program and adhere to it for a long time. It is necessary to pay attention to the exercise guidelines and provide evidence from clinicians. (2) This research provides preliminary evidence for the clinical utility of VR tasks developed for mild cognitive impairment. (3) In this paper, only relevant studies in Chinese and English were searched, and no studies in other languages were searched.

Using Biosensors to Detect and Map Language Areas in the Brain for Individuals with Traumatic Brain Injury.

The application of biosensors in neurolinguistics has significantly advanced the detection and mapping of language areas in the brain, particularly for individuals with brain trauma. This study explores the role of biosensors in this domain and proposes a conceptual model to guide their use in research and clinical practice. The researchers explored the integration of biosensors in language and brain function studies, identified trends in research, and developed a conceptual model based on cluster and thematic analyses. Using a mixed-methods approach, we conducted cluster and thematic analyses on data curated from Web of Science, Scopus, and SciSpace, encompassing 392 articles. This dual analysis facilitated the identification of research trends and thematic insights within the field. The cluster analysis highlighted Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) dominance and the importance of neuroplasticity in language recovery. Biosensors such as the Magnes 2500 watt-hour (WH) neuromagnetometer and microwire-based sensors are reliable for real-time monitoring, despite methodological challenges. The proposed model synthesizes these findings, emphasizing biosensors' potential in preoperative assessments and therapeutic customization. Biosensors are vital for non-invasive, precise mapping of language areas, with fMRI and repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) playing pivotal roles. The conceptual model serves as a strategic framework for employing biosensors and improving neurolinguistic interventions. This research may enhance surgical planning, optimize recovery therapies, and encourage technological advancements in biosensor precision and application protocols.

Line-Field Confocal Optical Coherence Tomography for the Diagnosis of Skin Tumors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

A line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT) combines confocal microscopy and optical coherence tomography into a single, rapid, easy-to-use device. This meta-analysis was performed to determine the reliability of LC-OCT for diagnosing malignant skin tumors. PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science databases, and the Cochrane Library were searched for research studies in the English language from inception till December 2023. To assess quality and the risk of bias, the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) was used. The sensitivity and specificity of each study were calculated. The bivariate summary sensitivity and specificity were calculated using the linear mixed model. Five studies with 904 reported per lesion analyses in our study; the specificity and sensitivity ranged from 67% to 97% and 72% to 92%, respectively. The pooled specificity and sensitivity were 91% (95% CI: 76-97%) and 86.9% (95% CI: 81.8-90.8%), respectively. The summary sensitivity and specificity from the bivariate approach are 86.9% (95% CI: 81.8-90.8%) and 91.1% (95% CI: 76.7-97.0%), respectively. The area under the curve is 0.914. LC-OCT shows great sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing malignant skin tumors. However, due to the limited number of studies included in our meta-analysis, it is premature to elucidate the true potential of LC-OCT.

FRANSIZ DİLİNİN XARİCİ DİL KİMİ TƏDRİSİNDƏ İSTİFADƏ EDİLƏN QRAMMATİK TAPŞIRIQLAR

Grammatical Assignments used in the Study of the French Language as a Foreign Language Summary The purpose and usefulness of using various assignments in the study of the French language as a foreign language in research is reflected. Here, as much as possible, starting from simple terms and moving on to more complex terms are given. Of course, the levels of the speakers must be taken into account when arranging the instructions. In the training of grammatical knowledge, the level of grammatical knowledge of the speakers in their native language must be kept attentive. There are differences between the grammar of the French language and the grammar of the Azerbaijani language. Keeping in mind the differences in the field of grammar, the learners can absorb the new language comparing it with their native one. Making comparative analysis in the analysis of foreign languages simplifies and accelerates the process of interpretation. Making grammatical analyzes allows the sentences to be translated correctly and the correct meaning to be captured. Key words: grammar studies, listening to songs, multiple choice tasks, related tasks

Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer in Saudi Arabia: A Review.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer death in the world, originating from the glandular epithelial cells of the large intestine and the rectum. This article aims to review the epidemiology of CRC in Saudi Arabia, focusing on prevalence, incidence, risk factors, preventive measures, and outcomes. This narrative review utilized the PubMed database for data extraction, including freely accessible studies published in the last 15 years. Sixteen articles from different study designs were included, while awareness and non-English language studies were excluded. In 2020, the incidence and mortality rate of CRC in Saudi Arabia were 14.6% and 1.48% among all cancers, respectively. From 2006 to 2016, the number of colon cancer and rectal cancer cases increased by 8% and 7%, respectively. Risk factors for CRC in Saudi Arabia include low education level, unemployment, physical inactivity, excess weight, poor knowledge of foods rich in fiber, cigarette smoking, reduced serum vitamin D and calcium levels, and certain gene mutations. National guidelines in Saudi Arabia recommend CRC screening for all individuals above 45 years using colonoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy, or fecal occult blood test. The 10-year survival rate for CRC in Saudi Arabia is 44.6%. The overall 5-year survival rate for the Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs is 52.0%. To lower the incidence and mortality of CRC, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention are all very important. The most crucial aspect is to concentrate on primary prevention, which may involve raising public awareness of CRC risk factors and strategies for reducing or eliminating them.

Critical Thinking Skills and Reading Proficiency among the English Language Students of Public Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Sulu

The sobering realization of the critical thinking and the difficulty in the language comprehension, specifically in English language piques the researcher's interest in learning more about the experiences of tertiary students majoring in English language studies at other public HEIs in Sulu. This study sought to investigate the significant difference in the extent of critical thinking skills and reading proficiency among the English language students. This study employed a variety of statistical techniques, including the adopted weighted mean, standard deviation, t-Test for independent samples, One-way ANOVA, and Pearson’s r test of correlation to analyze the reading comprehension and critical thinking skills among English language learners in Sulu's public HEIs throughout the 2023–2024 academic year. A surveyed has been conducted on 200 female students aged 20-21 from public Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Sulu, revealing high critical thinking abilities and average reading proficiency ratings. Students' demographic profiles did not significantly influence their assessment of critical thinking or perceived reading proficiency. The study supports Anderson's Theory of Schema, which suggests that comprehension is an interactive process involving the reader's background knowledge and the text, requiring the ability to relate the material to one's own knowledge. The school administration will partner with language teachers to provide reading materials that enhance students' critical thinking skills and reading proficiency. Teachers must guide students to comprehend texts thoroughly, while parents play a crucial role in their children's future. Students will develop the ability to comprehend texts thorough through books and other reading materials provided by teachers. The objective of this study is to offer a foundation for upcoming researchers to enhance their own investigations on critical thinking abilities and reading competence within their field of study. The study will be conducted during the Academic Year 2023-2024 in Sulu province.

Pediatric thoracic outlet syndrome: a systematic review with metadata.

Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) typically considered a condition of the adult population; it is often disregarded in children and adolescents due to its limited recognition within the pediatrics. The current study aims to systematically review and provide insights into TOS among pediatric patients. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were thoroughly searched for English language studies published until March 15th, 2024. The study included those articles focusing on pediatric or adolescent individuals diagnosed with TOS. Data collected from studies encompassed date of publication, number of participants or reported cases, age (years), gender of participants, type of TOS, affected side, type of treatment, surgical approach, bony abnormality, duration of symptoms (months), outcome, and follow-up time duration (months). The current study comprised 33 articles, 21 of which were case reports, 10 of which were case series, and the remaining were cohort studies. In this study, 356 patients were included. Females constituted 234 (65.73%) of the patient population. Among TOS types, neurogenic TOS was found among 201 (56.5%) patients. Sporting-related activity or physical activity was present in 193 (54%) patients, followed by a history of trauma in 27 (7%) patients. Pediatric patients exhibited a higher percentage of vascular TOS than their adult counterparts, with the supraclavicular approach emerging as the preferred treatment method. Sports-related activities were identified as the primary risk factor associated with pediatric TOS.

Americanisation: The deterioration of British English

The study of the influence of American English on British English is necessary to understand both the short-term and long-term prospects for the development of global English in the world and the linguistic changes associated with the world’s national languages. The purpose of study was to examine the key differences in vocabulary, grammar, orthoepy, and spelling between American English and British English. The principal methods used in the study were comparative, analytical, synthetic, and statistical analysis, as well as elements of lexical, grammatical, orthoepic, and spelling analysis. The study examined the use of English in education in the context of the linguistic landscape of Europe, specifically Poland. Considering the statistical data, it was concluded that the americanization of the English-speaking space continues and leads to a gradual simplification of grammatical orthographic and orthoepic patterns of British English. Globalization and technological advancements today present two possible scenarios for the development of English: linguistic convergence between British and American English or complete separation of these varieties. The study noted that the influence of American English on the educational environment in Poland is high, but the study of the global language is based on British standards. In the long run, the impact of americanization will increase not only on British English, but also on national languages, which may lead to the spread of pidgin (American-Polish). This study can be used in the research of linguistic patterns in historical dynamics, Americanized regional varieties of English, and monitoring of the linguistic situation in the world