Innovative Study Research Articles

Innovative Study of Ecological Teaching in the Teaching of Visual Communication Majors

Innovative Study of Ecological Teaching in the Teaching of Visual Communication Majors

Do green finance and digital technology matter for sustainable agricultural development? Insights from sub-Saharan Africa

Sustainable agricultural progress is one of the world’s greatest challenges in the twenty-first century as the global population is estimated to rise to over nine billion by 2050. Over the years, the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and the African Union (AU) have sought prosperous African Policies based on sustainable agriculture and inclusive growth. Additionally, the AU has adopted the Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Programme (CAADP) policy framework. Given the growing need for innovative policies and studies to reduce the negative environmental effects of agricultural development in Africa, this paper investigates the significance of green finance and digital technologies on green agricultural growth in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) from 2003 to 2018. Analysis of panel co-integration estimates indicates all variables are integrated. Using the panel-corrected standard errors estimator for long-run equilibrium co-integration assessment, the outcomes indicate mitigated green finance (MGF), internet and mobile phone use (IMU), as well as sustainable energy utilization (RE), individually and collectively exert a positive effect on agriculture, forestry and fishing value added (AVA). Additionally, panel causality estimates indicate (i) a bi-directional causality between MGF and AVA. (ii) A uni-directional causality running from IMU towards AVA without any rebound effect. For policy insights, the AU could urge member states to implement macro-policies to increase agricultural green credit to sustain food production and employment generation. Similarly, the FAO and AU could provide technical support in digital agricultural research and value chains towards ensuring sustainable agriculture development in SSA.

Groundwater Contamination by Gas Stations in Two Eastern Amazonian Towns (Northern Brazil)

The present study analyzed the presence of the principal volatile compounds of the BTEX type (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene [o-, m- and p-xylene]) in samples of water from wells located at residences and gas stations in two Amazonian towns—Tracuateua and Augusto Corrêa—in the Amazon region of northern Brazil. This innovative study is extremely relevant to the Amazonian towns surveyed, given that they lack systematic policies for the environmental control of gas stations and any municipal regulations on the quality of water destined for human consumption. A combination of mass spectrometry (MS) and gas chromatography (CG) techniques was applied to analyze these contaminants in 150 samples of local groundwater collected between 2020 and 2024. One of the four BTEX compounds (toluene) was identified in seven of the samples collected (4.66% of the total) at concentrations of 0.14–2.10 µg L−1. The concentrations of contaminants were low, in general. None of the water samples analyzed here presented any critical loss of water quality for human consumption according to the Brazilian legislation concerning BTEX concentrations. Neither of the two towns surveyed in the present study has remediation programs for environmental contamination. The GC-MS approach produced satisfactory results for the assessment of the contamination of underground water reserves by gas stations in both study towns. Further research (e.g., geophysical methods) will be necessary to determine the source of the contamination and its connection with the levels of toluene identified in the underground water sampled in these Amazonian towns.

Responsible north–south research and innovation: A framework for transdisciplinary research leadership and management

The number, scale and ambition of transdisciplinary research initiatives between the global north and the global south is increasing, yet there is very little theoretical or empirical scholarship on how to lead and manage implementation to promote responsible practice. Within science, technology and innovation (STI) studies and decolonising research frameworks, and utilising collaborative autoethnography, this study codifies experience with implementing the ‘Revitalising Informal Settlements and their Environments’ (RISE) program (2017–2020). Our specific aim is to explore the leadership and management tensions and challenges of implementing transboundary transdisciplinary research. The findings reaffirm the importance of research leaders and managers carefully operationalising north–south research by critically reflecting on power asymmetries between disciplines, partners and locations, leveraging the potential for transdisciplinary consortia to build research capabilities in the global south, and creating a culture of reflexivity on the historical and social positionality in which research is designed, funded, implemented and evaluated. The findings foreground the role of boundary-spanning ‘integrators’ and ‘pracademics’, roles that have received little attention to date but are essential for effective delivery and societal impact beyond scientific advances. A framework for implementing north–south transdisciplinary research is outlined with five domains: (1) collaborative leadership; (2) agile management; (3) flexible consortia; (4) researcher positionality; and (5) co-design and participation. The framework can support efforts for responsibly designing and implementing large, transdisciplinary, cross-country research programs in line with ambitions for decolonising north–south research.

Innovative comparative EIS study of weathering steel: 2-year and 44-year-old, natural and artificial patinas

An artificial patina on weathering steel produced with a 10% sulphuric acid solution and a natural patina formed over a period of 2 years in an urban environment were compared with a 44-year-old natural patina on an outdoor weathering steel sculpture. The samples and sculpture are exhibited and studied in two of the most polluted Croatian cities, Zagreb and Sisak. Various techniques used to examine the patina included scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and in-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) using a paste electrolyte cell. A widely accepted criterion for the protective effect of the patina on weathering steel, the ratio of goethite to lepidocrocite (α/γ), was found to be 0.10 < 0.38 < 0.71 for 2-year-old natural, 2-year-old artificial and 44-year-old natural patina on the investigated sculpture. Equivalently, the corrosion rates determined by EIS were approximately 37, 22 and 12.5 μm year-1. The in-situ EIS technique allowed confirming the efficiency of artificial patination by H2SO4 in immediately attaining about twice as protective patina than that formed naturally after 2 years. It also confirmed about three times as efficient protection offered by a 44-year-old patina except on the moss-covered surface.

Underneath the Sheets: a Cross-Cultural Cluster Analysis of Older Adults’ Patterns of Aging and Sexual Well-Being in Portugal and Mexico

AbstractThis study aims to assess the patterns of life satisfaction with life (SwL), sexual satisfaction, and adjustment to aging (AtA), of older adults in Mexico and Portugal. A sample of 658 older adults, aged 65 years-old and older, from Mexico and Portugal were recruited for this cross-cultural study. The following measures were applied: (a) Adjustment to Aging Scale (ATAS); (b) Satisfaction with Life Scale (SwLS); (c) New Sexual Satisfaction Scale (NSSS); (d) Mini-Mental State Exam; and (e) Sociodemographic, health and lifestyle questionnaire. Clusters were identified and characterized by using K-means cluster analysis, encompassing SwL, AtA, and sexual satisfaction. Sexual well-being differences among clusters were analyzed with One-way ANOVAs. Findings indicated three clusters, which explained 76.4% (R-sq = 0.764) of the total variance: Cluster #1: “Moderately adjusted older adults” (n = 355, 53.9%), Cluster #2: “Moderately fulfilled older adults” (n = 265, 40.3%), and Cluster 3: “Well adjusted and satisfied older adults” (n = 38, 5.8%). Participants in Cluster #1 were mostly Mexican, with moderate levels of AtA and reduced sexual satisfaction and SwL. Conversely, Cluster #2 predominantly consisted of Portuguese participants with moderate sexual satisfaction and SwL, and lower levels of AtA. Participants from Cluster #3 were mostly Portuguese with high levels of AtA, sexual satisfaction, and SwL. This innovative study explored the intricate relationship between sexual well-being, the ability to adjust to aging, and overall SwL, in two different cultural contexts. Findings contributed to the understanding of the relationship between these three variables and for developing tailored future interventions and service planning with older adults in different cultures.

Influence of Magneto-hydrodynamic with Williamson Nanofluid Flow Control of Forcheeimer Model under Chemical Reaction

Objective: The research focused on Williamson's nonlinear governing flow on Magneto hydrodynamic incompressible, steady fluid over a porous stretching sheet in a two-dimensional direction. The permeable stretching sheet embedded by Williamson fluid is based on the flow model of non-Darcy Forchheimer law with chemical reaction. This article concentrated on an energy equation dominated by the dissipation parameter analysis. Methods: The governing mathematical partial derivative formulations are changed to a system of ordinary differential formulations with appropriate similarity transformation. The mathematical formulations are evaluated employing the numerical method of the R-K fourth-order scheme. MATLAB software bvp4c is used for computing numerical results. The numerical results and graphs were successfully demonstrated with the R-K fourth-order system. Findings: For the influence of Williamson non-Newtonian, non-fluid observed emerging dimensionless quantifiers such as Williamson number, porous, electric, thermophoresis, Brownian motion, Prandtl, and Schmidt dimensionless number respectively. The performance of non-dimensional parameters is investigated in detail. Novelty: As described in the results, Williamson's non-Newtonian nanofluid under the influence of magneto-hydrodynamics is mentioned as a new value to the existing literature. The gained results are the innovative study of the influence of chemical reaction on Williamson non-Newtonian nanofluid and magnetic strength and reported on dimensionless parameters. Keywords: Electric parameter, Williamson Nanofluid, Darcy-Forchheimer, Viscous dissipation, Chemical reaction quantifier

An innovative fractional-order evolutionary game theoretical study of personal protection, quarantine, and isolation policies for combating epidemic diseases

This study uses imposed control techniques and vaccination game theory to study disease dynamics with transitory or diminishing immunity. Our model uses the ABC fractional-order derivative mechanism to show the effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions such as personal protection or awareness, quarantine, and isolation to simulate the essential control strategies against an infectious disease spread in an infinite and uniformly distributed population. A comprehensive evolutionary game theory study quantified the significant influence of people’s vaccination choices, with government forces participating in vaccination programs to improve obligatory control measures to reduce epidemic spread. This model uses the intervention options described above as a control strategy to reduce disease prevalence in human societies. Again, our simulated results show that a combined control strategy works exquisitely when the disease spreads even faster. A sluggish dissemination rate slows an epidemic outbreak, but modest control techniques can reestablish a disease-free equilibrium. Preventive vaccination regulates the border between the three phases, while personal protection, quarantine, and isolation methods reduce disease transmission in existing places. Thus, successfully combining these three intervention measures reduces epidemic or pandemic size, as represented by line graphs and 3D surface diagrams. For the first time, we use a fractional-order derivate to display the phase-portrayed trajectory graph to show the model’s dynamics if immunity wanes at a specific pace, considering various vaccination cost and effectiveness settings.

Fabrication and characterization of MgF2 anti-reflective films comprising dual-layer prepared by physical vapor deposition technique for optoelectronic applications

Moth eye protuberances, for instance, exhibit highly developed and well-organized nanostructures that allow them to adapt to a wide range of environmental conditions and achieve remarkable antireflective performance, which has inspired and been emulated by scientific advancement. Innovative studies have focused on bioinspired and imitating moth-eye patterns to provide a textured surface in multilayer antireflective coatings (ARC) using nanomaterials, polymers, or composites to eliminate undesired reflection in standard optical components and optoelectronic industrial applications. Multilayer AR systems provide a number of advantages over single-layer designs. Still, their limited applicability is due to obstacles such as mismatched properties at interfaces, high costs, poor mechanical durability, and wetting concerns. Using MgF2 and polytetrafluoroethylene, we develop a technique for fabricating high-performance AR nanostructures on borosilicate crown glass and Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide substrates via the glancing angle deposition technique. By inducing porosity and changing the deposition angle (α) at 550 nm, the refractive index of MgF2 is reduced from 1.38 to 1.14. In agreement with optical modelling predictions, high-performance ARC has been successfully produced on different substrates. Besides this, introducing a thin layer of polytetrafluoroethylene on MgF2 ARC via vapor deposition having a refractive index of 1.21 deposited at α ∼80° results in inducing water-repellent properties in ARC. Hence, our fabricated ARC yields stable AR efficiency with outstanding directional uniformity, durability, and negative temperature stability, having hydrophobic characteristics.

Power and Personal Experience in Online Anonymous Communities: A Corpus-Driven Exploration

The paper presents an innovative corpus study on Personal Experience as a pragmatic-discursive resource to express power in anonymous online interactions. Specifically, we explore a corpus-driven methodology to extract lexico grammatical features typical of Personal Experience in representative samples (around 160,000 words) of 3 online fora. The method is rooted in Part of Speech and semantic domain keyness (Rayson in Int J Corpus Linguist 13(4):519–549, 2008), which we combine in Corpus Language Queries to extract statistically relevant patterns in the data. Results show that the 3 datasets share a “core” set of key lexico-grammatical features. Furthermore, our findings align with the scientific literature exploring personal experiences and narratives in many different genres. This strongly supports the idea that our inductive protocol can be reliably used to break down the discursive textual function of Personal Experience into lower-level, scalable features. In other words, we suggest that our method can be used to extract “form” (i.e. lexical, grammatical, and syntactical units) from “function” (i.e. pragmatic and discursive annotations). Findings are discussed in the context of language and power in online interactions and in the context of building automatic feature detectors for the analysis of larger cross-genre corpora.

Harnessing bimetallic iMWA nanosensitizer to unleash ferroptosis and calcium overload: Unlocking tumor vulnerability for potentiated iMWA therapy against hepatocellular carcinoma

Microwave ablation (MWA) holds promise as a tumor treatment modality, yet incomplete ablation with low-frequency MWA (iMWA) remains a significant obstacle to survival, while the high-frequency MWA poses safety concerns. To address these challenges, we introduce a novel bimetallic iMWA nanosensitizer, CFT-NPs, constructed via metal-coordination interactions between tannic acid (TA) and iron/calcium dual metal ions (Fe3+/Ca2+). The Fe3+/Ca2+ in CFT-NPs work in harmony to convert electromagnetic energy into heat, thereby bolstering the effectiveness of iMWA while maintaining good biosafety. Furthermore, the pH-triggered rupture of CFT-NPs release TA, Fe3+, and Ca2+. The liberated Fe3+ undergoes reduction by TA, and when combined with Ca2+, they trigger ferroptosis and Ca2+ overload respectively, significantly amplifying the therapeutic effects of iMWA. Utilization iMWA with CFT-NPs results in lipid oxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and disruption of redox balance, both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, this nanosensitizer exerts a robust antitumor effect, effectively inhibiting tumor growth and downregulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinases, which is associated with tumor metastasis. Collectively, this innovative study offers a promising approach to overcome the challenges of incomplete ablation and biological safety, enhancing the antitumor efficacy of iMWA..

Automatic Route Design by Stepwise Subdivision of Virtual Walls —Reduces Route Length and Speeds Up Execution Time—

With the development of autonomous driving technology utilizing machine learning, AI, and sensors, research on autonomous driving control has become more active, and a large number of innovative studies are underway. In the near future, all autonomous vehicle fleets will be able to communicate with each other for sharing information and overall optimal traffic control will be achieved. One of the vehicle control systems that are based on the premise of such a fully automated society is the “signal-less intersection.” There is an intersection traffic control method that achieves safe and rational route selection by using virtual walls (VWs), which are virtual obstacles, but there are issues in terms of total route length and reduction of computation time. To address the issues, we propose a method that (1) prunes unneeded paths and (2) arranges VWs in a stepwise manner. The effectiveness of the proposed method was evaluated by simulation, and the results showed that the total route length and execution time were reduced.

Bronchiolitis: evidence-based management in high-risk infants in the intensive care setting.

Systematically review the management of infants with severe bronchiolitis in a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) setting with a focus on high-risk infants to identify gaps in evidence-based knowledge. This systematic review utilised Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) to examine the literature on the PICU management of bronchiolitis in infants <24 months old. Three databases, Embase, PubMed and Medline, were searched and higher levels of evidence I, II and III were included. There were 455 papers reviewed and 26 met the inclusion criteria. Furthermore, 19 of these studied respiratory interventions such as positive airway pressure and oxygen delivery. The remaining 7 examined: erythropoietin, caffeine, dexamethasone, protein supplementation, ribavirin, respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin, or diuretic therapy. Of the 26 studies, 20 excluded infants with high-risk conditions. Therapies showing favourable outcomes included Heliox, prophylactic dexamethasone pre-extubation, protein supplementation, and diuretic use. Clinical trials for bronchiolitis management frequently exclude high-risk children. Innovative study design in the future may improve access to clinical trials for the management of bronchiolitis in high-risk infants in a PICU setting. Clinical trials for bronchiolitis management frequently exclude high-risk children. We review the evidence base for the management of an under-investigated patient demographic in the setting of acute bronchiolitis. Randomised controlled trials are needed to determine the efficacy of management strategies for bronchiolitis in high-risk infants in a paediatric intensive care setting.

Numerical optimization of hydrothermal and thermodynamical performance for metal foam multi-jet impingement cooling

A novel porous multi-jet impingement cooling technology since the current conventional cooling technologies are insufficient for thermal engineering devices. This innovative numerical study explores the effect of various metal foam sizes (h/H), jet numbers (n) and wavy jet target plates (C) on the hydrothermal performance and thermodynamical performance at varying Reynolds numbers (Re). The novel results of multi-objective optimum design are a unique aspect of this work by combining the results of RSM with CFD, where low porosity (ε = 0.1), low applied heat flux (Q = 100 × 103 W/m2) and low location jet ratio (LRVin = 0.26) were achieved the aim of the optimum hydrothermal performance (NumP/NumS = 25-30 times and Tb Reduction% = 83.5%-89.5%) and the thermodynamical performance (EG Reduction% = 93%-96% and CoPCarnot = 2.3-6.5 times). Thus, a valuable procedure for the optimal design of the hydrothermal and thermodynamical performance for porous multi-jet impingement cooling is proposed.

Novel Coumarins Derivatives for A. baumannii Lung Infection Developed by High-Throughput Screening and Reinforcement Learning

With the increasing resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) to antibiotics, researchers have turned their attention to the development of new antimicrobial agents. Among them, coumarin-based heterocycles have attracted much attention due to their unique biological activities, especially in the field of antibacterial infection. In this study, a series of coumarin derivatives were synthesized and screened for their bactericidal activities (Ren et al. 2018; Salehian et al. 2021). The inhibitory activities of these compounds on bacterial strains were evaluated, and the related mechanism of the new compounds was explored. Firstly, the MIC values and bacterial growth curves were measured after compound treatment to evaluate the antibacterial activity in vitro. Then, the in vivo antibacterial activities of the new compounds were assessed on A. baumannii-infected mice by determining the mice survival rates, counting bacterial CFU numbers, measuring inflammatory cytokine levels, and histopathology analysis. In addition, the ROS levels in the bacterial cells were measured with DCFH-DA detection kit. Furthermore, the potential target and detailed mechanism of the new compounds during infection disease therapy were predicted and evidenced with molecular docking. After that, ADMET characteristic prediction was completed, and novel, synthesizable, drug-effective molecules were optimized with reinforcement learning study based on the probed compound as a training template. The interaction between the selected structures and target proteins was further evidenced with molecular docking. This series of innovative studies provides important theoretical and experimental data for the development of new anti-A. baumannii infection drugs.

Direction of research and innovation in modern psychology (from the experience of foreign research)

The article creates a comparative intellectual platform by analyzing research in modern psychology. It is analyzed that analysis of the direction of new foreign modern research is the basis for increasing the intellectual potential of Kazakhstani psychological science. Modern professional research in the new direction of psychological science, research familiar from the results of scientific activity, are examined in detail. It can be noted that almost all the psychological research discussed in the article at congresses and conferences are studies that fully cover the social sphere and the requirements of the time. Foreign research is largely related to effective scientific research in Kazakhstan in the direction of developing the integration of science and knowledge, production in accordance with the requirements of new times. The article presents the foundations of world scientific psychological research, which determine the direction of our research, and analyzes scientific research on the Asian continents and the Pacific Ocean. The authors discuss their research at cognitive behavioral psychology conferences in Singapore, reviewing research from world congresses in Africa, Japan and the prestigious Global Science Technology Forum (GSTF) in Singapore, while witnessing conferences held by that organization. The authors summarize their thoughts that by familiarizing ourselves with many innovation studies, we can increase our own innovation potential.

In-situ and Ex-situ synthesized activated carbons derived from Raphia hookeri Kernels for ibuprofen adsorption in wastewater

This study introduces an innovative approach to synthesizing activated carbon (AC) from Raphia hookeri kernels, optimizing its application for efficient ibuprofen removal from wastewater. By exploring two distinct activation pathways—in-situ and ex-situ—the research underscores the tailored performance of the resulting ACs. Comprehensive characterization included point-of-zero charge (pHpzc), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). BET analysis revealed surface areas of 260.932 and 273.863 m²g⁻¹ for in-situ and ex-situ ACs, respectively, emphasizing their high porosity. The adsorption efficiency was evaluated under various conditions: pH (2−10), adsorbent doses (0.05–0.15 g), contact times (20–200 min), and ibuprofen concentrations (2–10 mgL⁻¹). The ACs demonstrated robust performance in ibuprofen removal, with kinetic data aligning with the pseudo-second-order model. Notably, the in-situ AC exhibited heterogeneous surface and multilayer adsorption characteristics (KF = 13.94 mgg⁻¹), while the ex-situ AC showed monolayer adsorption behavior (qm = 23.14 mgg⁻¹). Both ACs maintained high capacities over multiple cycles, indicating effective regeneration and reuse, making them cost-efficient and sustainable for wastewater treatment. This study's innovation lies in systematically comparing activation pathways, offering a framework for customizing biomass precursors to enhance adsorption in wastewater management.

The Efficacy of Chemo-Cooling Gloves in Preventing Nail Toxicity among Thai Women Undergoing Chemotherapy: A Quasi-experimental Study

Cryotherapy is widely used in health contexts, including first aid, treating acute musculoskeletal injuries and women undergoing chemotherapy. Studies have shown that frozen gloves can help reduce nail toxicity for women undergoing chemotherapy. Nail toxicity is a common issue among people undergoing chemotherapy, causing disfigurement and pain. Although cooling gloves have been shown to reduce nail toxicity, the range of temperatures used remains unclear, often resulting in discomfort. In this innovative study, we used a quasi-experimental, two group pretest-posttest design to evaluate the effectiveness of Chemo-Cooling Gloves developed by the researchers to help prevent nail toxicity. We assessed satisfaction with the gloves among 27 Thai women undergoing chemotherapy who were purposively recruited according to the inclusion criteria from a chemotherapy center of a university-affiliated hospital in a southern region of Thailand. Participants underwent a regimen of cyclophosphamide in combination with doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil every 21 days for six cycles. Each participant served as their own control, wearing the cooling glove on the one hand randomly selected, while the other hand remained unprotected and acted as the control. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0, and the Chemo-Cooling Gloves Satisfaction Questionnaire. Data analysis utilized descriptive statistics and Cochran’s Q test. The results revealed that nail toxicity was significantly lower in the protected hand than in the control hand during cycles 2 to 3 and 2 to 4, but no significant difference between the two hands during cycles 2 to 5 and 2 to 6. Overall satisfaction with the Chemo-Cooling Gloves was at the highest level. The use of frozen gloves aligns with evidence-based practice, as supported by our study. Nurses need to be trained in the proper use and application of the gloves and educate patients on the benefits and correct usage to maximize comfort and efficacy. By incorporating the Chemo-Cooling Gloves into routine practice, nurses can help improve patient adherence to chemotherapy regimens and potentially enhance treatment outcomes.

Modeling of nanofluid thermophysical treatment through a permeable container under the impact of MHD

In this innovative study, a unique approach was engaged to simulate the flow characteristics of nanofluid inside a tank featuring a surface subjected to uniform flux. The testing fluid for this investigation was fabricated by incorporating alumina powders with varying shapes into water. The derivation of the final equations involved the application of Darcy’s law and the formulation of the stream function. The container experienced the combined efficacy of both the Lorentz force and gravity forces. The incorporation of additives resulted in a significant enhancement of the Nusselt number (Nu), demonstrating an increase of 19.8% and 40.28%, contingent on the magnitude of the Hartmann number (Ha). Moreover, an elevation in the shape factor led to a notable rise in Nu by 14%. Remarkably, as the Ha increased, there was a substantial reduction in the cooling rate by 51.33%. Furthermore, in the absence of the Ha, an escalation in the Rayleigh number (Ra) caused Nu to surge by 65.8%. This study holds paramount importance as it introduces a novel technique for simulating nanofluid flow with a sinusoidal surface, providing valuable insights into the complex interplay of forces within the container. The utilization of varying shapes of alumina powders adds a layer of sophistication to the experimentation, making this investigation a noteworthy contribution to the existing body of knowledge. The findings not only enhance our understanding of heat transfer dynamics but also offer practical implications for applications involving nanofluids in containers with nonuniform surfaces subjected to heat flux.

Innovative Entrepreneurship Case Study for Virtual Business: The Cultural Phenomenon of Rentaru Kareshi in a Post Modern Consumer Society

This research explores the cultural phenomenon of Rentaru Kareshi as an innovative manifestation of entrepreneurship in virtual business among consumers in postmodern society. Rentaru Kareshi, or girlfriend rental service, is a service that offers temporary social connections through virtual and face-to-face media, reflecting changing social dynamics and identity expressions in the digital era. Using qualitative methods and a case study approach, this research analyzes various aspects of this business model, including business opportunities, marketing strategies and operational procedures. The research focus is the Instagram application on the Sewapacarbdgg account, namely @sewapacarbdgg, then the researcher will conduct in-depth interviews with informants. The data analysis technique used is the Manual Data Analysis Procedure (MDAP), from the results of interviews accompanied by triangulation of sources and theories to produce findings regarding Business Opportunities which link the themes to the propositions Inspiration, Benefits, Recognizing Needs, Current Trend, Think Uniquely and Innovatively. by using Marketing Strategy Contact Form, Advertising System, Payment System and Rental Partner operational systems, Vision Rental Partner, Agency Rental Partner, Talent Rental Partner. The research results show that Rentaru Kareshi not only meets consumers' emotional and social needs but also creates a new market niche in the digital economy. The service successfully combines effective advertising strategies and an efficient payment system to build strong and sustainable customer relationships. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of innovative business opportunities in a postmodern consumer society and offers valuable insights for the development of business strategies in the context of an evolving digital economy.